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. 2018 Apr 30;8(1):6747.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25222-0.

Parallel evolution of vgsc mutations at domains IS6, IIS6 and IIIS6 in pyrethroid resistant Aedes aegypti from Mexico

Affiliations

Parallel evolution of vgsc mutations at domains IS6, IIS6 and IIIS6 in pyrethroid resistant Aedes aegypti from Mexico

Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Aedes aegypti is the primary urban mosquito vector of viruses causing dengue, Zika and chikungunya fevers -for which vaccines and effective pharmaceuticals are still lacking. Current strategies to suppress arbovirus outbreaks include removal of larval-breeding sites and insecticide treatment of larval and adult populations. Insecticidal control of Ae. aegypti is challenging, due to a recent rapid global increase in knockdown-resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides. Widespread, heavy use of pyrethroid space-sprays has created an immense selection pressure for kdr, which is primarily under the control of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (vgsc). To date, eleven replacements in vgsc have been discovered, published and shown to be associated with pyrethroid resistance to varying degrees. In Mexico, F1,534C and V1,016I have co-evolved in the last 16 years across Ae. aegypti populations. Recently, a novel replacement V410L was identified in Brazil and its effect on vgsc was confirmed by electrophysiology. Herein, we screened V410L in 25 Ae. aegypti historical collections from Mexico, the first heterozygote appeared in 2002 and frequencies have increased in the last 16 years alongside V1,016I and F1,534C. Knowledge of the specific vgsc replacements and their interaction to confer resistance is essential to predict and to develop strategies for resistance management.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Physical location of V410L, V1,016I and F1,534C replacements in the vgsc. The domain segments and interlink helices forming the pyrethroid receptor sites 1 (green) and 2 (purple) are shown.
Figure 2
Figure 2
L410, I1,016 and C1,534 allele frequencies in 25 Ae. aegypti collections from Southern Mexico. Allele frequencies are plotted in four periods of time: 2000 (n = 233), 2002–2005 (n = 346), 2006–2008 (n = 223) and 2012–2016 (n = 374).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Frequencies of the 20 tri-locus genotypes plotted by periods of time. (a) Frequencies in 2000, (b) Frequencies in 2002–2005, (c) Frequencies in 2006–2008 and (d) Frequencies in 2012–2016. The order of the genotypes is 410/1,016/1,534. Resistant allele at 410 = L, 1,016 = I and 1,534 = C. The triple susceptible genotype is at the bottom of each graph whereas the triple resistant genotype is show at the top of each graph.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Frequencies of tri-locus genotypes in knockdown resistant, recovered and dead mosquitoes following (a) permethrin or (b) deltamethrin exposure. The order of the genotypes is shown for locus 410/1,016/1,534 respectively. Resistant allele at loci 410 = L, 1,016 = I and 1,534 = C. The triple susceptible genotype is closer to the y axis whereas the triple resistant genotype is shown on the far right side of the x axis.

References

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