Table 2 KSPD scores by child sex and age.
Male | Female | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1: non-smokers | Q2: ex-smokers who quit before pregnancy | Q3: ex-smokers who quit during pregnancy | Q4: current smokers | p value* | Q1: non-smokers | Q2: ex-smokers who quit before pregnancy | Q3: ex-smokers who quit during pregnancy | Q4: current smokers | p value* | |
Mean ± SD | ||||||||||
2y | n | 1433 | 550 | 247 | 78 | 1393 | 548 | 232 | 80 | |
P-M | 91.8 ± 18.2 | 92.2 ± 18.2 | 94.0 ± 16.8 | 94.2 ± 18.7 | 0.238 | 93.3 ± 17.3 | 94.0 ± 17.5 | 95.2 ± 17.8 | 98.4 ± 21.6 | 0.044 |
C-A | 93.1 ± 12.7 | 92.5 ± 11.8 | 92.5 ± 10.5 | 88.7 ± 9.7 | 0.016 | 97.3 ± 13.0 | 97.4 ± 12.6 | 96.6 ± 12.4 | 94.9 ± 12.9 | 0.348 |
L-S | 89.0 ± 15.2 | 88.5 ± 14.7 | 87.0 ± 13.6 | 82.9 ± 14.3 | 0.002 | 95.6 ± 14.8 | 94.1 ± 13.2 | 94.1 ± 15.0 | 91.9 ± 13.8 | 0.024 |
DQ | 91.7 ± 10.7 | 91.2 ± 9.7 | 91.1 ± 8.9 | 88.0 ± 8.1 | 0.017 | 96.0 ± 10.8 | 95.5 ± 10.0 | 95.5 ± 10.3 | 93.9 ± 10.7 | 0.285 |
4y | n | 1368 | 515 | 223 | 70 | 1333 | 531 | 215 | 77 | |
P-M | 87.6 ± 12.9 | 87.6 ± 12.6 | 87.7 ± 11.6 | 86.9 ± 12.8 | 0.969 | 89.6 ± 11.6 | 89.4 ± 10.5 | 88.4 ± 13.1 | 91.3 ± 7.4 | 0.254 |
C-A | 93.9 ± 16.3 | 93.7 ± 17.0 | 89.7 ± 14.6 | 86.0 ± 13.5 | < 0.001 | 97.0 ± 14.1 | 96.6 ± 13.9 | 93.6 ± 15.7 | 93.7 ± 12.1 | 0.004 |
L-S | 93.7 ± 17.8 | 92.4 ± 17.4 | 89.6 ± 17.1 | 87.2 ± 16.3 | < 0.001 | 97.1 ± 15.6 | 95.1 ± 15.1 | 93.0 ± 16.1 | 92.8 ± 13.6 | < 0.001 |
DQ | 93.6 ± 15.4 | 92.9 ± 15.4 | 89.6 ± 14.6 | 86.6 ± 13.1 | < 0.001 | 96.9 ± 13.3 | 95.7 ± 12.8 | 93.2 ± 14.7 | 93.4 ± 11.2 | < 0.001 |
- KSPD Kyoto scale of psychological development, P-M posture-motor, C-A cognitive-adaptive, L-S language-social, DQ developmental quotient, SD standard deviation.
- *ANOVA.