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. 2009 Nov;39(6):1065-74, vi.
doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.200906008.

Canine leishmaniasis in North America: emerging or newly recognized?

Affiliations

Canine leishmaniasis in North America: emerging or newly recognized?

Christine A Petersen et al. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009 Nov.

Abstract

Canine leishmaniasis is a fatal zoonotic visceralizing disease usually associated with tropical areas. The etiologic agent is an obligate intracellular protozoan, Leishmania infantum. In 1999, an outbreak of a canine leishmaniasis was reported in a Foxhound kennel in New York, and since that report, several other outbreaks have occurred across the United States in additional Foxhound kennels. Because of the high mortality and transmissibility associated with these outbreaks, it is essential that clinicians be aware of this disease to permit its rapid recognition and institution of control measures. Cases with a travel history may suggest imported disease; these are mainly observed from Southern Europe (eg, south of France, Spain, and Italy). Breeds from these and other endemic areas may be at higher risk of infection with Leishmania because of vertical transmission. The purpose of this report is to discuss the clinical signs, epidemiology, diagnosis, control, and treatment of canine leishmaniasis with focus on the aspects of this disease within North America.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Prevalence of canine visceral Leishmaniasis in the World and United States
A. Global seroprevalence of Canine VL. Adapted with permission from Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007;5(11):873–82.. B. Seroprevalence of CVL in Foxhounds in North America. Adapted from Duprey ZH, Steurer FJ, Rooney JA, et al. Canine visceral leishmaniasis, United States and Canada, 2000–2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Mar;12(3):440–6.
Figure 2
Figure 2. The classical Leishmania life cycle
(A) requires both a sand fly and mammalian host. (B) A proposed Leishmania infantum life cycle in the United States Foxhound population with a prominent role for vertical transmission.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Photomicrograph of numerous Leishmania infantum amastigotes in a section of spleen from a U.S. Foxhound
Notice multiple amastigotes within macrophages. A. 40X H&E stain, multiple amastigotes. B. Immunohistochemistry for Leishmania infantum amastigotes (red); bar = 20 μm.

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