This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features!
Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

NIH NLM Logo
Log in
Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2015 Jul:33:189-96.
doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.201505002. Epub 2015 May 4.

Molecular inference of sources and spreading patterns of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites in internally displaced persons settlements in Myanmar-China border area

Affiliations

Molecular inference of sources and spreading patterns of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites in internally displaced persons settlements in Myanmar-China border area

Eugenia Lo et al. Infect Genet Evol. 2015 Jul.

Abstract

In Myanmar, civil unrest and establishment of internally displaced persons (IDP) settlement along the Myanmar-China border have impacted malaria transmission. The growing IDP populations raise deep concerns about health impact on local communities. Microsatellite markers were used to examine the source and spreading patterns of Plasmodium falciparum between IDP settlement and surrounding villages in Myanmar along the China border. Genotypic structure of P. falciparum was compared over the past three years from the same area and the demographic history was inferred to determine the source of recent infections. In addition, we examined if border migration is a factor of P. falciparum infections in China by determining gene flow patterns across borders. Compared to local community, the IDP samples showed a reduced and consistently lower genetic diversity over the past three years. A strong signature of genetic bottleneck was detected in the IDP samples. P. falciparum infections from the border regions in China were genetically similar to Myanmar and parasite gene flow was not constrained by geographical distance. Reduced genetic diversity of P. falciparum suggested intense malaria control within the IDP settlement. Human movement was a key factor to the spread of malaria both locally in Myanmar and across the international border.

Keywords: Border migration; Genetic bottleneck; Genetic diversity; Malaria transmission; Microsatellites; Plasmodium falciparum.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

All authors declared no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Geographical distribution of the IDP settlement and surrounding villages in Myanmar and China along the international border. Arrows indicate the pathway of Plasmodium falciparum transmission and numbers on top of the arrows indicate the migration rate (M) as presented in Supplementary Table S3 (only M value of 20 or above was shown).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Bayesian inferences of the K clusters estimated by STRUCTURE among Plasmodium falciparum samples collected from IDP settlement and local community in Myanmar and from China in 2011–2013. The three identified clusters are presented as three different colors (black, gray, and white), and individuals are represented as columns. Within each column (individual), the extent of the component colors indicates the magnitude of the membership coefficient (Q) corresponding to each cluster.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scatter plots of pairwise DS values (an analog of FST) showing the genetic relatedness of Plasmodium falciparum among localities with respect to years. The first two axes that contain over 95% of the total variation are shown. Locations of the studied sites are presented in Figure 1 and Table 1.

References

    1. Arnaud-Haond S, Belkhir K. Genclone: a computer program to analyse genotypic data, test for clonality and describe spatial clonal organization. Mol. Ecol. Notes. 2007;7:15–17.
    1. Anderson TJC, Su XZ, Bockarie M, Lagog M, Day KP. Twelve microsatellite markers for characterization of Plasmodium falciparum from finger-prick blood samples. Parasitology. 1999;119:113–125. - PubMed
    1. Archavanitkul K, Vajanasara K. Health of Migration Workers from Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos. In: Kanchanachitra C, Podhisita C, Archavanikul K, et al., editors. Thai Health 2010: Capitalism in crisis, opportunity for society? Bangkok: Amarin Pringting; 2010. pp. 31–32.
    1. Bayoh MN, Akhwale W, Ombo kM, Sang D, Engoki SC, Koros D, Hamel MJ. Malaria in Kakuma refugee camp, Turkana, Kenya: facilitation of Anopheles arabiensis vector populations by installed water distribution and catchment systems. Malar. J. 2011;10:149. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Beerli P. Migrate: Documentation and program, part of LAMARC. Version 2.4.4. 2004 Available at: http://evolution.gs.washington.edu/lamarc.html.

Publication types

Full text links
Elsevier Science full text link Elsevier Science Free PMC article
Cite

AltStyle によって変換されたページ (->オリジナル) /