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. 2019 Jan 28;13(1):e0007044.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007044. eCollection 2019 Jan.

Genetic variation and phylogeography of the Triatoma dimidiata complex evidence a potential center of origin and recent divergence of haplogroups having differential Trypanosoma cruzi and DTU infections

Affiliations

Genetic variation and phylogeography of the Triatoma dimidiata complex evidence a potential center of origin and recent divergence of haplogroups having differential Trypanosoma cruzi and DTU infections

Angélica Pech-May et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. .

Abstract

The population genetics of Triatoma dimidiata haplogroups was analyzed at landscape and sub-regional scales in Chiapas and regional level across the Mexican Neotropics, and phylogeography of the complex was re-analyzed across its complete geographic range. Two contiguous fragments of the ND4 gene were analyzed due to bias from differential haplogroup specificity using a previously designed sequence. At both landscape (anthropic modification gradient) and regional (demographic, fragmentation, biogeographic, climate) scales, lowest T. dimidiata genetic diversity occurs where there is greatest historical anthropic modification, and where T. cruzi infection prevalence is significantly highest. Trypanosoma cruzi prevalence was significantly higher than expected in haplogroups 1 and 3, while lower than expected in haplogroup 2. There was also a significant difference of DTUI and DTUVI infection frequencies in both haplogroups 1 and 3, while no difference of either in haplogroup 2. All haplogroups from the Mexican Neotropics had moderate to high haplotype diversity, while greatest genetic differentiation was between haplogroups 1 and 3 (above FST = 0.868, p < 0.0001). Divergence of the complex from the MRCA was estimated between 0.97 MYA (95% HPD interval = 0.55-1.53 MYA) and 0.85 MYA (95% HPD interval = 0.42-1.5 MYA) for ND4A and both concatenated fragments, respectively, with primary divergence from the MRCA of haplogroups 2 and 3. Effective population size for Mexican haplogroups 1 and 2 increased between 0.02 and 0.03 MYA. This study supports previous ecological niche evidence for the complex ́s origin surrounding the Tehuantepec Isthmus, and provides evidence for recent divergence of three primary dimidiata haplogroups, with differential T. cruzi infection frequency and DTU specificity, important components of vector capacity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Geographic distribution of collection sites in Berriozábal sub- regiones.
Map of the site of Triatoma dimidiata collections (S1 Table) included in analyses. The map was created using ArcGIS 10.3 (www.arcgis.com).
Fig 2
Fig 2. Amplification success of the three haplogroups using the ND4A and ND4B fragments.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Geographic distribution of Triatoma dimidiata haplogroups encountered across the Mexican Neotropical region, and across the Berriozábal region in northern Chiapas (borders on the eastern edge of the Chimalapas, and the Grijalva watershed).
The origin of Triatoma dimidiata samples included in all analyses are listed in S1 Table. The map was created using ArcGIS 10.3 (www.arcgis.com).
Fig 4
Fig 4. Median-joining haplotype network for the T. dimidiata complex, based on 506 nucleotides of ND4A (Neotropical region in Mexico + GenBank samples across the continent).
Haplotype frequency is represented by the size of nodes and missing haplotypes are shown as red circles. The line connecting haplotypes represents one mutational step, whereas numbers along the lines are the total number of mutational steps. Colours indicate: yellow = Campeche; green = San Luis Potosí; blue = Yucatán; turquoise = Oaxaca; orange = Hidalgo; fuchsia = Chiapas; gray = Veracruz; green dark = Guatemala; White with black line = El Salvador; blue with black line = Honduras; pink = Costa Rica; turquoise with black line = Panamá; purple = Colombia; green lime = Ecuador.
Fig 5
Fig 5. Calibrated maximum-clade-credibility tree for the T. dimidiata complex using the ND4A fragment.
Numbers above each branch represent posterior probabilities PP ≥ 0.95. T. pallidipennis, T. phyllosoma and T. nitida were used as outgroup. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site and below the line, time in million years ago (MYA) and the numbers indicated by arrows are the time estimate and the 95% HPD.
Fig 6
Fig 6. Median-joining haplotype network for the T. dimidiata complex based on 664 nucleotides of concatenated ND4A + ND4B fragments from Berriozábal + Neotropical Mexican samples.
Haplotype frequency is represented by sample size. Haplotype frequency is represented by the size of nodes and missing haplotypes are shown as red circles. The line connecting haplotypes represents one mutational step, whereas numbers along the lines are total number of mutational steps. Colours indicate: blue = Yucatán; yellow = Campeche; green = San Luis Potosí; turquoise = Oaxaca; fuchsia = Chiapas.
Fig 7
Fig 7. Calibrated maximum-clade-credibility tree for the T. dimidiata complex using the concatenated ND4A + ND4B fragments from Berriozábal and the Neotropical Mexican region.
Numbers above each branch represent PP ≥ 0.95. T. pallidipennis was used as outgroup. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site and below the line of time in million years ago (MYA) and the numbers indicated by arrows are the time estimate and the 95% HPD.
Fig 8
Fig 8. Bayesian skyline plots (BSP) showing the historical demographic changes of T. dimidiata estimated from the concatenated ND4A + ND4B fragments.
The relative population size measured as a product-effective population size (y-axis) is shown over time in millions of years (x-axis) in a simulated coalescent-based demographic model using standard Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). A) the concatenated ND4A + ND4B sequences from Berriozábal and other Mexican Neotropical sites, B) The concatenated ND4A + ND4B sequences Hg2 from Berriozábal and other Mexican Neotropical sites and for C) ND4A from Colombia only Hg3 [19]. The thick black line is the median estimate and the solid (blue) interval shows the 95% highest posterior density limits.
Fig 9
Fig 9. Infection prevalence with DTUI and DTUVI in the three dimidiata haplogroups from the Mexican Neotropical region.
(X2 confidence (95%) for * = more than expected p < 0.05, † = less than expected p < 0.05).

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