Gene, virulence and related regulatory mechanisms in Cryptococcus gattii

doi:10.3724/abbs.2022029

Review

. 2022 May 25;54(5):593-603.

doi: 10.3724/abbs.2022029.

Gene, virulence and related regulatory mechanisms in Cryptococcus gattii

Yemei Huang ¹, Xuelei Zang ², Chen Yang ², Hengyu Deng ³, Xidong Ma ², Mei Xie ², Meng Zhou ⁴, Jialin Song ³, Xinying Xue ^{1

2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University; Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100089, China.
² Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
³ School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
⁴ Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 246003, China.

PMID: 35593469
PMCID: PMC9828318
DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022029

Review

Gene, virulence and related regulatory mechanisms in Cryptococcus gattii

Yemei Huang et al. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2022.

. 2022 May 25;54(5):593-603.

doi: 10.3724/abbs.2022029.

Authors

Yemei Huang ¹, Xuelei Zang ², Chen Yang ², Hengyu Deng ³, Xidong Ma ², Mei Xie ², Meng Zhou ⁴, Jialin Song ³, Xinying Xue ^{1

2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University; Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100089, China.
² Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
³ School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
⁴ Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 246003, China.

PMID: 35593469
PMCID: PMC9828318
DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022029

Abstract

Cryptococcus gattii is a kind of basidiomycetous yeast, which grows in human and animal hosts. C. gattii has four distinct genomes, VGI/AFLP4, VGII/AFLP6, VGIII/AFLP5, and VGIV/AFLP7. The virulence of C. gattii is closely associated with genotype and related stress-signaling pathways, but the pathogenic mechanism of C. gattii has not been fully identified. With the development of genomics and transcriptomics, the relationship among genes, regulatory mechanisms, virulence, and treatment is gradually being recognized. In this review, to better understand how C. gattii causes disease and to characterize hypervirulent C. gattii strains, we summarize the current understanding of C. gattii genotypes, phenotypes, virulence, and the regulatory mechanisms.

Keywords: genotype; regulation mechanism; virulence.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

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Figure1

Traditional virulence factors and some potential novel virulence factors These factors include capsule, melanin, chitin, chitosan, the ability to grow at physiological temperature, extracellular enzymes, extracellular vesicles, heat-shock protein, core-degrading enzymes, biofilms, the phagosomal F-actin structure, and extracellular fibrils.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Farrer RA, Desjardins CA, Sakthikumar S, Gujja S, Saif S, Zeng Q, Chen Y, et al. Genome evolution and innovation across the four major lineages of Cryptococcus gattii . mBio. . 2015;6:e00868. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00868-15. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Figueiredo TP, Lucas RC, Cazzaniga RA, França CN, Segato F, Taglialegna R, Maffei CML. Antifungal susceptibility testing and genotyping characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans and gattii isolates from hiv-infected patients of ribeirão preto, são paulo, brazil . Rev Inst Med trop S Paulo. . 2016;58:69. doi: 10.1590/S1678-9946201658069. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Montoya MC, Magwene PM, Perfect JR. Associations between Cryptococcus genotypes, phenotypes, and clinical parameters of human disease: a review . JoF. . 2021;7:260. doi: 10.3390/jof7040260. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Chen SCA, Meyer W, Sorrell TC. Cryptococcus gattii infections . Clin Microbiol Rev. . 2014;27:980–1024. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00126-13. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Cuomo CA, Rhodes J, Desjardins CA. Advances in Cryptococcus genomics: insights into the evolution of pathogenesis . Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. . 2018;113:e170473. doi: 10.1590/0074-02760170473. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Farrer RA, Desjardins CA, Sakthikumar S, Gujja S, Saif S, Zeng Q, Chen Y, et al. Genome evolution and innovation across the four major lineages of Cryptococcus gattii . mBio. . 2015;6:e00868. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00868-15. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Farrer RA, Desjardins CA, Sakthikumar S, Gujja S, Saif S, Zeng Q, Chen Y, et al. Genome evolution and innovation across the four major lineages of Cryptococcus gattii . mBio. . 2015;6:e00868. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00868-15. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Figueiredo TP, Lucas RC, Cazzaniga RA, França CN, Segato F, Taglialegna R, Maffei CML. Antifungal susceptibility testing and genotyping characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans and gattii isolates from hiv-infected patients of ribeirão preto, são paulo, brazil . Rev Inst Med trop S Paulo. . 2016;58:69. doi: 10.1590/S1678-9946201658069. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Figueiredo TP, Lucas RC, Cazzaniga RA, França CN, Segato F, Taglialegna R, Maffei CML. Antifungal susceptibility testing and genotyping characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans and gattii isolates from hiv-infected patients of ribeirão preto, são paulo, brazil . Rev Inst Med trop S Paulo. . 2016;58:69. doi: 10.1590/S1678-9946201658069. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Montoya MC, Magwene PM, Perfect JR. Associations between Cryptococcus genotypes, phenotypes, and clinical parameters of human disease: a review . JoF. . 2021;7:260. doi: 10.3390/jof7040260. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Montoya MC, Magwene PM, Perfect JR. Associations between Cryptococcus genotypes, phenotypes, and clinical parameters of human disease: a review . JoF. . 2021;7:260. doi: 10.3390/jof7040260. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Chen SCA, Meyer W, Sorrell TC. Cryptococcus gattii infections . Clin Microbiol Rev. . 2014;27:980–1024. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00126-13. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Chen SCA, Meyer W, Sorrell TC. Cryptococcus gattii infections . Clin Microbiol Rev. . 2014;27:980–1024. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00126-13. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Cuomo CA, Rhodes J, Desjardins CA. Advances in Cryptococcus genomics: insights into the evolution of pathogenesis . Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. . 2018;113:e170473. doi: 10.1590/0074-02760170473. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[10] Cuomo CA, Rhodes J, Desjardins CA. Advances in Cryptococcus genomics: insights into the evolution of pathogenesis . Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. . 2018;113:e170473. doi: 10.1590/0074-02760170473. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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Gene, virulence and related regulatory mechanisms in Cryptococcus gattii

Affiliations

Gene, virulence and related regulatory mechanisms in Cryptococcus gattii

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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References

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MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources