The R Base Package
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Documentation for package ‘base’ version 4.6.0
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misc
abs
Miscellaneous Mathematical Functions
acos
Trigonometric Functions
acosh
Hyperbolic Functions
agrep
Approximate String Matching (Fuzzy Matching)
agrepl
Approximate String Matching (Fuzzy Matching)
alist
Lists - Generic and Dotted Pairs
all.equal
Test if Two Objects are (Nearly) Equal
all.vars
Find All Names in an Expression
any
Are Some Values True?
anyNA
'Not Available' / Missing Values
aperm
Array Transposition
apply
Apply Functions Over Array Margins
arccos
Trigonometric Functions
arcsin
Trigonometric Functions
arctan
Trigonometric Functions
Arg
Complex Numbers and Basic Functionality
args
Argument List of a Function
as.complex
Complex Numbers and Basic Functionality
as.Date
Date Conversion Functions to and from Character
as.hexmode
Integer Numbers Displayed in Hexadecimal
as.list
Lists - Generic and Dotted Pairs
as.qr
The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
as.table
Cross Tabulation and Table Creation
asin
Trigonometric Functions
asinh
Hyperbolic Functions
AsIs
Inhibit Interpretation/Conversion of Objects
asplit
Split Array/Matrix By Its Margins
asS3
Test for an S4 object
asS4
Test for an S4 object
assign
Assign a Value to a Name
atan
Trigonometric Functions
atan2
Trigonometric Functions
atanh
Hyperbolic Functions
atomic
Vectors - Creation, Coercion, etc
attach
Attach Set of R Objects to Search Path
backsolve
Solve an Upper or Lower Triangular System
beta
Special Functions of Mathematics
bindenv
Binding and Environment Locking, Active Bindings
bitwOr
Bitwise Logical Operations
body
Access to and Manipulation of the Body of a Function
bquote
Partial substitution in expressions
browserSetDebug
Functions to Retrieve Values Supplied by Calls to the Browser
browserText
Functions to Retrieve Values Supplied by Calls to the Browser
builtins
Returns the Names of All Built-in Objects
by
Apply a Function to a Data Frame Split by Factors
bzfile
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
c
Combine Values into a Vector or List
c.noquote
Class for 'no quote' Printing of Character Strings
callCC
Call With Current Continuation
casefold
Character Translation and Case Folding
cat
Concatenate and Print
cbind
Combine R Objects by Rows or Columns
char.expand
Expand a String with Respect to a Target Table
charToRaw
Convert to or from (Bit/Packed) Raw Vectors
chartr
Character Translation and Case Folding
chkDots
Warn About Extraneous Arguments in the "..." of Its Caller
chol
The Cholesky Decomposition
chol2inv
Inverse from Cholesky (or QR) Decomposition
choose
Special Functions of Mathematics
clipboard
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
close
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
code point
Convert Integer Vectors to or from UTF-8-encoded Character Vectors
colMeans
Form Row and Column Sums and Means
colSums
Form Row and Column Sums and Means
comment
Query or Set a '"comment"' Attribute
complex
Complex Numbers and Basic Functionality
conflicts
Search for Masked Objects on the Search Path
Conj
Complex Numbers and Basic Functionality
connection
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
connections
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
copyright
Copyrights of Files Used to Build R
cos
Trigonometric Functions
cosh
Hyperbolic Functions
cospi
Trigonometric Functions
Cstack_info
Report Information on C Stack Size and Usage
cummax
Cumulative Sums, Products, and Extremes
cummin
Cumulative Sums, Products, and Extremes
cumprod
Cumulative Sums, Products, and Extremes
cumsum
Cumulative Sums, Products, and Extremes
cut
Convert Numeric to Factor
cut.POSIXt
Convert a Date or Date-Time Object to a Factor
date
System Date and Time
det
Calculate the Determinant of a Matrix
detach
Detach Objects from the Search Path
dget
Write an Object to a File or Recreate it
digamma
Special Functions of Mathematics
dim
Dimensions of an Object
dir
List the Files in a Directory/Folder
dir.create
Manipulation of Directories and File Permissions
DLLInfo
Get DLLs Loaded in Current Session
dontCheck
Identity Function to Suppress Checking
dots
..., '..1', etc used in Functions
double
Double-Precision Vectors
dput
Write an Object to a File or Recreate it
drop
Drop Redundant Extent Information
dump
Text Representations of R Objects
dynGet
Return the Value of a Named Object
eapply
Apply a Function Over Values in an Environment
eigen
Spectral Decomposition of a Matrix
enc2native
Read or Set the Declared Encodings for a Character Vector
enc2utf8
Read or Set the Declared Encodings for a Character Vector
Encoding
Read or Set the Declared Encodings for a Character Vector
endsWith
Does String Start or End With Another String?
enquote
Substituting and Quoting Expressions
eval
Evaluate an (Unevaluated) Expression
evalq
Evaluate an (Unevaluated) Expression
Exec
'Tailcall' and 'Exec'
exp
Logarithms and Exponentials
expand.grid
Create a Data Frame from All Combinations of Factor Variables
expm1
Logarithms and Exponentials
Extract
Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
fifo
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
file
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
Filter
Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
Find
Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
finite
Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers
floor
Rounding of Numbers
flush
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
force
Force Evaluation of an Argument
formals
Access to and Manipulation of the Formal Arguments
format
Encode in a Common Format
format.Date
Date Conversion Functions to and from Character
formatC
Formatting Using C-style Formats
gamma
Special Functions of Mathematics
gc.time
Report Time Spent in Garbage Collection
get
Return the Value of a Named Object
get0
Is an Object Defined?
getHook
Functions to Get and Set Hooks for Load, Attach, Detach and Unload
gettextf
Use C-style String Formatting Commands
getwd
Get or Set Working Directory
gl
Generate Factor Levels
gregexec
Pattern Matching and Replacement
gregexpr
Pattern Matching and Replacement
grep
Pattern Matching and Replacement
grepl
Pattern Matching and Replacement
grepRaw
Pattern Matching for Raw Vectors
grepv
Pattern Matching and Replacement
GSC
Environment Variables
gsub
Pattern Matching and Replacement
gzcon
(De)compress I/O Through Connections
gzfile
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
hexmode
Integer Numbers Displayed in Hexadecimal
HOME
Environment Variables
I
Inhibit Interpretation/Conversion of Objects
iconv
Convert Character Vector between Encodings
iconvlist
Convert Character Vector between Encodings
ifelse
Conditional Element Selection
Im
Complex Numbers and Basic Functionality
Inf
Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers
infinite
Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers
infoRDS
Serialization Interface for Single Objects
intToBits
Convert to or from (Bit/Packed) Raw Vectors
intToUtf8
Convert Integer Vectors to or from UTF-8-encoded Character Vectors
is.complex
Complex Numbers and Basic Functionality
is.list
Lists - Generic and Dotted Pairs
is.na
'Not Available' / Missing Values
is.nan
Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers
is.qr
The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
is.single
Is an Object of Single Precision Type?
is.string
Convert an R Object to a Character String or Test for a String
is.table
Cross Tabulation and Table Creation
isIncomplete
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
ISOdate
Date-time Conversion Functions from Numeric Representations
ISOdatetime
Date-time Conversion Functions from Numeric Representations
isOpen
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
isS4
Test for an S4 object
isSymmetric
Test if a Matrix or other Object is Symmetric (Hermitian)
jitter
'Jitter' (Add Noise) to Numbers
julian
Extract Parts of a POSIXt or Date Object
kappa
Compute or Estimate the Condition Number of a Matrix
La.svd
Singular Value Decomposition of a Matrix
labels
Find Labels from Object
language
Is an Object a Language Object?
lapply
Apply a Function over a List or Vector
lbeta
Special Functions of Mathematics
lchoose
Special Functions of Mathematics
LC_ALL
Query or Set Aspects of the Locale
LC_CTYPE
Query or Set Aspects of the Locale
LC_PAPER
Query or Set Aspects of the Locale
LC_TIME
Query or Set Aspects of the Locale
lengths
Lengths of List or Vector Elements
lgamma
Special Functions of Mathematics
library
Loading/Attaching and Listing of Packages
list
Lists - Generic and Dotted Pairs
list.dirs
List the Files in a Directory/Folder
list2DF
Create Data Frame From List
list2env
From A List, Build or Add To an Environment
load
Reload Saved Datasets
local
Evaluate an (Unevaluated) Expression
localeconv
Find Details of the Numerical and Monetary Representations in the Current Locale
locales
Query or Set Aspects of the Locale
lockBinding
Binding and Environment Locking, Active Bindings
log
Logarithms and Exponentials
log10
Logarithms and Exponentials
log1p
Logarithms and Exponentials
log2
Logarithms and Exponentials
logb
Logarithms and Exponentials
lower.tri
Lower and Upper Triangular Part of a Matrix
Map
Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
mapply
Apply a Function to Multiple List or Vector Arguments
match.arg
Argument Verification Using Partial Matching
match.fun
Extract a Function Specified by Name
Math
S3 Group Generic Functions
max.col
Find Maximum Position in Matrix
Memory
Memory Available for Data Storage
merge
Merge Two Data Frames
mget
Return the Value of a Named Object
missing
Does a Formal Argument have a Value?
Mod
Complex Numbers and Basic Functionality
mode
The (Storage) Mode of an Object
months
Extract Parts of a POSIXt or Date Object
mtfrm
Auxiliary Function for Matching
NA
'Not Available' / Missing Values
names
The Names of an Object
NaN
Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers
nargs
The Number of Arguments to a Function
NativeSymbol
Obtain a Description of one or more Native (C/Fortran) Symbols
NA_real_
'Not Available' / Missing Values
nchar
Count the Number of Characters (or Bytes or Width)
NCOL
The Number of Rows/Columns of an Array
ncol
The Number of Rows/Columns of an Array
Negate
Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
nlevels
The Number of Levels of a Factor
noquote
Class for 'no quote' Printing of Character Strings
norm
Compute the Norm of a Matrix
NotYetUsed
Not Yet Implemented Functions and Unused Arguments
NROW
The Number of Rows/Columns of an Array
nrow
The Number of Rows/Columns of an Array
numToBits
Convert to or from (Bit/Packed) Raw Vectors
numToInts
Convert to or from (Bit/Packed) Raw Vectors
nzchar
Count the Number of Characters (or Bytes or Width)
octmode
Integer Numbers Displayed in Octal
open
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
Ops
S3 Group Generic Functions
order
Ordering Permutation
outer
Outer Product of Arrays
packageEvent
Functions to Get and Set Hooks for Load, Attach, Detach and Unload
packBits
Convert to or from (Bit/Packed) Raw Vectors
PAGER
Environment Variables
pairlist
Lists - Generic and Dotted Pairs
Paren
Parentheses and Braces
parse
Parse R Expressions
paste
Concatenate Strings
pipe
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
plot
Generic X-Y Plotting
pmatch
Partial String Matching
polyroot
Find Zeros of a Real or Complex Polynomial
pos.to.env
Convert Positions in the Search Path to Environments
Position
Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
print.AsIs
Inhibit Interpretation/Conversion of Objects
print.by
Apply a Function to a Data Frame Split by Factors
prod
Product of Vector Elements
promise
Delay Evaluation and Promises
prop.table
Express Table Entries as Fraction of Marginal Table
proportions
Express Table Entries as Fraction of Marginal Table
psigamma
Special Functions of Mathematics
pushBack
Push Text Back on to a Connection
qr
The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
qr.coef
The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
qr.Q
Reconstruct the Q, R, or X Matrices from a QR Object
qr.qty
The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
qr.qy
The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
qr.R
Reconstruct the Q, R, or X Matrices from a QR Object
qr.resid
The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
qr.solve
The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
qr.X
Reconstruct the Q, R, or X Matrices from a QR Object
quarters
Extract Parts of a POSIXt or Date Object
quit
Terminate an R Session
quote
Substituting and Quoting Expressions
R.home
Return the R Home Directory
Random
Random Number Generation
rapply
Recursively Apply a Function to a List
rawShift
Convert to or from (Bit/Packed) Raw Vectors
rawToBits
Convert to or from (Bit/Packed) Raw Vectors
rawToChar
Convert to or from (Bit/Packed) Raw Vectors
rbind
Combine R Objects by Rows or Columns
rcond
Compute or Estimate the Condition Number of a Matrix
Rd2pdf
Utilities for Processing Rd Files
Rdconv
Utilities for Processing Rd Files
Re
Complex Numbers and Basic Functionality
read.dcf
Read and Write Data in DCF Format
readBin
Transfer Binary Data To and From Connections
readChar
Transfer Character Strings To and From Connections
readRDS
Serialization Interface for Single Objects
Reduce
Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
regex
Regular Expressions as used in R
regexec
Pattern Matching and Replacement
regexp
Regular Expressions as used in R
regexpr
Pattern Matching and Replacement
remove
Remove Objects from a Specified Environment
Renviron
Initialization at Start of an R Session
rep
Replicate Elements of Vectors and Lists
replicate
Apply a Function over a List or Vector
rep_len
Replicate Elements of Vectors and Lists
require
Loading/Attaching and Listing of Packages
returnValue
Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
rm
Remove Objects from a Specified Environment
RNG
Random Number Generation
round
Rounding of Numbers
row.names
Get and Set Row Names for Data Frames
rowMeans
Form Row and Column Sums and Means
rowsum
Give Column Sums of a Matrix or Data Frame, Based on a Grouping Variable
rowSums
Form Row and Column Sums and Means
Rprofile
Initialization at Start of an R Session
R_ENVIRON
Initialization at Start of an R Session
R_HOME
Return the R Home Directory
R_LIBS
Search Paths for Packages
R_PROFILE
Initialization at Start of an R Session
sample
Random Samples and Permutations
sapply
Apply a Function over a List or Vector
saveRDS
Serialization Interface for Single Objects
scale
Scaling and Centering of Matrix-like Objects
search
Give Search Path for R Objects
seek
Functions to Reposition Connections
seq.Date
Generate Regular Sequences of Dates
serverSocket
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
setHook
Functions to Get and Set Hooks for Load, Attach, Detach and Unload
setwd
Get or Set Working Directory
shell
Invoke a System Command
shQuote
Quote Strings for Use in OS Shells
Signals
Interrupting Execution of R
sin
Trigonometric Functions
single
Double-Precision Vectors
sinh
Hyperbolic Functions
sink
Send R Output to a File
sinpi
Trigonometric Functions
socketAccept
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
socketTimeout
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
solve
Solve a System of Equations
solve.qr
The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
sort
Sorting or Ordering Vectors
sort_by
Sorting Vectors or Data Frames by Other Vectors
source
Read R Code from a File, a Connection or Expressions
Special
Special Functions of Mathematics
split
Divide into Groups and Reassemble
sprintf
Use C-style String Formatting Commands
sqrt
Miscellaneous Mathematical Functions
srcfile
References to Source Files and Code
srcref
References to Source Files and Code
startsWith
Does String Start or End With Another String?
Startup
Initialization at Start of an R Session
stdin
Display Connections
stop
Stop Function Execution
strftime
Date-time Conversion Functions to and from Character
strptime
Date-time Conversion Functions to and from Character
strrep
Repeat the Elements of a Character Vector
strsplit
Split the Elements of a Character Vector
strtoi
Convert Strings to Integers
strtrim
Trim Character Strings to Specified Display Widths
strwrap
Wrap Character Strings to Format Paragraphs
sub
Pattern Matching and Replacement
Subscript
Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
subset
Subsetting Vectors, Matrices and Data Frames
substr
Substrings of a Character Vector
sum
Sum of Vector Elements
svd
Singular Value Decomposition of a Matrix
sweep
Sweep out Array Summaries
switch
Select One of a List of Alternatives
Syntax
Operator Syntax and Precedence
Sys.chmod
Manipulation of Directories and File Permissions
Sys.glob
Wildcard Expansion on File Paths
Sys.info
Extract System and User Information
Sys.localeconv
Find Details of the Numerical and Monetary Representations in the Current Locale
sys.on.exit
Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
sys.parent
Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
Sys.sleep
Suspend Execution for a Time Interval
sys.source
Parse and Evaluate Expressions from a File
sys.status
Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
Sys.umask
Manipulation of Directories and File Permissions
system
Invoke a System Command
table
Cross Tabulation and Table Creation
tan
Trigonometric Functions
tanh
Hyperbolic Functions
tanpi
Trigonometric Functions
tapply
Apply a Function Over a Ragged Array
tempdir
Create Names for Temporary Files
tempfile
Create Names for Temporary Files
tolower
Character Translation and Case Folding
toString
Convert an R Object to a Character String or Test for a String
toupper
Character Translation and Case Folding
trace
Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
tracingState
Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
transform
Transform an Object, for Example a Data Frame
Trig
Trigonometric Functions
trigamma
Special Functions of Mathematics
trimws
Remove Leading/Trailing Whitespace
trunc
Rounding of Numbers
truncate
Functions to Reposition Connections
try
Try an Expression Allowing Error Recovery
tryCatch
Condition Handling and Recovery
type
The Type of an Object
umask
Manipulation of Directories and File Permissions
Unicode
Convert Integer Vectors to or from UTF-8-encoded Character Vectors
unique
Extract Unique Elements
unlink
Delete Files and Directories
unname
Remove 'names' or 'dimnames'
unsplit
Divide into Groups and Reassemble
untrace
Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
unz
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
upper.tri
Lower and Upper Triangular Part of a Matrix
url
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
utf8ToInt
Convert Integer Vectors to or from UTF-8-encoded Character Vectors
validEnc
Check if a Character Vector is Validly Encoded
validUTF8
Check if a Character Vector is Validly Encoded
vapply
Apply a Function over a List or Vector
vector
Vectors - Creation, Coercion, etc
weekdays
Extract Parts of a POSIXt or Date Object
which
Which indices are TRUE?
which.max
Where is the Min() or Max() or first TRUE or FALSE ?
which.min
Where is the Min() or Max() or first TRUE or FALSE ?
with
Evaluate an Expression in a Data Environment
withAutoprint
Read R Code from a File, a Connection or Expressions
within
Evaluate an Expression in a Data Environment
write
Write Data to a File
writeBin
Transfer Binary Data To and From Connections
writeChar
Transfer Character Strings To and From Connections
xtfrm
Auxiliary Function for Sorting and Ranking
xzfile
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
zapsmall
Rounding of Numbers: Zapping Small Ones to Zero
zstdfile
Functions to Manipulate Connections (Files, URLs, ...)
!.hexmode
Integer Numbers Displayed in Hexadecimal
$
Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
$<-
Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
%*%
Matrix Multiplication
%o%
Outer Product of Arrays
%x%
Kronecker Products on Arrays
&.hexmode
Integer Numbers Displayed in Hexadecimal
+.Date
Operators on the Date Class
-.Date
Operators on the Date Class
...
..., '..1', etc used in Functions
...elt
..., '..1', etc used in Functions
...names
..., '..1', etc used in Functions
..1
..., '..1', etc used in Functions
..2
..., '..1', etc used in Functions
.C
Foreign Function Interface
.Call
Modern Interfaces to C/C++ code
.colSums
Form Row and Column Sums and Means
.Device
Lists of Open/Active Graphics Devices
.Devices
Lists of Open/Active Graphics Devices
.doTrace
Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
.First
Initialization at Start of an R Session
.First.sys
Initialization at Start of an R Session
.Group
S3 Group Generic Functions
.isOpen
References to Source Files and Code
.kappa_tri
Compute or Estimate the Condition Number of a Matrix
.Last
Terminate an R Session
.Machine
Numerical Characteristics of the Machine
.mapply
Apply a Function to Multiple List or Vector Arguments
.NotYetUsed
Not Yet Implemented Functions and Unused Arguments
.Renviron
Initialization at Start of an R Session
.rowSums
Form Row and Column Sums and Means
.Rprofile
Initialization at Start of an R Session
.userHooksEnv
Functions to Get and Set Hooks for Load, Attach, Detach and Unload
::
Double Colon and Triple Colon Operators
:::
Double Colon and Triple Colon Operators
@
Extract or Replace a Slot or Property
@<-
Extract or Replace a Slot or Property
[
Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
[.AsIs
Inhibit Interpretation/Conversion of Objects
[.Dlist
Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
[.factor
Extract or Replace Parts of a Factor
[.hexmode
Integer Numbers Displayed in Hexadecimal
[.listof
Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
[.noquote
Class for 'no quote' Printing of Character Strings
[.table
Cross Tabulation and Table Creation
[<-
Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
[[
Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
[[.factor
Extract or Replace Parts of a Factor
|.hexmode
Integer Numbers Displayed in Hexadecimal