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How to: Group Results in Various Ways (C# Programming Guide)
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2013年02月15日
Grouping is one of the most powerful capabilities of LINQ. The following examples show how to group data in various ways:
By a single property.
By the first letter of a string property.
By a computed numeric range.
By Boolean predicate or other expression.
By a compound key.
In addition, the last two queries project their results into a new anonymous type that contains only the student's first and last name. For more information, see the group clause (C# Reference).
Example
All the examples in this topic use the following helper classes and data sources.
public class StudentClass
{
#region data
protected enum GradeLevel { FirstYear = 1, SecondYear, ThirdYear, FourthYear };
protected class Student
{
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
public int ID { get; set; }
public GradeLevel Year;
public List<int> ExamScores;
}
protected static List<Student> students = new List<Student>
{
new Student {FirstName = "Terry", LastName = "Adams", ID = 120, Year = GradeLevel.SecondYear, ExamScores = new List<int>{ 99, 82, 81, 79}},
new Student {FirstName = "Fadi", LastName = "Fakhouri", ID = 116, Year = GradeLevel.ThirdYear,ExamScores = new List<int>{ 99, 86, 90, 94}},
new Student {FirstName = "Hanying", LastName = "Feng", ID = 117, Year = GradeLevel.FirstYear, ExamScores = new List<int>{ 93, 92, 80, 87}},
new Student {FirstName = "Cesar", LastName = "Garcia", ID = 114, Year = GradeLevel.FourthYear,ExamScores = new List<int>{ 97, 89, 85, 82}},
new Student {FirstName = "Debra", LastName = "Garcia", ID = 115, Year = GradeLevel.ThirdYear, ExamScores = new List<int>{ 35, 72, 91, 70}},
new Student {FirstName = "Hugo", LastName = "Garcia", ID = 118, Year = GradeLevel.SecondYear, ExamScores = new List<int>{ 92, 90, 83, 78}},
new Student {FirstName = "Sven", LastName = "Mortensen", ID = 113, Year = GradeLevel.FirstYear, ExamScores = new List<int>{ 88, 94, 65, 91}},
new Student {FirstName = "Claire", LastName = "O'Donnell", ID = 112, Year = GradeLevel.FourthYear, ExamScores = new List<int>{ 75, 84, 91, 39}},
new Student {FirstName = "Svetlana", LastName = "Omelchenko", ID = 111, Year = GradeLevel.SecondYear, ExamScores = new List<int>{ 97, 92, 81, 60}},
new Student {FirstName = "Lance", LastName = "Tucker", ID = 119, Year = GradeLevel.ThirdYear, ExamScores = new List<int>{ 68, 79, 88, 92}},
new Student {FirstName = "Michael", LastName = "Tucker", ID = 122, Year = GradeLevel.FirstYear, ExamScores = new List<int>{ 94, 92, 91, 91}},
new Student {FirstName = "Eugene", LastName = "Zabokritski", ID = 121, Year = GradeLevel.FourthYear, ExamScores = new List<int>{ 96, 85, 91, 60}}
};
#endregion
//Helper method
protected static int GetPercentile(Student s)
{
double avg = s.ExamScores.Average();
return avg > 0 ? (int)avg / 10 : 0;
}
public void QueryHighScores(int exam, int score)
{
var highScores = from student in students
where student.ExamScores[exam] > score
select new {Name = student.FirstName, Score = student.ExamScores[exam]};
foreach (var item in highScores)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0,-15}{1}", item.Name, item.Score);
}
}
}
public class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
StudentClass sc = new StudentClass();
sc.QueryHighScores(1, 90);
// Keep the console window open in debug mode
Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
The following example shows how to group source elements by using a single property of the element as the group key. In this case the key is a string. It is also possible to use a substring for the key. The grouping operation uses the default equality comparer for the type.
private static void GroupBySingleProperty()
{
Console.WriteLine("Group by a single property in an object");
// queryLastNames is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<string, DataClass.Student>>
// var is easier to type.
var queryLastNames =
from student in students
group student by student.LastName into newGroup
orderby newGroup.Key
select newGroup;
foreach (var nameGroup in queryLastNames)
{
Console.WriteLine("Key: {0}", nameGroup.Key);
foreach (var student in nameGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine("\t{0}, {1}", student.LastName, student.FirstName);
}
}
}
/* Output:
Group by a single property in an object
Key: Feng
Feng, Hanying
Key: Garcia
Garcia, Hugo
Garcia, Cesar
Garcia, Debra
Key: Mortensen
Mortensen, Sven
Key: O'Donnell
O'Donnell, Claire
Key: Omelchenko
Omelchenko, Svetlana
Key: Tucker
Tucker, Michael
Tucker, Lance
*/
The following example shows how to group source elements by using something other than a property of the object for the group key.
private static void GroupBySubstring()
{
Console.WriteLine("\r\nGroup by something other than a property of the object:");
var queryFirstLetters =
from student in students
group student by student.LastName[0];
foreach (var studentGroup in queryFirstLetters)
{
Console.WriteLine("Key: {0}", studentGroup.Key);
// Nested foreach is required to access group items
foreach (var student in studentGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine("\t{0}, {1}", student.LastName, student.FirstName);
}
}
}
/* Output:
Group by first character:
Key: O
Omelchenko, Svetlana
O'Donnell, Claire
Key: G
Garcia, Hugo
Garcia, Cesar
Garcia, Debra
Key: M
Mortensen, Sven
Key: T
Tucker, Michael
Tucker, Lance
Key: F
Feng, Hanying
*/
The following example shows how to group source elements by using a numeric range as a group key. The query then projects the results into an anonymous type that contains only the first and last name and the percentile range to which the student belongs. An anonymous type is used because it is not necessary to use the complete Student object to display the results. GetPercentile is a helper function that calculates a percentile based on the student's average score:
static int GetPercentile(Student s)
{
double avg = s.Scores.Average();
return avg > 0 ? (int)avg / 10 : 0;
}
private static void GroupByRange()
{
Console.WriteLine("\r\nGroup by numeric range and project into a new anonymous type:");
var queryNumericRange =
from student in students
let percentile = GetPercentile(student)
group new { student.FirstName, student.LastName } by percentile into percentGroup
orderby percentGroup.Key
select percentGroup;
// Nested foreach required to iterate over groups and group items.
foreach (var studentGroup in queryNumericRange)
{
Console.WriteLine("Key: {0}", (studentGroup.Key * 10));
foreach (var item in studentGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine("\t{0}, {1}", item.LastName, item.FirstName);
}
}
}
/* Output:
Group by numeric range and project into a new anonymous type:
Key: 60
Garcia, Debra
Key: 70
Omelchenko, Svetlana
O'Donnell, Claire
Key: 80
Garcia, Hugo
Mortensen, Sven
Garcia, Cesar
Feng, Hanying
Tucker, Lance
Key: 90
Tucker, Michael
*/
The following example shows how to group source elements by using a Boolean comparison expression. As in previous examples, the results are projected into an anonymous type because the complete source element is not needed. Note that the properties in the anonymous type become properties on the Key member and can be accessed by name when the query is executed.
private static void GroupByBoolean()
{
Console.WriteLine("\r\nGroup by a boolean into two groups with string keys");
Console.WriteLine("\"True\" and \"False\" and project into a new anonymous type:");
var queryGroupByAverages = from student in students
group new { student.FirstName, student.LastName }
by student.ExamScores.Average() > 75 into studentGroup
select studentGroup;
foreach (var studentGroup in queryGroupByAverages)
{
Console.WriteLine("Key: {0}", studentGroup.Key);
foreach (var student in studentGroup)
Console.WriteLine("\t{0} {1}", student.FirstName, student.LastName);
}
}
/* Output:
Group by a boolean into two groups with string keys
"True" and "False" and project into a new anonymous type:
Key: True
Svetlana Omelchenko
Hugo Garcia
Sven Mortensen
Michael Tucker
Cesar Garcia
Hanying Feng
Lance Tucker
Key: False
Claire O'Donnell
Debra Garcia
*/
The following example shows how to use an anonymous type to encapsulate a key that contains multiple values. In this case, the second key value is a Boolean that specifies whether the student scored over 85 on the first exam. You can order the groups by any property in the key.
private static void GroupByCompositeKey()
{
var queryHighScoreGroups =
from student in students
group student by new { FirstLetter = student.LastName[0], Score = student.ExamScores[0] > 85 } into studentGroup
orderby studentGroup.Key.FirstLetter
select studentGroup;
Console.WriteLine("\r\nGroup and order by a compound key:");
foreach (var scoreGroup in queryHighScoreGroups)
{
string s = scoreGroup.Key.Score == true ? "more than" : "less than";
Console.WriteLine("Name starts with {0} who scored {1} 85", scoreGroup.Key.FirstLetter, s);
foreach (var item in scoreGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine("\t{0} {1}", item.FirstName, item.LastName);
}
}
}
/* Output:
Group and order by a compound key:
Name starts with F who scored more than 85
Hanying Feng
Name starts with G who scored more than 85
Hugo Garcia
Cesar Garcia
Name starts with G who scored less than 85
Debra Garcia
Name starts with M who scored more than 85
Sven Mortensen
Name starts with O who scored more than 85
Svetlana Omelchenko
Name starts with O who scored less than 85
Claire O'Donnell
Name starts with T who scored more than 85
Michael Tucker
Name starts with T who scored less than 85
Lance Tucker
*/
Compiling the Code
This example contains references to objects that are defined in the sample application in How to: Query a Collection of Objects (C# Programming Guide). To compile and run this method, paste it into the StudentClass class in that application and add a call to it from the Main method.
When you adapt this method to your own application, remember that LINQ requires version 3.5 of the .NET Framework, and the project must contain a reference to System.Core.dll and a using directive for System.Linq. LINQ to SQL, LINQ to XML and LINQ to DataSet types require additional usings and references. For more information, see How to: Create a LINQ Project.
See Also
Tasks
How to: Perform a Subquery on a Grouping Operation (C# Programming Guide)
How to: Group a Group (C# Programming Guide)
Concepts
LINQ Query Expressions (C# Programming Guide)