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. 2015 Oct;21(10):1742-50.
doi: 10.3201/eid2110.141660.

Evolutionary and Ecological Characterization of Mayaro Virus Strains Isolated during an Outbreak, Venezuela, 2010

Evolutionary and Ecological Characterization of Mayaro Virus Strains Isolated during an Outbreak, Venezuela, 2010

Albert J Auguste et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Oct.

Abstract

In 2010, an outbreak of febrile illness with arthralgic manifestations was detected at La Estación village, Portuguesa State, Venezuela. The etiologic agent was determined to be Mayaro virus (MAYV), a reemerging South American alphavirus. A total of 77 cases was reported and 19 were confirmed as seropositive. MAYV was isolated from acute-phase serum samples from 6 symptomatic patients. We sequenced 27 complete genomes representing the full spectrum of MAYV genetic diversity, which facilitated detection of a new genotype, designated N. Phylogenetic analysis of genomic sequences indicated that etiologic strains from Venezuela belong to genotype D. Results indicate that MAYV is highly conserved genetically, showing ≈17% nucleotide divergence across all 3 genotypes and 4% among genotype D strains in the most variable genes. Coalescent analyses suggested genotypes D and L diverged ≈150 years ago and genotype diverged N ≈250 years ago. This virus commonly infects persons residing near enzootic transmission foci because of anthropogenic incursions.

Keywords: Mayaro virus; Venezuela; alphavirus; coalescent analysis; ecology; epidemic; evolution; niche modeling; outbreak; phylogeny; viruses; zoonoses.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A) Location (red box) of outbreak of Mayaro virus, La Estación village, municipality of Ospino, Portuguesa State, Venezuela, 2010. Scale bar is at the lower left. B) Landsat image of eastern Andes and plains (Llanos) showing topography in Portuguesa State, Ospino, and La Estación, 28.5-m scale (http://glcf.umd.edu/data/landsat/). C) Spot image TM-5, 2.5-m scale, from La Estación, showing forest areas surrounding the urban–rural village (http://www.fii.gob.ve/proyectsFlags.html?value = 5).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Midpoint-rooted maximum-likelihood phylogeny of 29 Mayaro virus strains on the basis of complete genome sequences, Venezuela, 2010. Nodes are labeled with bootstrap values ≥90%. Tip labels indicate year of isolation, strain name, and country of isolation. Scale bar indicates percentage nucleotide sequence divergence. Isolates DQ001069 and KJ013266 were previously sequenced and obtained from GenBank.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Bayesian maximum clade credibility tree for Mayaro virus in the Americas on the basis of 1,731 nt of envelope (E2–E1) genes, Venezuela, 2010. The purple circle above Venezuela indicates the island of Trinidad. Taxon labels indicate year of isolation, strain designation, and country of isolation. Terminal branches of the tree are colored according to the sampled location of the taxon at the tip. Internal branches are colored according to the most probable (modal) location of their parental nodes. Nodes with posterior probabilities (clade credibilities) ≥0.90 are indicated in black. Scale bar indicates time in years.

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