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<title>The BSD (追記ここまで) License Problem
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
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<h2>The BSD License Problem</h2>
<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
(削除) <hr class="thin" />
<blockquote class="announcement"><p>
See <a href="/licenses/license-recommendations.html">“How to
choose a license for your own work”</a> for general
recommendations about choosing a license for your work.</p>
</blockquote> (削除ここまで)
<p>
 The two major categories of free software license are <a
 (削除) href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> (削除ここまで)
 (追記) href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> (追記ここまで) and <a
 href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">
 non-copyleft</a>. <a
 href="/licenses/license-list.html#GPLCompatibleLicenses">Copyleft
 licenses</a> such as the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU
 GPL</a> insist that modified versions of the program must be
 free software as well. Non-copyleft licenses do not insist on this.
 <a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">We recommend copyleft</a>,
 because it protects freedom for all users, but non-copylefted
 software can still be free software, and useful to the free software
 community.
</p>
(追記) <div class="announcement comment">
<hr class="no-display" />
<p>See <a href="/licenses/license-recommendations.html">“How to
choose a license for your own work”</a> for general
recommendations about choosing a license for your work.</p>
<hr class="no-display" />
</div> (追記ここまで)
<p>There are many variants of simple <a
href="/licenses/license-list.html#GPLCompatibleLicenses">non-copyleft
free software licenses</a>, such as the Expat license, FreeBSD license,
X10 license, the X11 license, and the two BSD (Berkeley Software
Distribution) licenses. Most of them are equivalent except for details
of wording, but the license used for BSD until 1999 had a special
problem: the “obnoxious BSD advertising (削除) clause”. (削除ここまで) (追記) clause.” (追記ここまで) It said that every
advertisement mentioning the software must include a particular
sentence:</p>
(削除) <pre> (削除ここまで)
(追記) <blockquote><p> (追記ここまで)
3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 must display the following acknowledgement:
 This product includes software developed by the University of
 California, Berkeley and its contributors.
(削除) </pre> (削除ここまで)
(追記) </p></blockquote> (追記ここまで)
<p>
 Initially the obnoxious BSD advertising clause was used only in the
 Berkeley Software Distribution. That did not cause any particular
 problem, because including one sentence in an ad is not a great
 practical difficulty.
</p>
<p>
 If other developers who used BSD-like licenses had copied the BSD
 advertising clause verbatim—including the sentence that refers to
 the University of California—then they would not have made the
 problem any bigger.
</p>
<p>
 But, as you might expect, other developers did not copy the clause
 verbatim. They changed it, replacing “University of California”
 with their own institution or their own names. The result is a
 plethora of licenses, requiring a plethora of different sentences.
</p>
<p>
 When people put many such programs together in an operating system,
 the result is a serious problem. Imagine if a software system
 required 75 different sentences, each one naming a different author
 or group of authors. To advertise that, you would need a full-page
 ad.
</p>
<p>
 This might seem like extrapolation ad absurdum, but it is actual
 fact. In a 1997
 version of NetBSD, I counted 75 of these sentences. (Fortunately
 NetBSD has decided to stop adding them, and to remove those it could.)
</p>
<p>
 To address this problem, in my “spare time” I talk with
 developers who have used BSD-style licenses, asking them if they would
 please remove the advertising clause. Around 1996 I spoke with the
 developers of FreeBSD about this, and they decided to remove the
 advertising clause from all of their own code. In May 1998 the developers
 of Flick, at the University of Utah, removed this clause.
</p>
<p>
 Dean Hal Varian at the University of California took up the cause,
 and championed it with the administration. In June 1999, after two
 years of discussions, the University of California removed this
 clause from the license of BSD.
</p>
<p>
 Thus, there is now a new BSD license which does not contain the
 advertising clause. Unfortunately, this does not eliminate the
 legacy of the advertising clause: similar clauses are still present
 in the licenses of many packages which are not part of BSD. The
 change in license for BSD has no effect on the other packages which
 imitated the old BSD license; only the developers who made them can
 change them.
</p>
<p>
 But if they followed Berkeley's lead before, maybe Berkeley's
 change in policy will convince some of them to change. It's worth
 asking.
</p>
<p>
 So if you have a favorite package which still uses the BSD license
 with the advertising clause, please ask the maintainer to look at
 this web page, and consider making the change.
</p>
<p>
 And if you want to release a program as non-copylefted free
 software, please don't use the advertising clause. Thus, instead of
 copying the BSD license from some released package—which might
 still have the old version of the license in it—please use one
 of the other permissive licenses, such as Expat or FreeBSD.
</p>
<p>
 You can also help spread awareness of the issue by not using the
 term (削除) “BSD-style”, (削除ここまで) (追記) “BSD-style,” (追記ここまで) and not saying “the BSD license”
 which implies there is only one. You see, when people refer to all
 non-copyleft free software licenses as “BSD-style (削除) licenses”, (削除ここまで) (追記) licenses,” (追記ここまで)
 some new free software developer who wants to use a non-copyleft free
 software license might take for granted that the place to get it is from
 BSD. He or she might copy the license with the advertising clause, not by
 specific intention, just by chance.
</p>
<p>
 If you would like to cite one specific example of a non-copyleft
 license, and you have no particular preference, please pick an
 example which has no particular problem. For instance, if you talk
 about “X11-style (削除) licenses”, (削除ここまで) (追記) licenses,” (追記ここまで) you will encourage people to copy the
 license from X11, which avoids the advertising clause for certain,
 rather than take a risk by randomly choosing one of the BSD
 licenses.
</p>
<p>
 Or you could mention the non-copyleft license
 which <a href="/licenses/license-recommendations.html"> we
 recommend over the other non-copyleft licenses</a>: the Apache 2.0
 license, which has a clause to prevent treachery with patents.
</p>
<p>
 When you want to refer specifically to one of the BSD licenses,
 please always state which one: the “original BSD license” or the
 (削除) “Modified (削除ここまで)
 (追記) “modified (追記ここまで) BSD (削除) license”. (削除ここまで) (追記) license.” (追記ここまで)
</p>
<hr class="column-limit" />
<p>
 Later a third BSD license variant was introduced, with only the
 first two of the original BSD license's four clauses. We call it
 the “FreeBSD license.” It is a lax, noncopyleft free
 license, compatible with the GNU GPL, much like the modified BSD
 license.
</p>
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<p>Copyright © 1998, 1999, (削除) 2001, (削除ここまで) (追記) 2002, (追記ここまで) 2003, (削除) 2007, 2013, 2014, (削除ここまで) (追記) 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, (追記ここまで) 2015, (削除) 2020 (削除ここまで) (追記) 2021 (追記ここまで)
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<p class="unprintable">Updated:
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$Date: 2021年12月25日 21:34:19 $
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