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std::list<T,Allocator>::back

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< cpp‎ | container‎ | list

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Compiler support

Freestanding and hosted

Standard library

Standard library headers

Named requirements

Feature test macros (C++20)

Language support library

Concepts library (C++20)

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Metaprogramming library (C++11)

General utilities library

Containers library

Iterators library

Ranges library (C++20)

Algorithms library

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Filesystem library (C++17)

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Technical specifications

External libraries

Containers library

(C++17)

(C++11)

(C++26)

(C++26)

(C++11)

Unordered associative

(C++11)

unordered_multiset

(C++11)

(C++11)

unordered_multimap

(C++11)

(C++23)

(C++23)

(C++23)

(C++23)

(C++20)

(C++23)

Tables

Iterator invalidation

Member function table

Non-member function table

Member functions

list::operator=

list::assign_range

(C++23)

list::get_allocator

list::back

list::beginlist::cbegin

(C++11)

list::endlist::cend

(C++11)

list::rbeginlist::crbegin

(C++11)

list::rendlist::crend

(C++11)

list::insert_range

(C++23)

(C++11)

list::push_front

list::emplace_front

(C++11)

list::prepend_range

(C++23)

list::pop_front

list::push_back

list::emplace_back

(C++11)

list::append_range

(C++23)

list::removelist::remove_if

Non-member functions

operator==operator<=>

(C++20)

swap(std::list)

erase(std::list)erase_if(std::list)

(C++20)(C++20)

operator!=operator<operator>operator<=operator>=

(until C++20)(until C++20)(until C++20)(until C++20)(until C++20)

Deduction guides (C++17)

reference back();

(1) (constexpr since C++26)

const_reference back() const;

(2) (constexpr since C++26)

Returns a reference to the last element in the container.

If empty() is true, the behavior is undefined.

(until C++26)

If empty() is true:

If the implementation is hardened, a contract violation occurs. Moreover, if the contract-violation handler returns under "observe" evaluation semantic, the behavior is undefined.
If the implementation is not hardened, the behavior is undefined.

(since C++26)

Contents

[edit] Return value

Reference to the last element.

[edit] Complexity

Constant.

[edit] Notes

For a non-empty container c, the expression c.back() is equivalent to *std::prev (c.end()).

[edit] Example

Run this code

#include <cassert>
#include <list>
 
int main()
{
 std::list <char> letters{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'};
 assert (letters.back() == 'd');
}

[edit] See also

access the first element
(public member function) [edit]

(C++11)

returns a reverse iterator to the beginning
(public member function) [edit]

(C++11)

returns an iterator to the end
(public member function) [edit]

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