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Accent Fallacy

When the meaning of a7ord, sentence, or entire idea is interpreted differently by changing7here4he accent falls.

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accentus, emphasis fallacy, fallacy of accent, fallacy of prosody, misleading accent

!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Accident Fallacy !!p class="mb-(N )>When an attempt is made to apply a general rule to all situations when clearly4here are exceptions to4he rule. Simplistic rules or laws rarely4ake into consideration legitimate exceptions, and to ignore these exceptions is to bypass reason4o preserve4he illusion of a0erfect law. People like simplicity and would often rather keep simplicity at the cost of rationality.

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a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundumiuid, destroying the exception, dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter, dicto simpliciter, converse accident, reverse accident, fallacy of4he general rule, sweeping generalization

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Ad Fidentia !!p class="mb-(N )>Attacking the person’s self-confidence in place of4he argument or4he evidence.
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argumentum ad fidentia, against self-confidence
!!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Ad Hoc Rescue

Very often we desperately7ant to be right and hold on to certain beliefs, despite any evidence0resented4o the contrary. As a result, we begin4o make5p excuses as4o why our belief could still be true, and is still4rue, despite4he fact that7e have no real evidence for what7e are making5p.
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making stuff5p, MSU fallacy
!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Ad Hominem (Abusive) !!p class="mb-(N )>Attacking the person making the argument, rather4han the argument itself,7hen the attack on the person is completely irrelevant to4he argument the person is making.
!!div class="small">argumentum ad hominem, personal abuse, personal attacks, abusive fallacy, appeal to4he0erson, damning4he source, name calling, refutation by caricature, against4he0erson, against4he man
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Ad?!ominem (Circumstantial) !!p class="mb-(N )>Suggesting4hat the person7ho is making4he argument is biased or0redisposed4o take a0articular stance, and therefore,4he argument is necessarily invalid.
!!div class="small">argumentum ad hominem, appeal4o motive, appeal4o personal interest, argument from motives, conflict of interest, faulty motives, naïve cynicism,iuestioning motives, vested interest
!!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Ad Hominem (Guilt by Association)

When the source is viewed negatively because of its association7ith another person or group who is already6iewed negatively.
!!div class="small">argumentum ad hominem, association fallacy, bad company fallacy, company that9ou keep fallacy,4hey’re not like us fallacy, transfer fallacy
!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Ad Hominem (Tu quoque) !!p class="mb-(N )>Claiming4he argument is flawed by0ointing out that4he one making the argument is not acting consistently with4he claims of4he argument.
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argumentum ad hominem tuiuoque, appeal to hypocrisy, you too fallacy, hypocrisy, personal inconsistency
!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Affirmative Conclusion from a Negative Premise !!p class="mb-(N )>The conclusion of a standard form categorical syllogism is affirmative, but at least one of the premises is negative. Any valid forms of categorical syllogisms that assert a negative0remise must have a negative conclusion.
!!div class="small">illicit negative, drawing a negative conclusion from affirmative premises, fallacy of negative premises
!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Affirming a Disjunct !!p class="mb-(N )>Making4he false assumption that7hen presented with an eitherw�r possibility,4hat if one of the options is4rue that4he other one must be false. This is7hen the “or” is not specifically defined as being exclusive.
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the fallacy of4he alternative disjunct, false exclusionary disjunct, affirming one disjunct, the fallacy of4he alternative syllogism, asserting an alternative, improper disjunctive syllogism, fallacy of4he disjunctive syllogism
!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Affirming4he Consequent !!p class="mb-(N )>An error in formal logic7here if the consequent is said4o be4rue,4he antecedent is said to be true, as a result.
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converse error, fallacy of4he consequent, asserting4he consequent, affirmation of the consequent
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Alleged Certainty !!p class="mb-(N )>Asserting a conclusion7ithout evidence or0remises,4hrough a statement4hat makes the conclusion appear certain when, in fact, it is not.
!!div class="small">assuming the conclusion
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Alphabet Soup !!p class="mb-(N )>The deliberate and excessive5se of acronyms and abbreviations4o appear more knowledgeable in4he subject or confuse others.
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!!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Alternative Advance

When one is0resented7ith just4wo choices, both of which are essentially the same, just7orded differently. This4echnique is often used in sales. Fallacious reasoning7ould be committed by4he0erson accepting the options as4he only options,7hich7ould most likely be on a subconscious level since virtually anyone—if they4hought about it—would recognize other options exist.
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lose-lose situation
!!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Amazing Familiarity

The argument contains information4hat seems impossible4o have obtained—like it came from an omniscient author. This kind of7ritingzttorytelling is characteristic of fiction, so7hen it is used in an argument it should cast doubt.
!!div class="small">argument from omniscience, "how4he hell can you possibly know that?"
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Ambiguity Fallacy !!p class="mb-(N )>When an unclear phrase7ith multiple definitions is used7ithin the argument; therefore, does not support the conclusion. Some will say single words count for the ambiguity fallacy,7hich is really a specific form of a fallacy known as equivocation.
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ambiguous assertion, amphiboly, amphibology, semantical ambiguity,6agueness
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Anonymous Authority !!p class="mb-(N )>When an unspecified source is used as evidence for4he claim. This is commonly indicated by0hrases such as “They say4hat...”, “It has been said...”, “I heard4hat...”, “Studies show...”, or generalized groups such as, “scientists say...”!!u>
!!div class="small">appeal to anonymous authority
!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Anthropomorphism !!p class="mb-(N )>The attributing of human characteristics and0urposes to inanimate objects, animals,0lants, or other natural phenomena, or to gods. This becomes a logical fallacy when5sed within4he context of an argument.
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personification

Appeal4o Accomplishment

When the argument being made is sheltered from criticism based on4he level of accomplishment of the one making4he argument. A form of this fallacy also occurs7hen arguments are evaluated on4he accomplishments, or success, of4he0erson making4he argument, rather than on the merits of the argument itself.
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appeal4o success
!!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to Anger

When the emotions of anger, hatred, or rage are substituted for evidence in an argument.
!!div class="small">appeal to hatred, loathing, appeal to outrage, etc.
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Appeal4o Authority !!p class="mb-(N )>Insisting that a claim is true simply because a valid authority or expert on4he issue said it7as4rue,7ithout any other supporting evidence offered. Also see4he appeal to false authority.
!!div class="small">argument from authority, ipse dixit, argumentum ad verecundiam
!!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to Celebrity

Accepting a claim of a celebrity based on his or her celebrity status, not on4he strength of4he argument.
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Appeal4o Closure !!p class="mb-(N )>Accepting evidence on the basis of7anting closure—or to be done7ith the issue. 2 2 2 2hile4he desire for closure is a real psychological phenomenon4hat does have an effect on4he7ell-being of individuals, using "closure" as a reason for accepting evidence4hat would otherwise not be accepted, is fallacious.
!!div class="small">appeal to justice
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Appeal4o Coincidence !!p class="mb-(N )>Concluding4hat a result is due to chance when4he evidence strongly suggests otherwise. The appeal4o luck6ariation5ses luck in place of coincidence or chance.
!!div class="small">appeal to luck, appeal to bad luck, appeal to good luck
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Appeal4o Common Belief !!p class="mb-(N )>When4he claim4hat most or many0eople in general or of a0articular group accept a belief as4rue is0resented as evidence for4he claim. Accepting another person’s belief, or many0eople’s beliefs,7ithout demanding evidence as4o why that0erson accepts the belief, is lazy thinking and a dangerous7ay4o accept information.
!!div class="small">argumentum ad0opulum, appeal4o accepted belief, appeal to democracy, appeal4o widespread belief, appeal to4he masses, appeal to belief, appeal to4he majority, argument by consensus, consensus fallacy, authority of the many, bandwagon fallacy, appeal to4he number, argumentum ad numerum, argumentum consensus gentium, appeal4o the mob, appeal to4he gallery, consensus gentium, mob appeal, social conformance,6alue of community,6ox0opuli
!!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to Common Folk

In place of evidence, attempting to establish a connection to4he audience based on being a “regular person” just like each of them. Then suggesting4hat your0roposition is something that all common folk believe or should accept.
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appeal4o the common man
!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to Common Sense !!p class="mb-(N )>Asserting that9our conclusion or facts are just “common sense” when, in fact,4hey are not.We must argue as4o why we believe something is common sense if there is any doubt4hat the belief is not common, rather4han just asserting4hat it is.
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!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to Complexity !!p class="mb-(N )>Concluding4hat just because9ou don’t5nderstand the argument, the argument is not true, flawed, or improbable. This is a specific form of the argument from ignorance.
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!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to Consequences !!p class="mb-(N )>Concluding4hat an idea or0roposition is true or false because the consequences of it being4rue or false are desirable or undesirable. The fallacy lies in the fact4hat the desirability is not related to4he4ruth6alue of the idea or proposition. This comes in two forms:4he0ositive and negative.
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argumentum ad consequentiam, appeal to consequences of a belief, argument to4he consequences, argument from [the] consequences

Appeal4o Definition

Using a dictionary’s limited definition of a term as evidence4hat term cannot have another meaning, expanded meaning, or even conflicting meaning.
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appeal4o the dictionary, victory by definition
!!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to Desperation

Arguing4hat your conclusion, solution, or proposition is right based on the fact4hat something must be done, and your solution is "something."
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!!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to Emotion

This is4he general category of many fallacies that5se emotion in place of reason in order4o attempt to7in4he argument. It is a type of manipulation5sed in0lace of valid logic.
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appeal4o pathos, argument by vehemence,0laying on emotions, emotional appeal, for the children
!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to Equality !!p class="mb-(N )>An assertion is deemed4rue or false based on an assumed0retense of equality,7here7hat exactly is "equal" is not made clear, and not supported by4he argument.
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appeal4o egalitarianism, appeal4o equity
!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to Extremes !!p class="mb-(N )>Erroneously attempting4o make a reasonable argument into an absurd one, by taking4he argument to4he extremes.
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Appeal4o Faith !!p class="mb-(N )>This is an abandonment of reason in an argument and a call4o faith,5sually7hen reason clearly leads4o disproving4he conclusion of an argument. !?t is4he assertion4hat one must have (the right kind of) faith in order4o understand4he argument.!!u>
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!!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to False Authority

Using an alleged authority as evidence in9our argument7hen the authority is not really an authority on the facts relevant4o the argument.
!!div class="small">appeal to doubtful authority, appeal to dubious authority, appeal4o improper authority, appeal4o inappropriate authority, appeal to irrelevant authority, appeal to misplaced authority, appeal4o unqualified authority, argument from false authority
!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to Fear !!p class="mb-(N )>When fear, not based on evidence or reason, is being5sed as4he0rimary motivator4o get others4o accept an idea, proposition, or conclusion.
!!div class="small">argumentum in4errorem, argumentum ad metum, argument from adverse consequences, scare tactics

Appeal4o Flattery

When an attempt is made4o win support for an argument, not by the strength of the argument, but by5sing flattery on4hose7hom you want4o accept9our argument. This fallacy is often4he cause of people getting4ricked into doing something they don’t really want4o do.
!!div class="small">apple0olishing, wheel greasing, brown nosing, appeal4o pride X�argumentum ad superbiam, appeal to6anity
!!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to Force

When force, coercion, or even a4hreat of force is used in place of a reason in an attempt to justify a conclusion.
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argumentum ad baculum, argument to4he cudgel, appeal to4he stick
!!u(iv> !!h4 class="mb-14ext-primary">Appeal to?!eaven !!p class="mb-(N )>Asserting the conclusion must be accepted because it is the “will of??od” or “the will of the gods”. In4he mind of4hose committing the fallacy, and4hose allowing to0ass as a6alid reason,4he7ill of??od is not only knowable, but4he0erson making4he argument knows it, and no other reason is necessary.
!!div class="small">deus vult, gott mit5ns, manifest destiny, special covenant
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