Evidence Codes for the Gene Ontology (GO)

This table presents the evidence codes used by the Gene OntologyTM Consortium, with examples of the types of experiments, data, or statements that are included by each code. The evidence code is linked with a specific GO annotation and literature reference to describe what type of evidence was present in that reference to make the annotation. Additional information about the GO Evidence Codes is available in documentation on the GO site, in GO Evidence Codes.

CodeDefinitionExamples
IC Inferred By Curator
  • Used when an annotation is not supported by any evidence, but can be reasonably inferred by a curator from other GO annotations for which evidence is available.
    • IDA Inferred from Direct Assay
  • Enzyme assays
  • In vitro reconstitution
  • Immunofluorescence
  • Cell fractionation
  • Physical interaction/binding assay
    • IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation
  • Annotations based on "hits" in sequence similarity searches, if not curator-reviewed. Annotations transferred from database records, if not curator-reviewed.
    • IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern
  • Transcript levels [e.g. Northerns, microarray data]
  • Protein levels [e.g. Western blots]
    • IGC Inferred from Genomic Context
  • operon structure
  • syntenic regions
  • pathway analysis
  • genome scale analysis of processes
    • IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction
  • Traditional genetic interactions such as suppressors, synthetic lethals, etc.
  • Functional complementation
  • Rescue experiments
    • IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
  • Any gene mutation/knockout
  • Overexpression/ectopic expression of wild-type or mutant genes
  • Anti-sense experiments
  • Specific protein inhibitors
    • IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction
  • 2-hybrid interactions
  • Co-purification
  • Co-immunoprecipitation
  • Ion/protein binding experiments
    • ISA Inferred from Sequence Alignment
  • Used when the primary piece of evidence is a pairwise or multiple sequence alignment
    • ISM Inferred from Sequence Model
  • Used when any kind of sequence modeling method (e.g. Hidden Markov Models) is the primary piece of evidence
    • ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology
  • Used when the assertion of orthology between the gene product and an experimentally characterized gene product in another organism is the main basis of the annotation
    • ISS Inferred from Sequence or structural Similarity
  • Sequence similarity [homolog of/most closely related to]
  • Recognized domains
  • Structural similarity
  • Southern blotting
    • NAS Non-traceable Author Statement
  • Database entries that do not cite a paper [e.g. SwissProt records, YPD protein reports]
  • Statements in papers [abstract, introduction, or discussion] that a curator cannot trace to another publication
    • ND No Biological Data Available
  • used for annotations to unknown molecular function, biological process, or cellular component.
    • RCA Reviewed Computational Analysis
  • Used for predictions based on large-scale experiments, integration of large-scale datasets, text-based computation
    • TAS Traceable Author Statement
  • Anything in a review article where the original experiments are traceable through that article, or in a textbook or dictionary [e.g. "everybody" knows that enolase is a glycolytic enzyme]


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