The discoid
gall insect preferred colonized the central portion than the border portion or near mid vein on transversal regions on a leaflet in the pasture one.
The growth and physiological responses of Silphium integrifolium to
gall insect attack.
Reliable, long-term sites are needed by
gall insect species because most are unable to move to a new site once gall initiation has commenced.
Ananthakrishnan, (ed.), Biology of
gall insects. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, India.
The "enemy hypothesis" refers to the evolutionary mechanisms of gall formation in
gall insects. According to this theory, gall formation is the result of a defence strategy against natural enemies, particularly predators, parasitoids, and pathogens [28].
169-222 In Ananthakrishnan TN [Ed], Biology of
Gall Insects, Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi, India.
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and
gall insects, Leptocybe invasa.
Ants and other predators reduced the infestation of Eunica bechina Talbot 1928 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and Edessa rufomarginata (De Geer, 1773) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Prodiplosis floricola Felt 1907 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), petiole
gall insects (Flymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)
2 A-F) and 233
gall insects were found on stems, belonging to two gall morphospecies (Fig.
Chapters focus on foliage feeding insects, bark and ambrosia beetles, large cambium and wood boring insects, sucking and
gall insects, shoot and regeneration insects and those of tree reproductive structures and of wood in use.
bedeguaris has association with
gall insects, especially cynipids.