Bioaerosol emissions associated with pit latrine emptying operations

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.147

. 2019 Jan 15:648:1082-1086.

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018年08月14日7. Epub 2018 Aug 12.

Bioaerosol emissions associated with pit latrine emptying operations

Stewart Farling ¹, Tate Rogers ², Jackie S Knee ³, Elizabeth A Tilley ⁴, Joe Brown ³, Marc A Deshusses ⁵

Affiliations

¹ Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 90287, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA.
² Triangle Environmental Health Initiative, 711 N Hyde Park Ave, Durham, NC 27703, USA.
³ School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
⁴ Department of Environmental Health, University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi; EAWAG: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
⁵ Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 90287, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA. Electronic address: marc.deshusses@duke.edu.

PMID: 30340254
PMCID: PMC6234106
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018年08月14日7

Bioaerosol emissions associated with pit latrine emptying operations

Stewart Farling et al. Sci Total Environ. 2019.

. 2019 Jan 15:648:1082-1086.

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018年08月14日7. Epub 2018 Aug 12.

Authors

Stewart Farling ¹, Tate Rogers ², Jackie S Knee ³, Elizabeth A Tilley ⁴, Joe Brown ³, Marc A Deshusses ⁵

Affiliations

¹ Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 90287, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA.
² Triangle Environmental Health Initiative, 711 N Hyde Park Ave, Durham, NC 27703, USA.
³ School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
⁴ Department of Environmental Health, University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi; EAWAG: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
⁵ Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 90287, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA. Electronic address: marc.deshusses@duke.edu.

PMID: 30340254
PMCID: PMC6234106
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018年08月14日7

Abstract

Pit latrines are the most common sanitation option in the developing world. They are simple to build but require periodic emptying which results in widespread dispersion of fecal pathogens in the environment. While much is known about the health risks of fecal-oral exposure, little is known about those resulting from the aerosolization of pathogens from fecal material. Bioaerosols were sampled around seven pit latrines before, after, and during emptying in Blantyre, Malawi. Bioaerosols were collected directly onto nutrient and selective medium agar plates using an impact sampler. DNA was extracted from some plates and analyzed for selected enteric pathogens. Total heterotrophic bacteria in the air during active emptying ranged from 198 to >13,000 colony forming units (CFU) per m³, and generally increased above background levels during pit emptying. At about one meter from the pit latrine emptying, E. coli and total coliforms concentrations in air reached up to 350 and 790 CFU m^-3, respectively. Additionally, at four out of the seven pit latrines sites sampled, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) LT/ST was confirmed to be present in bioaerosols. This work demonstrates the potential for airborne dispersion of enteric pathogens during pit latrine emptying operations.

Keywords: Bioaerosols; Fecal pathogens; Pit latrines; Sanitation.

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References

1. Barker J., Jones M.V. The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2005;99:339–347. - PubMed
1. Berendes D.M., Sumner T.A., Brown J.M. Safely managed sanitation for all means fecal sludge management for at least 1.8 billion people in low and middle income countries. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017;51:3074–3083. - PubMed
1. Chunga R.M., Ensink J.H.J., Jenkins M.W., Brown J. Adopt or adapt: sanitation technology choices in urbanizing Malawi. PLoS One. 2016;11 - PMC - PubMed
1. Dowd S.E., Gerba C.P., Pepper I.L., Pillai S.D. Bioaerosol transport modeling and risk assessment in relation to biosolid placement. J. Environ. Qual. 2000;29:343.
1. Gerba C.P., Wallis C., Melnick J.L. Microbiological hazards of household toilets: droplet production and the fate of residual organisms. Appl. Microbiol. 1975;30:229–237. - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Barker J., Jones M.V. The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2005;99:339–347. - PubMed

[2] Barker J., Jones M.V. The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2005;99:339–347. - PubMed

[3] Berendes D.M., Sumner T.A., Brown J.M. Safely managed sanitation for all means fecal sludge management for at least 1.8 billion people in low and middle income countries. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017;51:3074–3083. - PubMed

[4] Berendes D.M., Sumner T.A., Brown J.M. Safely managed sanitation for all means fecal sludge management for at least 1.8 billion people in low and middle income countries. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017;51:3074–3083. - PubMed

[5] Chunga R.M., Ensink J.H.J., Jenkins M.W., Brown J. Adopt or adapt: sanitation technology choices in urbanizing Malawi. PLoS One. 2016;11 - PMC - PubMed

[6] Chunga R.M., Ensink J.H.J., Jenkins M.W., Brown J. Adopt or adapt: sanitation technology choices in urbanizing Malawi. PLoS One. 2016;11 - PMC - PubMed

[7] Dowd S.E., Gerba C.P., Pepper I.L., Pillai S.D. Bioaerosol transport modeling and risk assessment in relation to biosolid placement. J. Environ. Qual. 2000;29:343.

[8] Dowd S.E., Gerba C.P., Pepper I.L., Pillai S.D. Bioaerosol transport modeling and risk assessment in relation to biosolid placement. J. Environ. Qual. 2000;29:343.

[9] Gerba C.P., Wallis C., Melnick J.L. Microbiological hazards of household toilets: droplet production and the fate of residual organisms. Appl. Microbiol. 1975;30:229–237. - PMC - PubMed

[10] Gerba C.P., Wallis C., Melnick J.L. Microbiological hazards of household toilets: droplet production and the fate of residual organisms. Appl. Microbiol. 1975;30:229–237. - PMC - PubMed

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Bioaerosol emissions associated with pit latrine emptying operations

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Bioaerosol emissions associated with pit latrine emptying operations

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