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Grepping through the code reveals we are still using a number of locale-dependent C library functions:
Python/mystrtoul.c:102: while (*str && isspace(Py_CHARMASK(*str)))
Python/mystrtoul.c:141: while (isspace(Py_CHARMASK(*str)))
Python/mystrtoul.c:269: while (*str && isspace(Py_CHARMASK(*str)))
Python/formatter_unicode.c:404: while (pos<end && isdigit(PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(s, pos)))
Python/ast.c:3764: if (isalpha(quote)) {
Python/dynload_aix.c:144: while (isdigit(Py_CHARMASK(*message[i]))) message[i]++ ;
Objects/longobject.c:2011: while (*str != '0円' && isspace(Py_CHARMASK(*str)))
Objects/longobject.c:2255: while (*str && isspace(Py_CHARMASK(*str)))
Modules/getaddrinfo.c:228: if (! isdigit(*q))
Modules/_sre.c:153:#define SRE_LOC_IS_DIGIT(ch) (!((ch) & ~255) ? isdigit((ch)) : 0)
Modules/_sre.c:154:#define SRE_LOC_IS_SPACE(ch) (!((ch) & ~255) ? isspace((ch)) : 0)
Modules/_sre.c:156:#define SRE_LOC_IS_ALNUM(ch) (!((ch) & ~255) ? isalnum((ch)) : 0)
Modules/binascii.c:1138: if (isdigit(c))
Modules/_decimal/libmpdec/io.c:153: if (!isdigit((uchar)*s))
Modules/_decimal/libmpdec/io.c:157: if (!isdigit((uchar)*(s+1)))
Modules/_decimal/libmpdec/io.c:159: isdigit((uchar)*(s+2))))
Modules/_decimal/libmpdec/io.c:185: while (isdigit((uchar)*s))
Modules/_decimal/libmpdec/io.c:825: if (isdigit((uchar)*cp)) {
Modules/_decimal/libmpdec/io.c:847: if (!isdigit((uchar)*cp)) {
Modules/_decimal/libmpdec/io.c:1087: assert(isdigit((uchar)*dp));
Modules/_decimal/libmpdec/io.c:1089: while (isdigit((uchar)*dp)) {
Modules/_decimal/libmpdec/io.c:1244: if (isupper((uchar)type)) {
Modules/_struct.c:1273: if (isspace(Py_CHARMASK(c)))
Modules/_struct.c:1338: if (isspace(Py_CHARMASK(c)))
Include/pyctype.h has locale-agnostic counterpart (a bit faster probably, too).

+1 for fixing this everywhere.

I'm not sure if I'll use pyctype.h in libmpdec: It's still going to be an
external project that should be completely identical to the version in the
Python tree.
libmpdec/io.c is specified to be ASCII only (while handling the Turkish 'I')
and is used accordingly in _decimal.c.
I think it is impossible to trigger any misbehavior just by using the
decimal module.

New changeset 38830281d43b by Antoine Pitrou in branch '3.2':
Issue #17173: Remove uses of locale-dependent C functions (isalpha() etc.) in the interpreter.
http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/38830281d43b
New changeset c08bcf5302ec by Antoine Pitrou in branch '3.3':
Issue #17173: Remove uses of locale-dependent C functions (isalpha() etc.) in the interpreter.
http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/c08bcf5302ec
New changeset 10e59553a8de by Antoine Pitrou in branch 'default':
Issue #17173: Remove uses of locale-dependent C functions (isalpha() etc.) in the interpreter.
http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/10e59553a8de 

Done. I haven't touched _decimal, sre, getaddrinfo.c and zlib.