×ばつ 0.33° grids based on the <i>SNPP</i>/VIIRS satellite data over the TP during the summers of 2013–17. The results show that: (1) the temperature of lifting condensation level (<i>T</i><sub>LCL</sub>) at Naqu meteorological station and the cloud base temperature (<i>T</i><sub>b</sub>) retrieved from VIIRS are linearly correlated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.87 and standard deviation (STD) of 3.0°C; (2) convective clouds over the TP have the following macro- and microphysical properties. First, the cloud base temperature (<i>T</i><sub>b</sub>) is about –5°C, the cloud base height above the ground (<i>H</i><sub>b</sub>) ranges between 1800 and 2200 m, and the cloud water content is low. Second, the cloud condensation nuclei concentration (<i>N</i><sub>CCN</sub>) is between 200 and 400 mg<sup>–1</sup> with 0.7% in maximum supersaturation (<i>S</i><sub>max</sub>); consequently, the condensation growth of water cloud droplet with less <i>N</i><sub>CCN</sub> and higher <i>S</i><sub>max</sub> is fast. Third, because the precipitation initiation depth (<i>D</i><sub>14</sub>) varies within 1500–2000 m and 500–1000 m at the Yarlung Zangbo River basin and southern Tibet, respectively, the clouds over these areas are more prone to precipitation. Fourth, mean height of the cloud top above sea level (<i>H</i><sub>top</sub>) is between 10 and 13 km, but the cloud depth (<i>D</i><sub>cld</sub>) is rather small, which is about 5000 m in southern TP and gradually reduces to 2500 m in northern TP. Fifth, the glaciation temperature (<i>T</i><sub>g</sub>) ranges from –30°C in central and southern TP to –25°C in northern TP, which, combined with the warmer <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> and the <i>T</i><sub>b</sub> less than 0°C, leads to the domination of ice process in the clouds; (3) the macro- and microphysical properties of convective clouds over the TP explain why rainfall there is frequent and lasts over a short time with small amount and large rain drops." /> ×ばつ 0.33° grids based on the <i>SNPP</i>/VIIRS satellite data over the TP during the summers of 2013–17. The results show that: (1) the temperature of lifting condensation level (<i>T</i><sub>LCL</sub>) at Naqu meteorological station and the cloud base temperature (<i>T</i><sub>b</sub>) retrieved from VIIRS are linearly correlated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.87 and standard deviation (STD) of 3.0°C; (2) convective clouds over the TP have the following macro- and microphysical properties. First, the cloud base temperature (<i>T</i><sub>b</sub>) is about –5°C, the cloud base height above the ground (<i>H</i><sub>b</sub>) ranges between 1800 and 2200 m, and the cloud water content is low. Second, the cloud condensation nuclei concentration (<i>N</i><sub>CCN</sub>) is between 200 and 400 mg<sup>–1</sup> with 0.7% in maximum supersaturation (<i>S</i><sub>max</sub>); consequently, the condensation growth of water cloud droplet with less <i>N</i><sub>CCN</sub> and higher <i>S</i><sub>max</sub> is fast. Third, because the precipitation initiation depth (<i>D</i><sub>14</sub>) varies within 1500–2000 m and 500–1000 m at the Yarlung Zangbo River basin and southern Tibet, respectively, the clouds over these areas are more prone to precipitation. Fourth, mean height of the cloud top above sea level (<i>H</i><sub>top</sub>) is between 10 and 13 km, but the cloud depth (<i>D</i><sub>cld</sub>) is rather small, which is about 5000 m in southern TP and gradually reduces to 2500 m in northern TP. Fifth, the glaciation temperature (<i>T</i><sub>g</sub>) ranges from –30°C in central and southern TP to –25°C in northern TP, which, combined with the warmer <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> and the <i>T</i><sub>b</sub> less than 0°C, leads to the domination of ice process in the clouds; (3) the macro- and microphysical properties of convective clouds over the TP explain why rainfall there is frequent and lasts over a short time with small amount and large rain drops." /> ×ばつ 0.33° grids based on the <i>SNPP</i>/VIIRS satellite data over the TP during the summers of 2013–17. The results show that: (1) the temperature of lifting condensation level (<i>T</i><sub>LCL</sub>) at Naqu meteorological station and the cloud base temperature (<i>T</i><sub>b</sub>) retrieved from VIIRS are linearly correlated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.87 and standard deviation (STD) of 3.0°C; (2) convective clouds over the TP have the following macro- and microphysical properties. First, the cloud base temperature (<i>T</i><sub>b</sub>) is about –5°C, the cloud base height above the ground (<i>H</i><sub>b</sub>) ranges between 1800 and 2200 m, and the cloud water content is low. Second, the cloud condensation nuclei concentration (<i>N</i><sub>CCN</sub>) is between 200 and 400 mg<sup>–1</sup> with 0.7% in maximum supersaturation (<i>S</i><sub>max</sub>); consequently, the condensation growth of water cloud droplet with less <i>N</i><sub>CCN</sub> and higher <i>S</i><sub>max</sub> is fast. Third, because the precipitation initiation depth (<i>D</i><sub>14</sub>) varies within 1500–2000 m and 500–1000 m at the Yarlung Zangbo River basin and southern Tibet, respectively, the clouds over these areas are more prone to precipitation. Fourth, mean height of the cloud top above sea level (<i>H</i><sub>top</sub>) is between 10 and 13 km, but the cloud depth (<i>D</i><sub>cld</sub>) is rather small, which is about 5000 m in southern TP and gradually reduces to 2500 m in northern TP. Fifth, the glaciation temperature (<i>T</i><sub>g</sub>) ranges from –30°C in central and southern TP to –25°C in northern TP, which, combined with the warmer <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> and the <i>T</i><sub>b</sub> less than 0°C, leads to the domination of ice process in the clouds; (3) the macro- and microphysical properties of convective clouds over the TP explain why rainfall there is frequent and lasts over a short time with small amount and large rain drops." />
Article views:
PDF downloads:
Cited by:
/