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. 2013;108 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):100-9.
doi: 10.1590/0074-0276130440.

Mosquitoes of eastern Amazonian Ecuador: biodiversity, bionomics and barcodes

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Mosquitoes of eastern Amazonian Ecuador: biodiversity, bionomics and barcodes

Yvonne-Marie Linton et al. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2013.

Abstract

Two snapshot surveys to establish the diversity and ecological preferences of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the terra firme primary rain forest surrounding the Tiputini Biodiversity Station in the UNESCO Yasuní Biosphere Reserve of eastern Amazonian Ecuador were carried out in November 1998 and May 1999. The mosquito fauna of this region is poorly known; the focus of this study was to obtain high quality link-reared specimens that could be used to unequivocally confirm species level diversity through integrated systematic study of all life stages and DNA sequences. A total of 2,284 specimens were preserved; 1,671 specimens were link-reared with associated immature exuviae, all but 108 of which are slide mounted. This study identified 68 unique taxa belonging to 17 genera and 27 subgenera. Of these, 12 are new to science and 37 comprise new country records. DNA barcodes [658-bp of the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase (COI) I gene] are presented for 58 individuals representing 20 species and nine genera. DNA barcoding proved useful in uncovering and confirming new species and we advocate an integrated systematics approach to biodiversity studies in future. Associated bionomics of all species collected are discussed. An updated systematic checklist of the mosquitoes of Ecuador (n=179) is presented for the first time in 60 years.

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Figures

Figure
Figure. bootstrap consensus tree of cytochrome c oxidase sequences (n = 58) inferred using the neighbour-joining method of Saitou and Nei (1987). The bootstrap consensus tree was inferred from 5,000 replicates ( Felsenstein 1985 ). Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50% of replicates are collapsed. Percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test is shown next to the branches. Evolutionary distances were calculated using Kimura two-parameter distance algorithm ( Kimura 1980 ). Scale bar represents sequence (%) divergence between samples. The final dataset comprised 658 nucleotides, including all codon positions. Analysis was carried out in MEGA5 ( Tamura et al. 2011 ).
Fig. S1
Fig. S1. : mosquito taxa identified from forest habitat in the Ecuadorian Amazon, detailing diversity in larvae habitats and adult collections methodology. Some 68 unique taxa, representing 17 genera and 27 subgenera and 12 species new to science, were collected in this study. Two undetermined species representing new subgeneric records for Anopheles ( Stethomyia ) and Sabethes ( Sabethes ) are also included. Subgeneric abbreviations are given in parenthesis. Anopheles sp. nr. konderi is the same taxa as in Ruiz-Lopez et al. (2013). Undetermined species within the Culex coronator group: males of Cx. camposi and Cx. usquatus have been unequivocally confirmed using slide-mounted genitalia and are listed separately.
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