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Open Access
Peer-reviewed
Research Article
Language in vivo vs. in silico: Size matters but Larger Language Models still do not comprehend language on a par with humans due to impenetrable semantic reference
Language in vivo vs. in silico: Size matters but Larger Language Models still do not comprehend language on a par with humans due to impenetrable semantic reference
- Vittoria Dentella,
- Fritz Günther,
- Evelina Leivada
- Published: July 17, 2025
- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327794
About the Authors
- Vittoria Dentella
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Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
* E-mail: vittoria.dentella@unipv.it
Affiliation Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Fritz Günther
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Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Evelina Leivada
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Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliations Departament de Filologia Catalana, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.