Constant initialization
From cppreference.com
C++
Feature test macros (C++20)
Concepts library (C++20)
Metaprogramming library (C++11)
Ranges library (C++20)
Filesystem library (C++17)
Concurrency support library (C++11)
Execution control library (C++26)
C++ language
Flow control Conditional execution statements Iteration statements (loops) Jump statements Functions Function declaration Lambda function expression Dynamic exception specifications (until C++17*) Exceptions Namespaces Types Specifiers Storage duration specifiers Initialization
Alternative representations Literals Boolean - Integer - Floating-point Character - String - nullptr (C++11) User-defined (C++11) Utilities Attributes (C++11) Types Type alias declaration (C++11) Casts Memory allocation Classes Class-specific function properties Special member functions Templates Miscellaneous
(until C++17)
(until C++20)
General topics
inline specifier noexcept specifier (C++11) Constant initialization
typedef declaration Initialization
Sets the initial values of the static variables to a compile-time constant.
[edit] Explanation
Constant initialization is performed in the following cases:
- Initializing a reference with static storage duration with a constant expression.
- Initializing an object of POD type with static storage duration with a constant expression.
- Initializing a reference with static or thread storage duration, where all following conditions are satisfied:
- Each full-expression (including implicit conversions) that appears in the initializer is a constant expression.
- The reference is bound to one of the following entities:
- an lvalue designating an object with static storage duration
- a temporary object
- a subobject of a temporary object
- a function
- Initializing an object with static or thread storage duration, and one of the following conditions is satisfied:
- If the object is initialized by a constructor call, where the initialization full-expression is a constant expression, except that it may also invoke constexpr constructors for the object and its subobjects (even if those objects are of non-literal class types).
- Otherwise, either the object is value-initialized or every full-expression that appears in its initializer is a constant expression.
(until C++17)
- Initializing a variable or temporary object with static or thread storage duration by an initializer whose full-expression is a constant expression, except that if the entity being intialized is an object, such an initializer may also invoke constexpr constructors for the object and its subobjects (even if those objects are of non-literal class types).
(until C++20)
- A variable or temporary object(until C++26) with static or thread storage duration is constant-initialized.
The effects of constant initialization are the same as the effects of the corresponding initialization, except that it is guaranteed that it is complete before any other initialization of a static or thread-local(since C++11) object begins.
[edit] Notes
The compiler is permitted to initialize other static and thread-local(since C++11) objects using constant initialization, if it can guarantee that the value would be the same as if the standard order of initialization was followed.
Constant initialization usually happens when the program loads into memory, as part of initializing the program's runtime environment.
[edit] Example
Run this code
#include <iostream> #include <array> struct S { static const int c; }; const int d = 10 * S::c; // not a constant expression: S::c has no preceding // initializer, this initialization happens after const const int S::c = 5; // constant initialization, guaranteed to happen first int main() { std::cout << "d = " << d << '\n'; std::array <int, S::c> a1; // OK: S::c is a constant expression // std::array<int, d> a2; // error: d is not a constant expression }
Output:
d = 50
[edit] Defect reports
The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
| DR | Applied to | Behavior as published | Correct behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| CWG 441 | C++98 | references could not be constant initialized | made constant initializable |
| CWG 1489 | C++11 | it was unclear whether value-initializing an object can be a constant initialization |
it can |
| CWG 1747 | C++11 | binding a reference to a function could not be constant initialization | it can |
| CWG 1834 | C++11 | binding a reference to an xvalue could not be constant initialization | it can |