Notes

Chapter 12: The Principle of Computational Equivalence


Section 9: Implications for Mathematics and Its Foundations

History [of concept of mathematics] [History of] models of mathematics Axiom systems Basic logic [and axioms] Predicate logic [Axioms for] arithmetic Algebraic axioms Groups [and axioms] Semigroups [and axioms] Fields [and axioms] Rings [and axioms] Other algebraic systems Real algebra [and axioms] [Axioms for] geometry Category theory Set theory [and axioms] General topology [and axioms] [Axioms for] real analysis Axiom systems for programs Implementation [of proof example] Proof structures Substitution strategies [in proofs] One-way transformations [as axioms] Axiom schemas Reducing axiom [system] details [Mathematical] proofs in practice Properties [of example multiway systems] Nand tautologies [Methods for] proof searching Automated theorem proving Truth and falsity [in formal systems] Gödel's Theorem Properties [of example multiway systems] Essential incompleteness [in axiom systems] [Universality of] predicate logic [Universality of] algebraic axioms [Universality of] set theory Universal Diophantine equation Hilbert's Tenth Problem Polynomial value sets Statements in Peano arithmetic Transfinite numbers Growth rates [of functions] [Examples of] unprovable statements Encodings of arithmetic [by different operations] [The concept of] infinity Diophantine equations Properties [of Diophantine equations] Large solutions [to Diophantine equations] Nearby powers [and integer equations] Unsolved problems [in number theory] Fermat's Last Theorem More powerful axioms [for mathematics] Higher-order logics Truth and incompleteness Generalization in mathematics Cellular automaton axioms [Theorems about] practical programs Rules [for multiway systems examples] Consistency [in axiom systems] Properties [of example multiway systems] Non-standard arithmetic [Unprovable statements in] reduced arithmetic Generators and relations [and axiom systems] Comparison to multiway systems Operator systems [History of] truth tables Proofs of axiom systems Junctional calculus Equivalential calculus Implicational calculus Operators on sets Implementation [of operators from axioms] Properties [of operators from axioms] Algebraic systems [and operator systems] Symbolic systems [and operator systems] Groups and semigroups [and operator systems] Forcing of operators [by axiom systems] Model theory Pure equational logic Multiway systems [and operator systems] Logic in languages Properties [of logical primitives] Notations [for logical primitives] Universal logical functions Searching for logic [axioms] Two-operator logic [axioms] History [of logic axioms] Theorem distributions [in standard mathematics] Multivalued logic Proof lengths in logic Nand theorems Finite axiomatizability Empirical metamathematics Speedups in other systems Character of mathematics Invention versus discovery in mathematics Ordering of [mathematical] constructs Mathematics and the brain Frameworks [in mathematics]

History [of concept of mathematics]

[History of] models of mathematics

Axiom systems

Basic logic [and axioms]

Predicate logic

[Axioms for] arithmetic

Algebraic axioms

Groups [and axioms]

Semigroups [and axioms]

Fields [and axioms]

Rings [and axioms]

Other algebraic systems

Real algebra [and axioms]

[Axioms for] geometry

Category theory

Set theory [and axioms]

General topology [and axioms]

[Axioms for] real analysis

Axiom systems for programs

Implementation [of proof example]

Proof structures

Substitution strategies [in proofs]

One-way transformations [as axioms]

Axiom schemas

Reducing axiom [system] details

[Mathematical] proofs in practice

Properties [of example multiway systems]

Nand tautologies

[Methods for] proof searching

Automated theorem proving

Truth and falsity [in formal systems]

Gödel's Theorem

Properties [of example multiway systems]

Essential incompleteness [in axiom systems]

[Universality of] predicate logic

[Universality of] algebraic axioms

[Universality of] set theory

Universal Diophantine equation

Hilbert's Tenth Problem

Polynomial value sets

Statements in Peano arithmetic

Transfinite numbers

Growth rates [of functions]

[Examples of] unprovable statements

Encodings of arithmetic [by different operations]

[The concept of] infinity

Diophantine equations

Properties [of Diophantine equations]

Large solutions [to Diophantine equations]

Nearby powers [and integer equations]

Unsolved problems [in number theory]

Fermat's Last Theorem

More powerful axioms [for mathematics]

Higher-order logics

Truth and incompleteness

Generalization in mathematics

Cellular automaton axioms

[Theorems about] practical programs

Rules [for multiway systems examples]

Consistency [in axiom systems]

Properties [of example multiway systems]

Non-standard arithmetic

[Unprovable statements in] reduced arithmetic

Generators and relations [and axiom systems]

Comparison to multiway systems

Operator systems

[History of] truth tables

Proofs of axiom systems

Junctional calculus

Equivalential calculus

Implicational calculus

Operators on sets

Implementation [of operators from axioms]

Properties [of operators from axioms]

Algebraic systems [and operator systems]

Symbolic systems [and operator systems]

Groups and semigroups [and operator systems]

Forcing of operators [by axiom systems]

Model theory

Pure equational logic

Multiway systems [and operator systems]

Logic in languages

Properties [of logical primitives]

Notations [for logical primitives]

Universal logical functions

Searching for logic [axioms]

Two-operator logic [axioms]

History [of logic axioms]

Theorem distributions [in standard mathematics]

Multivalued logic

Proof lengths in logic

Nand theorems

Finite axiomatizability

Empirical metamathematics

Speedups in other systems

Character of mathematics

Invention versus discovery in mathematics

Ordering of [mathematical] constructs

Mathematics and the brain

Frameworks [in mathematics]

From Stephen Wolfram: A New Kind of Science [citation]

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