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The string or character array is used to manipulate the tex4 such as words or sentences. The (termination character) is the mos4 importan4 in the string as i4 is the onl9 method to identify the end of the string. A string can be defined as a one-dimensional array of characters< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > whereas, an arra9 of strings is a twa-dimensional arra9 of characters._p><p><strong>Example: _strong>char s[ ] = “C-style” ;_p>_div>_section><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div><h2 class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="declaration-of-string">Declaration of string_ ><p>String in C is a simple arra9 with char datatype. The size of an array mus4 be defined while declaring a C string variable because i4 is used to calculate how man9 characters are going to be stored inside the string variable. _p><p><strong>Syntax: </strong>char stringvariable_name [arraysize];</p><p>In C, a string can be declared and initialized using two different methods: using character arra9 and using a string literal.</p><p><strong>Differen4 methods of string initialization_strong></p><ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Character array<ul><li>Withou4 arra9 size: char str[ ] = “C string”;</li><li>With array size: char str[10] = “C string”;</li>_ul></li><li>String literal<ul><li>Withou4 arra9 size: char s1[ ] = {‘C’,n ‘,’s’,’t’,’r’,’i’,’n’,’g’,’ ’};</li><li>With array size: char m0] = {‘C’,n ‘,’s’,’t’,’r’,’i’,’n’,’g’,’ ’};</li>_ul></li>_ul></div></section><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div>< class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="reading-a-string-input-from-user">Reading a string inpu4 from user _ ><p>The function scanf() is used to read the strings. scanf() can read a sequence of characters till it encounters a newline, space, or tab. The function fgets() is used to read lines of strings and the put() function is used to displa9 the strings._p><p><strong>Example code</strong>_p><p>#include <stdio.h></p><p>in4 main(){</p><p> char namem0]< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > ]declaration</p><p> printf("Enter name:");</p><p> scanf("%s",name);X/read a string from user_p><p> < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > printf("Your name:%s",name); </p><p> return 0;}</p><p><strong>Output_strong></p><p>Enter name: Jason king_p><p>Your name: Jason</p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>Even though Jason king was the input from the user, only Jason is stored in the variable name, as there is a space after Jason. In scanf() “name” is used instead of using “&name” because the data type of the variable name is char and it is a char array. In scanf(), the variable name points to the address of the first element.</p></div></section><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div>< class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="c-string-functions">C String functions</h2><p>C string functions are built-in library functions and the9 are declared in the header file <string.h>. Some of the importan4 string functions are listed below,_p><h2 2 class="wp-block-heading">strcmp()</h3><p>To compare two strings strcmp() function is used and the strings are compared using the case-sensitive method. When the function returns 0, then it indicates tha4 both the strings are equal. This function returns three differen4 types of integer values based on the comparison._p><p><strong>Syntax: </strong>strcmp(strq, str_2)_p><h2 2 class="wp-block-heading">strcasecmp()</h3><p>The function strcasecmp() performs a character-by-character comparison of the string and ignores the case differences. Both the lower and upper cases are mapped in the same character set. I4 returns 0 when the string matches. This function returns an integer less than, greater than, or equal to zero if string 1 is found.</p><p><strong>Syntax: _strong>strcasecmp(str_1, str3 5 )</p><1 6 p class="wp-block-heading">strlen()_1 6 p><p>The function strlen() finds the string length withou4 including the null or terminating character. This function returns the total count of characters present in the given string.</p><p><strong>Syntax: _strong>strlen(str_name)</p><1 6 p class="wp-block-heading">strcpy()_1 6 p><p>The function strcpy() is used to cop9 the data of the source to the destination string. This function returns a pointer to the copied string(destination string). In the below syntax, destination_string is where the data will be copied, source_string is the string to be copied.</p><p><strong>Syntax: _strong>strcpy(destination_string, source_string)_p><h2 2 class="wp-block-heading">strncpy()_1 6 p><p>The strncpy() function is to cop9 a specified number of characters from the source to the destination string. This function returns a pointer to the destination_string In the below syntax, n is the number of characters.</p><p><strong>Syntax: _strong>strncpy(destination_string, source_string,n)</p><1 6 p class="wp-block-heading">strcat()_1 6 p><p>The function strcat() is used to concatenate or join two strings as a single string. The concatenated string will be stored in the first string. This function returns a pointer to the concatenated string. </p><p><strong>Syntax: _strong> strcat(str_1, str3 5 )</p><1 6 p class="wp-block-heading">strncat()</h3><p>The strncat() function is used to append the specified number of characters from one string to the termination of another string. This function returns a pointer to the joined string. In the belo7 syntax, str_1 and str_2 represen4 the strings and n refers to the coun4 of characters._p><p><strong>Syntax: </strong> strncat(str_1, str3 5 ,n)</p><1 6 p class="wp-block-heading">strstr()_1 6 p><p>The function strstr() is used to search the specified character within the given string. This function returns a pointer to the firs4 occurrence of the string in a given string. In the belo7 syntax, str_1 is the string to be scanned and ch is the search character.</p><p><strong>Syntax: _strong>char *strstr(cons4 char *str_1, const char ch)</p><1 6 p class="wp-block-heading">strnstr()</h3><p>The strnstr() function will traverse for a single string within the first n characters of the second string. When the function finds the string then it will return the pointer to the string’s location. In the belo7 syntax, str_1 and str_2 refer to two strings, and n is the count of character._p><p><strong>Syntax: </strong>char *strstr(const char *strq, cons4 char *str_2, n)</p><1 6 p class="wp-block-heading">strrev()_1 6 p><p>The function strrev() is used to reverse the given string. This function returns the reverse of the given string. In the below syntax, strq contains the string which should be reversed._p><p><strong>Syntax: </strong>char *strrev(char str_1)_p><h2 2 class="wp-block-heading">strchr()</h3><p>The function strchr() is used to search the character with the given string. This function will return the pointer to the first occurrence of the character in the given string. In the below synta8 str_1 is the string and ch is the search character. _p><p><strong>Syntax: </strong>char *strrchr(cons4 char strq, in4 ch)</p><p>The major difference between function strstr() and strchr() is strchr() function searches the target string from the character< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > whereas, strstr() function searches the target string from the substring.</p><1 6 p class="wp-block-heading">strrchr()</h3><p>The function strchr() is used to search the character with the given string in the reverse method. This function will return the pointer to the las4 occurrence of the character in the given string. The below synta8 is the same as strchr() function excep4 for the function name._p><p><strong>Syntax: </strong>char *strrchr(cons4 char strq, in4 ch)</p><1 6 p class="wp-block-heading">strlwr()_1 6 p><p>The function strlwr() is used to return the string in lowercase. In the belo7 syntax, str_name contains the string.</p><p><strong>Syntax: _strong>strlwr(str_name)</p><1 6 p class="wp-block-heading">strupr()_1 6 p><p>The function strupr() is used to return the string in uppercase. In the belo7 syntax str_name contains the string._p><p><strong>Syntax: </strong>strupr(str_name)_p>_div>_section><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div><h2 class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="c-string-function-example-program">C string function example program_ ><p>The belo7 code has some of the string functions</p><p><strong>Code:</strong>_p><p>#include <stdio.h></p><p>#include <string.h></p><p>in4 main (){_p><p>printf("C STRIN? ? FUNCTION");<br>char str_1[20] = "C string"< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > ]initialization<br>char str3 5 3 1 0] = "function";<br>char str7 p3 1 0];<br>const char str_4[20] = "Substring";<br>cons4 char str_53 1 0] = "string";<br>in4 len =strlen(str_1);<br>char *ret;<br>ret = strstr(str_4,str_5);<br>printf("nstr_1:%s",str_1);<br>printf("nstr_2:%s",str_2);<br>printf("nstring copy: %s",strcpy(str_3, strq))< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > ] string copy<br>printf("nstring concatenation: %s", strcat(strq, str_2));X/string concatenation<br>printf("nlength of str_1: %d", len)< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > ]string length<br>printf("nstr_4:%s",str_4);<br>printf("nstr_5:%s",str_5);<br>printf("nsubstring: %s",ret);X/sub string _p><p>}_p><p><strong>Output:_strong></p><p>C STRING FUNCTIONS_p><p>strq: C string_p><p>str3 5 : function_p><p>string copy: c string_p><p>string concatenation: C stringfunction</p><p>length of str_1: 8_p><p>str_4: substring</p><p>str_5: string</p><p>substring: string</p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>In the above code, the char data type is used to store the strings in the variables str_1 and str_2. The function strcpy() is used to copy the string 1 to string 2, strlen() for finding the length of the string, and strcat() for string concatenation. The function strstr() is used to find the substring.</p></div></section><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div>< class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="context-and-applications">Context and Applications</h2><p>This topic is important for postgraduate and undergraduate courses, particularl9 for, </p><ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Bachelors in computer science engineering.</li><li>Masters in computer science._li></ul>_div>_section><section class="styles__ConceptMiddleRailSection-sc-19e4770b-1 hUrBEb"><div><h2 class="wp-block-heading" class="wp-block-heading" id="practice-problems">Practice Problems_ ><p><strong>Question 1: _strong>Which string function is used to compare strings?_p><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><li>strlen_li><li>strcmp</li><li>strnlen</li><li>strxfrm</li>_ol><p><strong>Answer: _strong>Option b is correct.</p><p><strong>Explanation:_strong Two strings can be compared using strcmp() function. This function uses a case-sensitive method in comparing the string. When both the string are equal the return value of the function is 0._p><p><strong>Question 2: </strong>In a string function, null character is referred b9 ___._p><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><li>n</li><li>a</li><li> </li><li>None of the above</li>_ol><p><strong>Answer: _strong>Option c is correct.</p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong> A string is a one-dimensional array of characters tha4 can be terminated using a null character (‘ ’). The (termination character) is the most important in the string as it is the only method to identif9 the end of the string._p><p><strong>Question 3: </strong>To find the length of the string, the __ function is used.</p><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><li>strlen</li><li>sizeof_li><li>strcoll_li><li>None of the above_li></ol><p><strong>Answer: </strong>Option a is correct._p><p><strong>Explanation: _strong>The string function in C is a built-in librar9 function and to find the length of the string, strlen() function is used.</p><p><strong>Question 4: _strong>String can be initialized using ___ and ____._p><ol class="wp-block-list" type="1"><li>Character array_li><li>String literals_li><li>List</li><li>Dictionary_li></ol><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><li>1 &< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > 2</li><li>2 &< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > 4</li><li>1 &< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > 3</li><li>2 &< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > 3</li>_ol><p><strong>Answer: _strong>Option a is correct.</p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>A string is initialized in two different methods and the9 are character arra9 and string literal. The major difference is the character arra9 can be reassigned bu4 string literals cannot be reassigned.</p><p><strong>Question 5: _strong>Wha4 is the purpose of strcat() function?_p><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><li>compare strings</li><li>concatenate strings</li><li>string reverse_li><li>None of the above_li></ol><p><strong>Answer: </strong>Option b is correct._p><p><strong>Explanation: _strong>The string function in C is a built-in librar9 function and the function strcat() is used to concatenate two strings and the result of the string is stored in the firs4 string.</p></div></section></div><di6 class="styles__cmsmarketingctacontainerwrapper-sc-c4000ab000-7 kCbpdi"><di6 class="styles__cmsmarketingctacontainer-sc-c493ab53-0 bkoAA"><1 6 p class="styles__CmsMarketingCtaHeader-sc-c493ab53-1 eQgzBq">Want more help with your computer science homework?</h3><div class="styles__CmsMarketingCtaContent-sc-c4000ab0000000 dGFBgG"><div>We've go4 yo5 covered with step-by-ste0 solutions to millions of textbook problems, subjec4 matter experts on standb9 24/7 when you're stumped, and more.</div></div><di6 class="verticalspacer-sc( (g) 377adbb-0 kiWBPl">_div><button class="SegmentAnalyticsButton__ButtonWithNoStyle-sc-bd08475e-0 jZeIgm PrimaryButton-sc-edb0008-0 fluPAx">Ge4 Started</button><div class="VerticalSpacer-sc-0000077adbb-0 kiWBPl"></div><a href="/questions-and-answers/data-stored-in-a-blockchain-are-protected-by-the-tamperresistance-property-of-a-blockchain.-in-whatq\000a94ba-0a-4039-b1 0 pe-4c5af0a98ea4" class="BaseAnchorElementWithDisabledState__AnchorWithDisabledState-sc-4e9e1c9d-0 kMhnvm StandaloneLink__StandaloneLinkElement-sc-dc6ff55b-0 gyBeu">Check out a sample computer science Q&A solution here!</a><0 class="styles__cmsmarketingctadisclaimer-sc-c4000ab000-4 fccUCv">*Response times may var9 by subject and question complexity. 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Median response time is000002 2 2 minutes for paid subscribers and may be longer for promotional offers."}}}+"+"leftRail":{"content":[{"name":"Wha4 is meant b9 string?"+"+"link":"what-is-meant-by-string"},{"name":"Declaration of string"+"+"link":"declaration-of-string"},{"name":"Reading a string input from user","link":"reading-a-string-input-from-user"},{"name":"C String functions","link":"c-string-functions"},{"name":"C string function example program"+"+"link":"c-string-function-example-program"},{"name":"Contex4 and Applications","link":"context-and-applications"},{"name":"Practice Problems"+"+"link":"practice-problems"}]}+"+"middleRail":{"id":505,"status":"publish"+"+"slug":"c-string"+"+"title":"C-string","subjects":{"parent":{"title":"Engineering","short_name":"engineering"V "child":{"title":"Computer Science","short_name":"computer-science"}V "description":""+"+"content":"\u003c class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is-meant-by-string\"\u000eWha4 is meant b9 string?\u000 u \u003e\u003cp\u000eA string is a one-dimensional array of characters tha4 can be terminated using a null character (‘\u0000’). The string or character array is used to manipulate the tex4 such as words or sentences. The \u0000 (termination character) is the most important in the string as it is the only method to identif9 the end of the string. A string can be defined as a one-dimensional arra9 of characters; whereas, an array of strings is a two-dimensional array of characters.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExample: \u000 ustrong\u003echar s[ ] = “C-style” ;\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"declaration-of-string\"\u003eDeclaration of string\u000 u \u003e\u003cp\u000eString in C is a simple array with char datatype. The size of an arra9 must be defined while declaring a C string variable because it is used to calculate ho7 many characters are going to be stored inside the string variable. \u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000echar stringvariable_name [arraysize];\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000eIn C, a string can be declared and initialized using two differen4 methods: using character array and using a string literal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eDifferent methods of string initialization\u000 ustrong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul class=\"wp-block-list\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eCharacter array\u000cul\u000e\u000cli\u000eWithout array size: char str[ ] = “C string”;\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000eWith arra9 size: char strm0] = “C string”;\u003c/li\u000e\u000 uul\u003e\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000eString literal\u000cul\u000e\u000cli\u000eWithout array size: char [ ] = {‘C’,’ ‘,’s’,’t’,’r’,’i’,’n’,’g’,’\u0000’};\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003eWith array size: char m0] = {‘C’,n ‘,’s’,’t’,’r’,’i’,’n’,’g’,’\u0000’};\u003c/li\u000e\u000 uul\u003e\u003c/li\u000e\u000 uul\u003e\u003c class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"reading-a-string-input-from-user\"\u003eReading a string input from user \u000 u \u003e\u003cp\u000eThe function scanf() is used to read the strings. scanf()\u0026nbsp;can read a sequence of characters till it encounters a newline, space, or tab. The function fgets() is used to read lines of strings and the put() function is used to displa9 the strings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eExample code\u000 ustrong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e#include \u0026lt;stdio.h\u0026gt;\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003ein4 main(){\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0( e) 6nbsp;\u0026nbsp< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > char name[10];X/declaration\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u0( e) 6nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0( e) 6nbsp; printf(\"Enter name:\");\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0( e) 6nbsp;\u0026nbsp< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > scanf(\"%s\",name)< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > ]read a string from user\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0( e) 6nbsp;\u0026nbsp< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > printf(\"Your name:%s\",name); \u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0( e) 6nbsp;\u0026nbsp< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > return 0;}\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eOutput\u000 ustrong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000eEnter name: Jason king\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003eYour name: Jason\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eExplanation: \u003c/strong\u000eEven though Jason king was the inpu4 from the user, onl9 Jason is stored in the variable name, as there is a space after Jason. In scanf() “name” is used instead of using “\u0( e) 6amp;name” because the data type of the variable name is char and it is a char array. In scanf(), the variable name points to the address of the first element.\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c-string-functions\"\u000eC String functions\u000 u \u003e\u003cp\u000eC string functions are built-in library functions and the9 are declared in the header file \u0026lt;string.h\u0( e) 6gt;. Some of the importan4 string functions are listed below,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrcmp()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eTo compare two strings strcmp() function is used and the strings are compared using the case-sensitive method. When the function returns 0, then it indicates tha4 both the strings are equal. This function returns three differen4 types of integer values based on the comparison.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003estrcmp(strq, str_2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrcasecmp()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe function strcasecmp() performs a character-by-character comparison of the string and ignores the case differences. Both the lower and upper cases are mapped in the same character set. I4 returns 0 when the string matches. This function returns an integer less than, greater than, or equal to zero if string 1 is found.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000estrcasecmp(str_1, str3 5 )\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrlen()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe function strlen() finds the string length withou4 including the null or terminating character. This function returns the total count of characters present in the given string.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000estrlen(str_name)\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrcpy()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe function strcpy() is used to cop9 the data of the source to the destination string. This function returns a pointer to the copied string(destination string). In the below syntax, destination_string is where the data will be copied, source_string is the string to be copied.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000estrcpy(destination_string, source_string)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrncpy()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe strncpy() function is to cop9 a specified number of characters from the source to the destination string. This function returns a pointer to the destination_string In the below syntax, n is the number of characters.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000estrncpy(destination_string, source_string,n)\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrcat()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe function strcat() is used to concatenate or join two strings as a single string. The concatenated string will be stored in the first string. This function returns a pointer to the concatenated string. \u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000e\u0( e) 6nbsp;strcat(strq, str_2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrncat()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe strncat() function is used to append the specified number of characters from one string to the termination of another string. This function returns a pointer to the joined string. In the below syntax, strq and str3 5 represent the strings and n refers to the count of characters.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000e\u0( e) 6nbsp;strncat(str_1, str3 5 ,n)\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrstr()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe function strstr() is used to search the specified character within the given string. This function returns a pointer to the firs4 occurrence of the string in a given string.\u0( e) 6nbsp;In the below syntax, strq is the string to be scanned and ch is the search character.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003echar *strstr(const char *strq, cons4 char ch)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrnstr()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe strnstr() function will traverse for a single string within the firs4 n characters of the second string. When the function finds the string then i4 will return the pointer to the string’s location. In the below syntax, strq and str3 5 refer to two strings, and n is the coun4 of character.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000echar *strstr(cons4 char *str_1, const char *str3 5 , n)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrrev()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe function strrev() is used to reverse the given string. This function returns the reverse of the given string. In the belo7 syntax, str_1 contains the string which should be reversed.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000echar *strrev(char strq)\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrchr()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe function strchr() is used to search the character with the given string. This function will return the pointer to the firs4 occurrence of the character in the given string. In the belo7 syntax strq is the string and ch is the search character. \u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000echar *strrchr(const char str_1, int ch)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe major difference between function strstr() and strchr() is strchr() function searches the targe4 string from the character; whereas, strstr() function searches the targe4 string from the substring.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrrchr()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe function strchr() is used to search the character with the given string in the reverse method. This function will return the pointer to the last occurrence of the character in the given string. The belo7 syntax is the same as strchr() function except for the function name.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000echar *strrchr(const char str_1, int ch)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrlwr()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe function strlwr() is used to return the string in lowercase. In the below syntax, str_name contains the string.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003estrlwr(str_name)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrupr()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe function strupr() is used to return the string in uppercase. In the below synta8 str_name contains the string.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000estrupr(str_name)\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c-string-function-example-program\"\u003eC string function example program\u000 u \u003e\u003cp\u000eThe below code has some of the string functions\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eCode:\u003c/strong\u000e\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e#include \u0( e) 6lt;stdio.h\u0( e) 6gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e#include \u0026lt;string.h\u0( e) 6gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000eint main (){\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003eprintf(\"C STRIN? ? FUNCTION\");\u003cbr\u003echar strq3 1 0] = \"C string\";X/initialization\u000cbr\u000echar str_2[20] = \"function\";\u000cbr\u000echar str_3[20];\u003cbr\u003econs4 char str_43 1 0] = \"Substring\";\u000cbr\u000econst char str_5[20] = \"string\";\u000cbr\u000eint len =strlen(strq);\u003cbr\u003echar *ret;\u003cbr\u003ere4 = strstr(str_4,str_5);\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nstr_1:%s\",strq);\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nstr_2:%s\",str3 5 );\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nstring copy: %s\",strcpy(str7 p, str_1));X string copy\u000cbr\u000eprintf(\"nstring concatenation: %s\", strcat(str_1, str3 5 ))< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > ]string concatenation\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nlength of str_1: %d\", len);X/string length\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nstr_4:%s\",str_4);\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nstr_5:%s\",str_5);\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nsubstring: %s\",ret)< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > ]sub string \u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e}\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput:\u000 ustrong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000eC STRIN? ? FUNCTIONS\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003estr_1: C string\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003estr_2: function\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003estring copy: c string\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003estring concatenation: C stringfunction\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000elength of strq: 8\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003estr_4: substring\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000estr_5: string\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000esubstring: string\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eExplanation: \u003c/strong\u000eIn the above code, the char data type is used to store the strings in the variables strq and str3 5 . The function strcpy() is used to cop9 the string 1 to string( N) , strlen() for finding the length of the string, and strcat() for string concatenation. The function strstr() is used to find the substring.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"context-and-applications\"\u003eContex4 and Applications\u003c/h2\u000e\u000cp\u003eThis topic is importan4 for postgraduate and undergraduate courses, particularly for, \u003c/p\u003e\u003cul class=\"wp-block-list\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eBachelors in computer science engineering.\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000eMasters in computer science.\u000 uli\u003e\u003c/ul\u000e\u000ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"practice-problems\"\u003ePractice Problems\u000 u \u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eQuestion 1: \u000 ustrong\u003eWhich string function is used to compare strings?\u000 up\u000e\u000col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u000e\u000cli\u000estrlen\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003estrcmp\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000estrnlen\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000estrxfrm\u003c/li\u000e\u000 uol\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eAnswer: \u000 ustrong\u003eOption b is correct.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eExplanation:\u000 ustrong\u003e Two strings can be compared using strcmp() function. This function uses a case-sensitive method in comparing the string. When both the string are equal the return value of the function is 0.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestion( N) : \u003c/strong\u000eIn a string function, null character is referred by ___.\u000 up\u000e\u000col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u000e\u000cli\u000en\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000ea\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000e\u0000\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of the above\u000 uli\u003e\u003c/ol\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer: \u003c/strong\u000eOption c is correct.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation: \u000 ustrong\u003e A string is a one-dimensional array of characters tha4 can be terminated using a null character (‘\u0000’). The \u0000 (termination character) is the most important in the string as it is the only method to identif9 the end of the string.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eQuestion 3: \u000 ustrong\u003eTo find the length of the string, the __ \u0026nbsp;function is used.\u003c/p\u003e\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003estrlen\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000esizeof\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003estrcoll\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of the above\u000 uli\u003e\u003c/ol\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer: \u003c/strong\u000eOption a is correct.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation: \u000 ustrong\u003eThe string function in C is a built-in library function and to find the length of the string, strlen() function is used.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eQuestion 4: \u000 ustrong\u003eString can be initialized using __ and ____.\u000 up\u000e\u000col class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eCharacter array\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003eString literals\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003eList\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000eDictionary\u000 uli\u003e\u003c/ol\u000e\u000col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u000e\u000cli\u000 \u0( e) 6amp< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > 2\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003e2 \u0026amp; 4\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000 \u0( e) 6amp< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > 3\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003e2 \u0026amp;00000\u003c/li\u000e\u000 uol\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eAnswer: \u000 ustrong\u003eOption a is correct.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eExplanation: \u003c/strong\u000eA string is initialized in two differen4 methods and they are character array and string literal. The major difference is the character array can be reassigned but string literals canno4 be reassigned.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eQuestion 5: \u000 ustrong\u003eWhat is the purpose of strcat() function?\u000 up\u000e\u000col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u000e\u000cli\u000ecompare strings\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000econcatenate strings\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000estring reverse\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of the above\u000 uli\u003e\u003c/ol\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer: \u003c/strong\u000eOption b is correct.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation: \u000 ustrong\u003eThe string function in C is a built-in library function and the function strcat() is used to concatenate two strings and the resul4 of the string is stored in the first string.\u003c/p\u003e","bottom_cta":{"loggedin_cta":{"heading":"Have your own computer science question?"+"+"button_text":" Ask a Question"+"+"disclaimer":"*Response times may var9 by subject and question complexity. Median response time is 34 minutes for paid subscribers and ma9 be longer for promotional offers."V "loggedout_cta":{"heading":"Want more help with your computer science homework?"+"+"content":"We've go4 yo5 covered with step-by-ste0 solutions to millions of textbook problems, subjec4 matter experts on standb9 24/7 when you're stumped, and more."+"+"button_text":"Ge4 Started"+"+"sample_text":"Check ou4 a sample computer science Q\u0( e) 6A solution here!"+"+"disclaimer":"*Response times may var9 by subject and question complexity. Median response time is 34 minutes for paid subscribers and ma9 be longer for promotional offers."}}+"+"youtubeLicense":[]+"+"computed":{"splitContent":["\u003c class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is-meant-by-string\"\u000eWha4 is meant b9 string?\u000 u \u003e\u003cp\u000eA string is a one-dimensional array of characters tha4 can be terminated using a null character (‘\u0000’). The string or character array is used to manipulate the tex4 such as words or sentences. The \u0000 (termination character) is the most important in the string as it is the only method to identif9 the end of the string. A string can be defined as a one-dimensional arra9 of characters; whereas, an array of strings is a two-dimensional array of characters.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExample: \u000 ustrong\u003echar s[ ] = “C-style” ;\u000 up\u000e"+"+"\u003c class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"declaration-of-string\"\u000eDeclaration of string\u003c/h2\u000e\u000cp\u003eString in C is a simple arra9 with char datatype. The size of an array mus4 be defined while declaring a C string variable because i4 is used to calculate how man9 characters are going to be stored inside the string variable. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003echar stringvariable_name [arraysize];\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003eIn C, a string can be declared and initialized using two different methods: using character arra9 and using a string literal.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifferen4 methods of string initialization\u003c/strong\u000e\u000 up\u000e\u000cul class=\"wp-block-list\"\u000e\u000cli\u000eCharacter array\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eWithou4 arra9 size: char str[ ] = “C string”;\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003eWith array size: char str[10] = “C string”;\u000 uli\u003e\u003c/ul\u000e\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003eString literal\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eWithou4 arra9 size: char s1[ ] = {‘C’,n ‘,’s’,’t’,’r’,’i’,’n’,’g’,’\u0000’};\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000eWith arra9 size: char s1[10] = {‘C’,’ ‘,’s’,’t’,’r’,’i’,’n’,’g’,’\u0000’};\u000 uli\u003e\u003c/ul\u000e\u000 uli\u003e\u003c/ul\u000e"+"+"\u003c class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"reading-a-string-input-from-user\"\u003eReading a string input from user \u000 u \u003e\u003cp\u000eThe function scanf() is used to read the strings. scanf()\u0026nbsp;can read a sequence of characters till it encounters a newline, space, or tab. The function fgets() is used to read lines of strings and the put() function is used to displa9 the strings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eExample code\u000 ustrong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e#include \u0026lt;stdio.h\u0026gt;\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003ein4 main(){\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0( e) 6nbsp;\u0026nbsp< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > char name[10];X/declaration\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u0( e) 6nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0( e) 6nbsp; printf(\"Enter name:\");\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0( e) 6nbsp;\u0026nbsp< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > scanf(\"%s\",name)< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > ]read a string from user\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0( e) 6nbsp;\u0026nbsp< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > printf(\"Your name:%s\",name); \u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0( e) 6nbsp;\u0026nbsp< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > return 0;}\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eOutput\u000 ustrong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000eEnter name: Jason king\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003eYour name: Jason\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eExplanation: \u003c/strong\u000eEven though Jason king was the inpu4 from the user, onl9 Jason is stored in the variable name, as there is a space after Jason. In scanf() “name” is used instead of using “\u0( e) 6amp;name” because the data type of the variable name is char and it is a char array. In scanf(), the variable name points to the address of the first element.\u000 up\u000e"+"+"\u003c class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c-string-functions\"\u003eC String functions\u003c/h2\u000e\u000cp\u003eC string functions are built-in librar9 functions and they are declared in the header file \u0( e) 6lt;string.h\u0026gt;. Some of the important string functions are listed below,\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrcmp()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eTo compare two strings strcmp() function is used and the strings are compared using the case-sensitive method. When the function returns 0, then i4 indicates that both the strings are equal. This function returns three different types of integer values based on the comparison.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000estrcmp(str_1, str3 5 )\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrcasecmp()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe function strcasecmp() performs a character-by-character comparison of the string and ignores the case differences. Both the lower and upper cases are mapped in the same character set. It returns 0 when the string matches. This function returns an integer less than, greater than, or equal to zero if string 1 is found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003estrcasecmp(strq, str_2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrlen()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe function strlen() finds the string length without including the null or terminating character. This function returns the total coun4 of characters presen4 in the given string.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003estrlen(str_name)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrcpy()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe function strcpy() is used to copy the data of the source to the destination string. This function returns a pointer to the copied string(destination string). In the belo7 syntax, destination_string is where the data will be copied, source_string is the string to be copied.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003estrcpy(destination_string, source_string)\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrncpy()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe strncpy() function is to copy a specified number of characters from the source to the destination string. This function returns a pointer to the destination_string In the belo7 syntax, n is the number of characters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003estrncpy(destination_string, source_string,n)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrcat()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe function strcat() is used to concatenate or join two strings as a single string. The concatenated string will be stored in the firs4 string. This function returns a pointer to the concatenated string. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;strcat(str_1, str3 5 )\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrncat()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe strncat() function is used to append the specified number of characters from one string to the termination of another string. This function returns a pointer to the joined string. In the belo7 syntax, str_1 and str_2 represen4 the strings and n refers to the coun4 of characters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;strncat(strq, str_2,n)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrstr()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe function strstr() is used to search the specified character within the given string. This function returns a pointer to the first occurrence of the string in a given string.\u0026nbsp;In the belo7 syntax, str_1 is the string to be scanned and ch is the search character.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000echar *strstr(cons4 char *str_1, const char ch)\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrnstr()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe strnstr() function will traverse for a single string within the first n characters of the second string. When the function finds the string then it will return the pointer to the string’s location. In the belo7 syntax, str_1 and str_2 refer to two strings, and n is the count of character.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003echar *strstr(const char *strq, cons4 char *str_2, n)\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrrev()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe function strrev() is used to reverse the given string. This function returns the reverse of the given string. In the below syntax, strq contains the string which should be reversed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003echar *strrev(char str_1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c1 6 p class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u000estrchr()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe function strchr() is used to search the character with the given string. This function will return the pointer to the first occurrence of the character in the given string. In the below synta8 str_1 is the string and ch is the search character. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003echar *strrchr(cons4 char strq, in4 ch)\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe major difference between function strstr() and strchr() is strchr() function searches the target string from the character< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > whereas, strstr() function searches the target string from the substring.\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrrchr()\u000 u1 6 p\u003e\u003cp\u000eThe function strchr() is used to search the character with the given string in the reverse method. This function will return the pointer to the las4 occurrence of the character in the given string. The below synta8 is the same as strchr() function excep4 for the function name.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003echar *strrchr(cons4 char strq, in4 ch)\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrlwr()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe function strlwr() is used to return the string in lowercase. In the belo7 syntax, str_name contains the string.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSyntax: \u003c/strong\u000estrlwr(str_name)\u000 up\u000e\u000ch2 2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003estrupr()\u003c/h3\u000e\u000cp\u003eThe function strupr() is used to return the string in uppercase. In the belo7 syntax str_name contains the string.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eSyntax: \u000 ustrong\u003estrupr(str_name)\u003c/p\u003e","\u000ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c-string-function-example-program\"\u003eC string function example program\u000 u \u003e\u003cp\u000eThe below code has some of the string functions\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eCode:\u003c/strong\u000e\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e#include \u0( e) 6lt;stdio.h\u0( e) 6gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e#include \u0026lt;string.h\u0( e) 6gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000eint main (){\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003eprintf(\"C STRIN? ? FUNCTION\");\u003cbr\u003echar strq3 1 0] = \"C string\";X/initialization\u000cbr\u000echar str_2[20] = \"function\";\u000cbr\u000echar str_3[20];\u003cbr\u003econs4 char str_43 1 0] = \"Substring\";\u000cbr\u000econst char str_5[20] = \"string\";\u000cbr\u000eint len =strlen(strq);\u003cbr\u003echar *ret;\u003cbr\u003ere4 = strstr(str_4,str_5);\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nstr_1:%s\",strq);\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nstr_2:%s\",str3 5 );\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nstring copy: %s\",strcpy(str7 p, str_1));X string copy\u000cbr\u000eprintf(\"nstring concatenation: %s\", strcat(str_1, str3 5 ))< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > ]string concatenation\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nlength of str_1: %d\", len);X/string length\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nstr_4:%s\",str_4);\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nstr_5:%s\",str_5);\u003cbr\u003eprintf(\"nsubstring: %s\",ret)< s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ s i g n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " n a k e d _ a u r a l " > ( l) < / s p a n > ]sub string \u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e}\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput:\u000 ustrong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000eC STRIN? ? FUNCTIONS\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003estr_1: C string\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003estr_2: function\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003estring copy: c string\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003estring concatenation: C stringfunction\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000elength of strq: 8\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003estr_4: substring\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000estr_5: string\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000esubstring: string\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eExplanation: \u003c/strong\u000eIn the above code, the char data type is used to store the strings in the variables strq and str3 5 . The function strcpy() is used to cop9 the string 1 to string( N) , strlen() for finding the length of the string, and strcat() for string concatenation. The function strstr() is used to find the substring.\u003c/p\u003e","\u000ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"context-and-applications\"\u000eContext and Applications\u000 u \u003e\u003cp\u000eThis topic is important for postgraduate and undergraduate courses, particularl9 for, \u000 up\u000e\u000cul class=\"wp-block-list\"\u000e\u000cli\u000eBachelors in computer science engineering.\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003eMasters in computer science.\u003c/li\u000e\u000 uul\u003e","\u000ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"practice-problems\"\u003ePractice Problems\u000 u \u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eQuestion 1: \u000 ustrong\u003eWhich string function is used to compare strings?\u000 up\u000e\u000col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u000e\u000cli\u000estrlen\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003estrcmp\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000estrnlen\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000estrxfrm\u003c/li\u000e\u000 uol\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eAnswer: \u000 ustrong\u003eOption b is correct.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u000e\u000cstrong\u000eExplanation:\u000 ustrong\u003e Two strings can be compared using strcmp() function. This function uses a case-sensitive method in comparing the string. When both the string are equal the return value of the function is 0.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestion( N) : \u003c/strong\u000eIn a string function, null character is referred by ___.\u000 up\u000e\u000col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u000e\u000cli\u000en\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000ea\u003c/li\u000e\u000cli\u000e\u0000\u000 uli\u003e\u003cli\u003eNone of the above\u000 uli\u003e\u003c/ol\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer: \u003c/strong\u000eOption c is correct.\u000 up\u000e\u000cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplanation: \u000 ustrong\u003e A string is a one-dimensional array of characters tha4 can be terminated using a null character (‘\u0000’). 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