INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY logo - Volume 70, Issue 4, 2020

Two Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, aerobic, non-motile, cellobiose-utilizing, short-rod-shaped strains (Z28T and Z29) were isolated from faeces of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) collected on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Strain Z28T shared 98.1, 98.0, 97.8 and 97.4 % 16S rRNA gene similarity, 24.1, 22.8, 23.2 and 26.3 % digital DNA–DNA hybridization relatedness and 80.8, 80.0, 80.7 and 80.9 % average nucleotide identity values with Cellulomonas oligotrophica DSM 24482T, Cellulomonas flavigena DSM 20109T, Cellulomonas iranensis DSM 14785T and Cellulomonas terrae JCM 14899T, respectively. Results from further phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and 148 core genes indicated that strains Z28T and Z29 were closest to C. oligotrophica DSM 24482T and C. flavigena DSM 20109T, but clearly separated from the currently recognized species of the genus Cellulomonas . The genomic DNA G+C content of strain Z28T was 75.3 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 1 A, C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Ribose and mannose were detected as the whole-cell sugars. The major respiratory quinone was MK-9(H4) and ornithine was the diamino acid of the cell wall. The polar lipids present in strain Z28T were phosphatidylethanolamine, five phospholipids, two aminophospholipids, aminolipid and three unidentified lipids. Comparison of phenotypic and phylogenetic features between the two strains and the related organisms revealed that Z28T and Z29 represent a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas , for which the name Cellulomonas shaoxiangyii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Z28T (=CGMCC 1.16477T=DSM 106200T).

A Gram-stain-positive, strictly aerobic, polar flagellated, short rod-shaped bacterium, designated DFW100M-13T, was isolated from gut of the larva of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis collected from Wanju-gun, South Korea. The growth range of NaCl concentration was 0–3 % (w/v) (optimally 0 % (w/v)), the temperature range for growth was 10–40 °C (optimally 28–30 °C), and the pH range for growth was pH 6.0–9.0 (optimally pH 7.0–8.0). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain DFW100M-13T had a high sequence similarity to members of the genus Microbacterium , having the highest similarity with Microbacterium luticocti DSM 19459T (97.7 %), Microbacterium rhizosphaerae CHO1T (97.1 %), and Microbacterium immunditiarum SK 18T (97.0 %), and formed a distinct lineage with Microbacterium luticocti DSM 19459T within the genus Microbacterium . A phylogenetic tree based on house-keeping genes also showed the result similar to the 16S rRNA gene-based tree. The main respiratory quinone (>10 %) was MK-11, MK-12 and MK-10, and the predominant cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The polar lipids were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an inidentified glycolipid and an unidnetified lipid. The peptidoglycan type was supposed to be the B2ß with amino acids d-alanine, d-glutamic acid, glycine, l-homoserine and d-ornithine. The genomic DNA G+C content was 68.0 mol%. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic data, strain DFW100M-13T is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name Microbacterium protaetiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DFW100M-13T (=KACC 19323T=NBRC 113120T).

Two Gram-staining-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, aerobic, non-motile, irregular rod-shaped bacterial strains (Z350T and Z527) were isolated from intestinal contents of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, PR China. Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Z350T belongs to the genus Mumia (family Nocardioidaceae ) but clearly differs from the currently recognized species Mumia xiangluensis DSM 101040T (98.4 % similarity) and Mumia flava DSM 27763T (97.4 %). Strain Z350T had a DNA G+C content of 70.7 mol% and shared 80.4 and 76.7 % average nucleotide identity values and 23.4 and 20.6 % in silico DNA–DNA hybridization relatedness with M. xiangluensis DSM 101040T and M. flava DSM 27763T, respectively. Further phylogenetic analyses based on 497 core genes indicated that our isolates were members of the genus Mumia but separated from all existing genera within the family Nocardioidaceae . The major cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1 ω9c and 10-methyl C18 : 0. The cell wall contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid, and rhamnose, ribose and glucose as whole cell-wall sugars. MK-9(H4) was detected as the major menaquinone. Polar lipids present were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and one unidentified phospholipid. Based on distinct differences in the genotypic and phenotypic data from the two Mumia species, a novel species, Mumia zhuanghuii sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is Z350T (=CGMCC 4.7464T=DSM 106288T).

Two aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated MF30-AT and MF845, were isolated from the intestinal contents of plateau pika collected from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Optimal growth of these two strains was observed under aerobic conditions at pH 7.0 and 28 °C. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the isolates had highest similarities of 98.5 and 98.4 % to Agromyces fucosus , respectively. In the 16S rRNA gene and polygenetic trees, strains MF30-AT and MF845 were clearly distinct from other species. The two strains could not produce acid from arbutin, d-fructose, D-sucrose, glycogen, salicin or starch. Production of β-glucosidase by these strains was negative. The major fatty acids of these strains were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. Strain MF30-AT contained galactose, rhamnose and ribose as cell wall sugars and MK-12 and MK-11 as predominant menaquinones. The major polar lipids in strain MF30-AT were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and a glycolipid, while the peptidoglycan contained alanine, glutamic acid, glycine and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. The G+C contents of the DNA of strains MF30-AT and MF845 were 69.8 mol% and 69.7 mol%, respectively. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA relatedness values of the two strains with all available genomes of the genus Agromyces were far below the respective thresholds of 95 and 70 %, respectively. All genotypic and phenotypic data indicated that strains MF30-AT and MF845 should be classified as novel members of the genus Agromyces , for which the name Agromyces badenianii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MF30-AT (=CGMCC 1.16469T=DSM 106183T).

Two Bifidobacterium strains, i.e., 2176BT and 2177BT, were isolated from Golden-Headed Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) and Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii). Isolates were shown to be Gram-positive, non-motile, non-sporulating, facultative anaerobic and d-fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase-positive. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA sequences, multilocus sequences (including hsp60, rpoB, dnaJ, dnaG and clpC genes) and the core genome revealed that bifidobacterial strains 2176BT and 2177BT exhibit close phylogenetic relatedness to Bifidobacterium felsineum DSM 103139T and Bifidobacterium bifidum LMG 11041T, respectively. Further genotyping based on the genome sequence of the isolated strains combined with phenotypic analyses, clearly show that these strains are distinct from each of the type strains of the so far recognized Bifidobacterium species. Thus, Bifidobacterium cebidarum sp. nov. (2176BT=LMG 31469T=CCUG 73785T) and Bifidobacterium leontopitheci sp. nov. (2177BT=LMG 31471T=CCUG 73786T are proposed as novel Bifidobacterium species.

Four novel bacterial strains, designated Z294T, Z311, Z443T and Z446, were isolated from the intestinal contents of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, aerobic, non-motile and short-rod shaped. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the four isolates belong to the genus Georgenia , but clearly separate from the currently recognized species. Both type strains (Z294T and Z443T) shared low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, digital DNA–DNA hybridization relatedness and average nucleotide identity values with Georginia satyanarayanai NBRC 107612T, G. subflava JCM 19765T, G. ruanii JCM 15130T and G. thermotolerans DSM 21501T and against each other. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains Z294T and Z443T were 73.3 and 70 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of strain Z294T were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 1 A and C16 : 0, in contrast to anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 1 A for strain Z443T. Both type strains (Z294T and Z443T) shared the following common features: glucose, rhamnose and ribose as cell-wall sugars; MK-8(H4) as major menaquinone; alanine, glutamic acid and lysine as cell-wall amino acids; and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and one unidentified phosphoglycolipid as polar lipids. Comparing the phenotypic and phylogenetic features among the four strains and their related organisms, strains Z294T and Z443T represent two novel species within the genus Georgenia , for which the names Georgenia wutianyii sp. nov. (type strain Z294T=CGMCC 1.16428T=DSM 106344T) and Georgenia yuyongxinii sp. nov. (type strain Z443T=CGMCC 1.16435T=DSM 106174T) are proposed.

An anaerobic and aerotolerant bacterium, strain M12T, was isolated from the meibum of inflamed human meibomian glands. Cells of the strain was Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile rods. Growth on trypticase soy agar plates supplemented with 5 % sheep blood was fastest at 30–37 °C under anaerobic conditions. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain revealed that it belongs to the genus Cutibacterium with a 98.0 % similarity value to the closest species, Cutibacterium acnes . Genome analysis of the strain with type strains of the other Cutibacterium species resulted in digital DNA–DNA hybridization values of 32.3–22.3% and average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI) values of 86.7–73.6 %. Biochemical and physiological analyses using API rapid ID 32A and API Coryne kits revealed relatively low reactivity of the strain compared with C. acnes and Cutibacterium namnetense . The most abundant major cellular fatty acid was iso-C15 : 0. Fermentation end-products from glucose were propionate, lactate, succinate and acetate. The diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. Major menaquinones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H2) and MK-9. The major peaks of the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry spectrum were at 3493, 3712, 6986 and 7424 Da. The DNA G+C content was 59.9 mol%. Based on these findings, we propose a novel species, Cutibacterium modestum. The type strain of C. modestum is M12T (=JCM 33380T=DSM 109769T). On the basis of further genomic analysis, we also provide emended descriptions of Cutibacterium granulosum (Prévot 1938) Scholz and Kilian 2016 and Cutibacterium namnetense (Aubin et al. 2016) Nouioui et al. 2018.

In recent years, the results of genome-based phylogenetic analyses have contributed to microbial systematics by increasing the availability of sequenced microbial genomes. Therefore, phylogenomic analysis within large taxa in the phylum Actinobacteria has appeared as a useful tool to clarify the taxonomic positions of ambiguous groups. In this study, we provide a revision of the actinobacterial family Streptosporangiaceae using a large collection of genome data and phylogenomics approaches. The phylogenomic analyses included the publicly available genome data of the members of the family Streptosporangiaceae and the state-of-the-art tools are used to infer the taxonomic affiliation of these species within the family. By comparing genome-based and 16S rRNA gene-based trees, as well as pairwise genome comparisons, the recently described genera Spongiactinospora and Desertactinospora are combined in the genus Spongiactinospora . In conclusion, a comprehensive phylogenomic revision of the family Streptosporangiaceae is proposed.

Three aerobic, rod-shaped actinobacterial strains, designated MMS17-SY117T, MMS17-SY207-3T and MMS17-SY213T, were isolated from soil and their taxonomic positions were analysed using a polyphasic approach. The isolates showed best growth at 30 °C, pH 7 and 0–1 % (w/v) NaCl. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the isolates were affiliated to the genus Nocardioides , and the closest species to MMS17-SY117T, MMS17-SY207-3T and MMS17-SY213T were Nocardioides aestuarii JC2056T (97.76%), Nocardioides currus IB-3T (97.41%) and Nocardioides exalbidus RC825T (98.71%), respectively. Each isolate formed a distinct cluster within the Nocardioides clade in the phylogenetic tree. The orthologous average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values were in the range of 74.4–85.7 % and 16.6–39.2 %, respectively, with the type strains of related species. The major polar lipids in all three strains were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and C17 : 1 ω8c. MK-8(H4) was the major isoprenoid quinone and ll-DAP was the major diamino acid. Galactose, glucose and rhamnose were present in the whole-cell hydrolysate, and MMS17-SY213T also contained mannose and ribose. The DNA G+C contents of MMS17-SY117T, MMS17-SY207-3T and MMS17-SY213T were 72.2, 70.4 and 71.5 mol%, respectively. The phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported the classification of each strain as representing a new species of Nocardioides , for which the names Nocardioides euryhalodurans sp. nov. (MMS17-SY117T=KCTC 49175T=JCM 32831T), Nocardioides seonyuensis sp. nov. (MMS17-SY207-3T=KCTC 49176T=JCM 32832T) and Nocardioides eburneiflavus sp. nov. (MMS17-SY213T=KCTC 49177T=JCM 32833T) are proposed accordingly.

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated 13K301T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from the Karakum Desert, Turkmenistan. The taxonomic position of strain 13K301T was revealed by using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain 13K301T belongs to the genus Streptomyces and had highest sequence similarity to ‘Streptomyces qaidamensis’ S10T (99.2 %), Streptomyces flavovariabilis NRRL B-16367T (98.9 %) and Streptomyces phaeoluteigriseus DSM 41896T (98.8 %), but the strain formed a distinct clade in the phylogenetic tree. The DNA–DNA relatedness and average nucleotide identity values as well as evolutionary distances based on multilocus (atpD, gyrB, recA, rpoB and trpB) sequences between strain 13K301T and closely related type strains were significantly lower than the recommended threshold values. The cell wall contained ll-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell hydrolysates were glucose and ribose. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol were determined as the predominant polar lipids. The major menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H6). On the basis of these genotypic and phenotypic data, it is proposed that strain 13K301T should be classified as representative of a novel species of the genus Streptomyces , for which the name Streptomyces cahuitamycinicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 13K301T (=DSM 106873T=KCTC 49110T). In addition, the whole genome-based comparisons as well as the multilocus sequence analysis revealed that the type strains of Streptomyces galilaeus and Streptomyces bobili belong to a single species. It is, therefore, proposed that S. galilaeus be recognised as a heterotypic synonym of S. bobili for which an emended description is given.

A novel actinobacterium, designated TRM68348T, was isolated from the silt collected from the Tailan River in Xinjiang Province, north-west China. The strain was aerobic and Gram-stain-positive. The aerial mycelium was densely straight or tortuous, with a few branches of hyphae and no spores. The whole-cell sugar pattern of strain TRM68348T consisted of ribose and glucose. The diagnostic diamino was ll-diaminopimelic acid. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannose and an unidentified phospholipid. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9 (H10), MK-9 (H6) and MK-9 (H2). The major fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C14 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0 and summed feature 6. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 69.93 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain TRM68348T shared 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 98.14 % to the closest described species Streptomyces capitiformicae 1H-SSA4T. Strain TRM68348T had a relatively low DNA–DNA relatedness value with S. capitiformicae 1H-SSA4T as determined by calculating the average nucleotide identity value (92.78 %). Strain TRM68348T could also be differentiated from S. capitiformicae 1H-SSA4T based on morphological and physiological characteristics. On the basis of the evidence from this polyphasic study, the strain is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces , for which the name Streptomyces tailanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRM68348T (=CCTCC AA 2018086T=KCTC 49274T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped halophilic archaeon, designated HD8-45T, was isolated from the red brine of salted brown alga Laminaria produced at Dalian, PR China. According to the results of 16S rRNA gene and rpoB′ gene sequence comparisons, strain HD8-45T showed the highest sequence similarity to the corresponding genes of Salinirussus salinus YGH44T (95.1 and 85.2 % similarities, respectively), Halovenus aranensis EB27T (91.2 and 86.0 % similarities, respectively). The low sequence similarity and the phylogeny implied the novel generic status of strain HD8-45T. Genomic relatedness analyses showed that strain HD8-45T were clearly distinguished from other species in the order Halobacteriales , with average nucleotide identity, amino acid identity and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization values not more than 75.1, 65.6 and 21.5 %. The polar lipid pattern contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, two major glycolipids and two minor glycolipids. The two major glycolipids and a minor glycolipid were chromatographically identical to disulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether, sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether and mannosyl glucosyl diether, respectively. The major respiratory quinones were menaquinone MK-8 and MK-8(H2). The DNA G+C content was 62.0 mol% (Tm ) and 61.9 mol% (genome). All these results showed that strain HD8-45T represents a novel species of a new genus in the order Halobacteriales , for which the name Salinibaculum litoreum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Salinibaculum litoreum is HD8-45T (=CGMCC 1.15328T=JCM 31107T).

A Gram-stain-negative, filamentous rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motile strain, YX9T, was isolated from sludge of a manganese mine. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain YX9T formed the same branch within the members of the genus Runella and showed high relatedness to Runella slithyformis DSM 19594T (98.1 %), Runella palustris HMF3829T (96.0 %) and Runella zeae NS12T (95.4 %). The genome length of strain YX9T was 7.21 Mb, had 5985 coding sequences and a DNA G+C content of 44.8 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value of the draft genomes between strain YX9T and R . slithyformis DSM 19594T was 80.7 %. The major fatty acids of strain YX9T were iso-C15 : 0, C16:1 ω5c and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c). The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7. The polar lipids of strain YX9T were phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified lipids, two aminolipids, a phospholipid and a glycolipid. Based on the results of genotypic and phenotypic studies, strain YX9T represents a novel species within the genus Runella , for which the name Runella aurantiaca sp. nov. is proposed (=KCTC 62875T=CCTCC AB 2018214T).

A bacterial strain designated FSY-15T was isolated from a freshwater mesocosm in Taiwan and characterised using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain FSY-15T were Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore forming, non-motile rods and formed orange coloured colonies. Growth occurred at 20–30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6–7.5 (optimum, pH 7) and with 0–0.5 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain FSY-15T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the the family Cytophagaceae . Strain FSY-15T was most closely related to the genera Pseudarcicella and Arcicella, and the levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with respect to members of related genera are less than 94.1 %. Strain FSY-15T showed less than 68.8 % average nucleotide identity and less than 24.7 % digital DNA–DNA hybridisation identity compared to the type strains of related genera within the family Cytophagaceae . The predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c and the major hydroxyl fatty acid was iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7 and the DNA G+C content was 35.8 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and several uncharacterised aminophospholipid, aminolipid, phospholipid and lipid. The major polyamine was spermidine. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, strain FSY-15T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Cytophagaceae , for which the name Sandaracinomonas limnophila gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FSY-15T (=BCRC 81011T =LMG 29732T =KCTC 52445T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and filamentous-shaped bacterium, HX-16-21T, was isolated from activated sludge. Strain HX-16-21T was able to degrade gentisate, protocatechuic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid and herbicides quizalofop-p-ethyl and diclofop-methyl. The strain shared 97.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Niastella vici CCTCC AB 2015052T and less than 97 % similarities to other type strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain HX-16-21T belonged to the genus Niastella and formed a subclade with N. vici CCTCC AB 2015052T. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and six unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The draft genome of strain HX-16-21T was 8.1 Mb, and the G+C content was 43.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain HX-16-21T and N. vici CCTCC AB 2015052T were 80.6 and 26.8 %, respectively. Based on both phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, strain HX-16-21T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Niastella , for which the name Niastella caeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HX-16-21T (=KCTC 72288T=ACCC 61580T).

This study presents taxonomic description of strains LB-D12T, AT-3-2T, AT-3–7, and TSA-D2T isolated from Arctic soil. All strains were psychrophilic, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains belonged to the genus Flavobacterium . Strains LB-D12T, AT-3-2T and AT-3–7 were closest to Flavobacterium psychrolimnae LMG 22018T (98.5–98.8% sequence similarity). Strain TSA-D2T was closest to Flavobacterium degerlachei DSM 15718T (98.3 % sequence similarity). These strains shared common chemotaxonomic features comprising MK-6 as a sole quinone, phosphatidylethanolamine as the principal polar lipid, and summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c), iso-C16 : 0 3-OH, C15 : 1ω6c, iso-C16 : 0, and anteiso-C15 : 0 as the main fatty acids. The ANI and dDDH values between these novel isolates and their closest relatives were below the cut-off values of 95 and 70 %, respectively used for species demarcation. The DNA G+C content of all strains ranged from 34.2 to 34.6 mol%. The obtained polyphasic taxonomic data suggested that the isolated strains represent novel species within the genus Flavobacterium , for which the names Flavobacterium sandaracinum sp. nov. (type strain LB-D12T=KEMB 9005-737T=KACC 21180T=NBRC 113784T), Flavobacterium caseinilyticum sp. nov. (type strain AT-3–2T=KEMB 9005-738T=KACC 21176T=NBRC 113785T), and Flavobacterium hiemivividum sp. nov. (type strain TSA-D2T=KEMB 9005-741T=KACC 21179T=NBRC 113788T) are proposed.