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. 2014 Feb 5;6(1):2.
doi: 10.1186/1757-4749年6月2日.

Variations in motility and biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi

Affiliations

Variations in motility and biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi

Kalaivani Kalai Chelvam et al. Gut Pathog. .

Abstract

Background: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) exhibits unique characteristics as an intracellular human pathogen. It causes both acute and chronic infection with various disease manifestations in the human host only. The principal factors underlying the unique lifestyle of motility and biofilm forming ability of S. Typhi remain largely unknown. The main objective of this study was to explore and investigate the motility and biofilm forming behaviour among S. Typhi strains of diverse background.

Results: Swim and swarm motility tests were performed with 0.25% and 0.5% agar concentration, respectively; while biofilm formation was determined by growing the bacterial cultures for 48 hrs in 96-well microtitre plate. While all S. Typhi strains demonstrated swarming motility with smooth featureless morphology, 58 out of 60 strains demonstrated swimming motility with featureless or bull's eye morphology. Interestingly, S. Typhi strains of blood-borne origin exhibited significantly higher swimming motility (P < 0.05) than stool-borne strains suggesting that swimming motility may play a role in the systemic invasion of S. Typhi in the human host. Also, stool-borne S. Typhi displayed a negative relationship between motility and biofilm forming behaviour, which was not observed in the blood-borne strains.

Conclusion: In summary, both swimming and swarming motility are conserved among S. Typhi strains but there was variation for biofilm forming ability. There was no difference observed in this phenotype for S. Typhi strains from diverse background. These findings serve as caveats for future studies to understand the lifestyle and transmission of this pathogen.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Swarming and swimming behaviour of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Swarm medium is nutrient broth (0.5% agar) and swim medium (0.25% agar) supplemented with glucose as carbon source (0.5% [wt/vol]). Uncolonised agar is black and bacteria biomass is white. All images were captured after 24 hr at 37°C. Panel A shows swarming motility. Panel B shows swimming motility.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The Motility of Salmonella Typhi in Blood-borne and Stool-Borne Strains. This figure shows comparison between blood-borne, n =24 (white) and stool-borne, n =19 (gray) S. Typhi in swim and swarm motility assays. Y-axis indicates the distance traveled (cm) in motility assays. Vertical lines associated with histogram bars represent standard error of the mean. * implies p < 0.05. There was a significant difference observed only in swim motility assay with p < 0.05 for blood-borne strains compared to stool-borne S. Typhi strains. However, swarm motility showed non-significant differences in both blood-borne and stool-borne S. Typhi strains.
Figure 3
Figure 3
RDAR Morphotype in Salmonella Typhi. Morphotype of red, dry and rough (RDAR) colony which shows presence of curli and cellulose in S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium after 7 days of cultivation at 37°C on Congo Red Agar. Panel A: Morphotype of S. Typhi. Left panel and right panel are the front view and back view of S. Typhi RDAR colony morphotype on Congo Red Agar, respectively. Panel B: Morphotype of S. Typhimurium as a control. Left panel and right panel are the front view and back view of S. Typhimurium RDAR colony morphotype on Congo Red Agar, respectively.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Blood-borne and stool-borne Salmonella Typhi in swim and swarm motility under different biofilm formation category. Biofilm category is represented by the different colour codes on bar charts. Y-axis indicates the distance traveled (cm) in swarm and swim motility assays. Vertical lines associated with histogram bars represent standard error of the mean. There was a significant difference observed only in swim motility assay under strong biofilm category (* implies p < 0.05) for blood-borne strains.
Figure 5
Figure 5
SEM micrographs of S. Typhi on a 96-well polystyrene peg's surface. Panel A shows SEM micrographs of a human carrier strain (CR0063/07), embedded in biofilms established on the polystyrene peg's surface at magnifications of 10,000x and 25,000x. Panel B shows SEM micrographs of an outbreak S. Typhi strain (BL196/05). Biofilm formation was not detected on the polystyrene peg's surface at magnifications of 11,000x and 17,000x.

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