Prevalence and risk factors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in livestock and companion animal in high-risk areas in Malaysia

doi:10.1007/s11250-017-1490-6

. 2018 Apr;50(4):741-752.

doi: 10.1007/s11250-017-1490-6. Epub 2017 Dec 14.

Prevalence and risk factors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in livestock and companion animal in high-risk areas in Malaysia

Kiven Kumar ¹, Siti Suri Arshad ², Gayathri Thevi Selvarajah ³, Jalila Abu ³, Ooi Peck Toung ³, Yusuf Abba ⁴, Faruku Bande ⁴, A R Yasmin ⁵, Reuben Sharma ⁵, Bee Lee Ong ⁶, Anisah Abdul Rasid ⁴, Norsuzana Hashim ⁴, Amira Peli ⁴, E P Heshini ³, Ahmad Khusaini Mohd Kharip Shah ⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. kivenkumar@yahoo.com.
² Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. suri@upm.edu.my.
³ Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁴ Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁵ Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁶ Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, City Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
⁷ Department of Conservation of Biodiversity of Wildlife and National Park Malaysia, Jalan Cheras, 56100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

PMID: 29243139
PMCID: PMC5866273
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1490-6

Prevalence and risk factors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in livestock and companion animal in high-risk areas in Malaysia

Kiven Kumar et al. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2018 Apr.

. 2018 Apr;50(4):741-752.

doi: 10.1007/s11250-017-1490-6. Epub 2017 Dec 14.

Authors

Kiven Kumar ¹, Siti Suri Arshad ², Gayathri Thevi Selvarajah ³, Jalila Abu ³, Ooi Peck Toung ³, Yusuf Abba ⁴, Faruku Bande ⁴, A R Yasmin ⁵, Reuben Sharma ⁵, Bee Lee Ong ⁶, Anisah Abdul Rasid ⁴, Norsuzana Hashim ⁴, Amira Peli ⁴, E P Heshini ³, Ahmad Khusaini Mohd Kharip Shah ⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. kivenkumar@yahoo.com.
² Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. suri@upm.edu.my.
³ Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁴ Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁵ Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁶ Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, City Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
⁷ Department of Conservation of Biodiversity of Wildlife and National Park Malaysia, Jalan Cheras, 56100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

PMID: 29243139
PMCID: PMC5866273
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1490-6

Abstract

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is vector-borne zoonotic disease which causes encephalitis in humans and horses. Clinical signs for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection are not clearly evident in the majority of affected animals. In Malaysia, information on the prevalence of JEV infection has not been established. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted during two periods, December 2015 to January 2016 and March to August in 2016, to determine the prevalence and risk factors in JEV infections among animals and birds in Peninsular Malaysia. Serum samples were harvested from the 416 samples which were collected from the dogs, cats, water birds, village chicken, jungle fowls, long-tailed macaques, domestic pigs, and cattle in the states of Selangor, Perak, Perlis, Kelantan, and Pahang. The serum samples were screened for JEV antibodies by commercial IgG ELISA kits. A questionnaire was also distributed to obtain information on the animals, birds, and the environmental factors of sampling areas. The results showed that dogs had the highest seropositive rate of 80% (95% CI: ± 11.69) followed by pigs at 44.4% (95% CI: ± 1.715), cattle at 32.2% (95% CI: ± 1.058), birds at 28.9% (95% CI: ± 5.757), cats at 15.6% (95% CI: ± 7.38), and monkeys at 14.3% (95% CI: ± 1.882). The study also showed that JEV seropositivity was high in young animals and in areas where mosquito vectors and migrating birds were prevalent.

Keywords: ELISA; Japanese encephalitis; Malaysia; Prevalence; Risk factor.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Geographic location of sample collection in Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 2

Fig. 2

Overall risk factors of JEV infections among animals in Malaysia

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Bhattacharya S, Basu P. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection in different vertebrates and its epidemiological significance: a review. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies. 2014;1:32–37.
1. Campbell G, Hills S, Fischer M, Jacobson J, Hoke C, Hombach J, Marfin A, Solomon T, Tsai T, Tsui V, Ginsburg A. Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2011;89:766–774. doi: 10.2471/BLT.10.085233. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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1. Carey DE, Reuben R, Myers RM. Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore South India. V. Experimental infection and transmission. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1969;57:282–289. - PubMed

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[1] Bhattacharya S, Basu P. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection in different vertebrates and its epidemiological significance: a review. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies. 2014;1:32–37.

[2] Bhattacharya S, Basu P. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection in different vertebrates and its epidemiological significance: a review. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies. 2014;1:32–37.

[3] Campbell G, Hills S, Fischer M, Jacobson J, Hoke C, Hombach J, Marfin A, Solomon T, Tsai T, Tsui V, Ginsburg A. Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2011;89:766–774. doi: 10.2471/BLT.10.085233. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Campbell G, Hills S, Fischer M, Jacobson J, Hoke C, Hombach J, Marfin A, Solomon T, Tsai T, Tsui V, Ginsburg A. Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2011;89:766–774. doi: 10.2471/BLT.10.085233. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Cappelle J, Duong V, Pring L, Kong L, Yakovleff M, Prasetyo DB, Peng B, Choeung R, Duboz R, Ong S, Sorn S, Dussart P, Tarantola A, Buchy P, Chevalier V. Intensive circulation of Japanese encephalitis virus in peri-urban sentinel pigs near Phnom Penh, Cambodia. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2016;10:e0005149. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005149. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Cappelle J, Duong V, Pring L, Kong L, Yakovleff M, Prasetyo DB, Peng B, Choeung R, Duboz R, Ong S, Sorn S, Dussart P, Tarantola A, Buchy P, Chevalier V. Intensive circulation of Japanese encephalitis virus in peri-urban sentinel pigs near Phnom Penh, Cambodia. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2016;10:e0005149. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005149. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Cardosa MJ, Tio PH, Kaur P. Japanese encephalitis virus is an important cause of encephalitis among children in Penang. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 1995;26:272–275. - PubMed

[8] Cardosa MJ, Tio PH, Kaur P. Japanese encephalitis virus is an important cause of encephalitis among children in Penang. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 1995;26:272–275. - PubMed

[9] Carey DE, Reuben R, Myers RM. Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore South India. V. Experimental infection and transmission. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1969;57:282–289. - PubMed

[10] Carey DE, Reuben R, Myers RM. Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore South India. V. Experimental infection and transmission. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1969;57:282–289. - PubMed

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Prevalence and risk factors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in livestock and companion animal in high-risk areas in Malaysia

Affiliations

Prevalence and risk factors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in livestock and companion animal in high-risk areas in Malaysia

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Miscellaneous