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The School of Athens, Raphael, Public Domain Image Western Philosophy

This section contains texts by the most important writers who have defined the philosophy of modern Western society. Texts here discuss ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, and political philosophy. NOTE: most of these are large text files, which may take a while to download on a slow connection.

Thomas Hobbes

Leviathan [1651]

David Hume

Of Superstition and Enthusiasm [1741]
Of the Delicacy of Taste and Passion [1741]
Of the Liberty of the Press [1741]
Of Essay Writing [1742]
Of the Rise and Progress of the Arts and Sciences [1742]
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding [1748]
A Letter from a Gentleman [1754]
Essays on Suicide and the Immortality of the Soul [1755]
The Natural History of Religion [1757]
Of Tragedy [1757]
Of the Standard of Taste [1757]
My Own Life [1777]
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion [1779]

Immanuel Kant

The Critique of Judgement [1790]
The Critique of Practical Reason [1788]
The Critique of Pure Reason [1781]
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals [1785]
Introduction to the Metaphysic of Morals [1785]
The Metaphysical Elements of Ethics [1780]
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics [1783]
The Science of Right [1790]

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

The Monadology [1898]

John Stuart Mill

On Liberty [1859]
Representative Government [1861]
Utilitarianism [1863]
The Subjection of Women

Friedrich Nietzsche

Thus Spake Zarathustra [1891]

Blaise Pascal

The Provincial Letters [1657]
Pensees [1660]

Plato

NOTE: These file are in the Plato section under Classics.

Cratylus [360 BCE]
Charmides, or Temperance [380 BCE]
Critias [360 BCE]
Crito [360 BCE]
Euthydemus [380 BCE]
Euthyphro [380 BCE]
Gorgias [380 BCE]
Ion [380 BCE]
Laches, or Courage [380 BCE]
Laws [360 BCE]
Lysis, or Friendship [380 BCE]
Meno [380 BCE]
Parmenides [370 BCE]
Phaedo [360 BCE]
Phaedrus [360 BCE]
Philebus [360 BCE]
Protagoras [380 BCE]
The Republic [360 BCE]
The Seventh Letter [360 BCE]
Sophist [360 BCE]
Statesman [360 BCE]
Symposium [360 BCE]
Theaetetus [360 BCE]
Timaeus [360 BCE]