Water bodies such as lakes, impoundments, and rivers are being changed according to the condition of pollutant loading discharged from the surface water runoff or groundwater discharge. Especially, nutrients from agricultural land and waste water or chemicals by human activities pollute water resources and significantly impact on the aquatic ecosystem. To protect water resources from the pollution, periodical water sampling or monitoring are being conducted. However, the sampling approach is not appropriate for the representative quality of a whole water body and does not provide enough information for the spatial distribution of contamination. Therefore, we proposed the remote sensing approach to understand the spatiotemporal variations of chlorophyll as an indicator of nutrient loading into Lake Paldang located in South Korea. The remote sensing data require water sampling data obtained at the same time of the remote sensing image to extract the spatial distribution of chlorophyll. However, it is difficult to collect the datasets at the same time so we employed a modeling technique to resolve this problem. First, the sampling dataset at the same time of the Landsat data collection were used as input for modeling (GEMSS) to derive appropriate Chl-a concentrations and water temperatures at that time in the North and South branches of the Han River, and the Gyungahn stream. Then, the modeling results were used to calculate Landsat-derived Chl-a concentrations and temperatures using the Landsat imagery and statistical approach. We found that the Lake Paldang system with three tributaries, the North and South Han River and the Gyungahn Stream, had different temporal characteristics each season in the distribution of Chl-a and temperature, and the Gyungahn Stream, the most contaminated tributary, significantly influenced to the Lake Paldang system degrading the water quality typically in summer.
E-1-2 Evapotranspiration estimation with remote sensing and surface energy balance algorithm
As a crucial component in the energy and water balance of the hydrological cycle at the land-air interface, the evapotranspiration (ET) estimation is given to provide insight into the surface energy balance of the earth. Traditional approaches for ET estimation have been proposed through estimating surface flux. However, they rely on point observations and have difficulties to give ET estimation over a regional or large scale. With the development of remote sensing technology, it provides a promising source of data for determining the ET over a large area with temporal efficiency, lower cost, and better accuracy. Considerable progress has been made in quantitative retrieval of the land surface variables from remote sensing data. However, there still remains room to improve the retrieval accuracy of some surface variables that are essential in ET remote sensing algorithms, such as near surface air temperature (NSAT). NSAT is one of the critical factors affecting the accuracy of the ET estimates and depends on the heating of the land surface. That is, factors that influence surface temperature also modify air temperature. Based on the surface energy balance models, this study presents the incorporation between remote sensing and meteorological data for ET estimation. The proposed method applies Landsat satellite data for a location situated in the Chaiyi urban area of Taiwan. The possible sources of errors and limitations of the approach are discussed in detail in order to improve the retrieval accuracy of surface variables, especially NSAT, and in turn to improve the accuracy of ET estimation.
E-1-3 A Preliminary Study on UAV Thermal Sensing for Geothermal Prospecting
Remote sensing thermal images are required for geothermal exploration in obtaining the temperature on ground surface and modeling the temperature at the depth. In this study, traditional airborne hyperspectral thermal images were obtained by a thermal imager SPECIM AisaOWL onboard an integrated system combining an additional airborne LiDAR and the thermal infrared sensor. As a comparison, the results of thermal imaging by a ThermoMAP Drone Sensor onboard an UAV were evaluated to understand the potential in geothermal prospecting, The geometric accuracy for both sensor systems is comparable whereas the radiometric issue for the low grade sensor onboard a drone remains to be improved before it can be effectively applied for quantitative assessment of geothermal reserves.
E-1-4 Estimation of daily maximum and minimum air temperature using satellite data in Mega city scale areas: Los Angeles
PDF Cheolhee Yoo, Haemi Park, Daehyeon Han, Jungho Im
As Urbanization makes population be centralized on a city, air temperature becomes an important element in urban climate and environmental health research. But, it is difficult to apply air temperature data on the research because the number of Automated Weather Station (AWS) is limited. Hence, it becomes necessary to estimate accurately air temperature in the area where the stations are deficient. In this regard, previous researches are usually conducted to estimate air temperature above 2 meters on the ground, which is same altitude with a height of the stations, in national-scale by utilizing Land Surface Temperature (LST) data from satellite. But, recently, it needs to estimate the temperature in urban-scale. This research tries to focus on location in urban-scale. With MODIS data and other kinds of geographical information, it attempts to estimate maximum and minimum air temperature above 2 meters on the ground. The study area is Los Angeles, USA and the study period is 2006 to 2015. For estimating the air temperature, this research uses the Machine learning approach, Random Forest with several Satellite data including various time LST provided by MODIS. The results show that the estimated Maximum temperature has almost 0.9 (R2) and 1.6 Celsius temperature (RMSE) and Minimum temperature has almost 0.8 (R2) and 1.2 Celsius temperature (RMSE) by 10-fold cross validation. This research gets the conclusion that it is better to use temperature data in various times and Geographic information casually affects the estimated temperature. Moreover, it is possible to develop integrated monitoring and predicting system of temperature with observed temperature.
E-1-5 Urban Green Space Evaluation Using Object-Based Classification of High-Resolution Satellite Imagery: A Case Study of Kertajaya and Dharmahusada, Surabaya)
PDF Hepi Hapsari Handayani, Rochamukti Rizcanofana
The development of remote sensing technology, especially in the improvement of image processing in high-resolution imagery, bring out the more efficient technology in image interpretation and classification, called digital classification method that refer to computer usage to classify spectral identity it to some different classes. Digital classification method that can be used is pixel-based and object-based methods. An object-based classification is the most effective method to extract the feature of high-resolution satellite imagery. Meanwhile, the application of that technology now can be used to settle some problems of urban mapping. One of that application is for mapping and evaluating urban green space, considering that the big and crowd cities often have problems in an establishment of ideal green space portion. This research used the WorldView-2 high-resolution remote sensing image as the data source and object-based classification method to extract the information of the urban green space. The study area covers Kertajaya Development Units consist of Mulyorejo and Sukolilo sub-districts, and also Dharmahusada Development Units consist of Tambaksari and Gubeng sub-districts, which always perform rapid development growth. Hence, mapping and evaluating of green space needs to be conducted. The result showed that the amount of the green space area in Kertajaya Development Unit is less than non-green space area. The amount of the green space area is 1503.75 Ha (32%) of the total of the area. The part of the green space area in Kertajaya Development Unit has met the ideal portion of urban green space area based on Law no. 26 of the year 2007 which should be 30% from the total area. In Dharmahusada Development Unit, the amount of the green space area is 319.71 Ha (18%) of the total area. However, in Dharmahusada Development Unit, it has not met the ideal proportion of urban green space based on Law no. 26 of the year 2007 yet.
IAG'i Invited Talk - Basic concepts and methods for uncertainty analysis and propagation in geographical information systems
PDF Prof. Yee Leung (Chinese University of Hong Kong)
F-1: IAG'i - Spatial Data & System Chair: 川向 肇 Hajime KAWAMUKAI Click the button to show/hide abstracts
F-1-1 A Study on Establishing the Radio MAP based on Wi-Fi AP utilizing Mobile Mapping System
To promote people's safety and welfare by building up a quicker and more accurate positioning information that utilize location information of smartphones in emergency. This study has suggested the method to collect and build standard position based Wi-Fi AP data using MMS on the targeting areas of top five high criminal rate of 5 major crimes per 100,000 population, among districts of Seoul. As a result, we obtained the values of the whole districts' average; 25.46m, and its standard deviation; 27.76m.
F-1-2 Lesson Learned from Indonesian Spatial Data Infrastructure
Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is required to support spatial data discovery, access, and sharing which enables interaction among stakeholders. Realizing benefits of SDI for national development has driven many countries to develop their National SDI. Indonesia was considered as one of the initial countries that develop first generation of NSDI. The initiative was led in 1993 by the National Mapping Agency through the activities of producing topographic base maps and thematic spatial data provided by different government institutions. This paper describes the history and current status of NSDI development in Indonesia based on the five key components: policy, institutional arrangement, technology, standard, and human resources. Many challenges have been encountered in the implementation of NSDI, including financial problems of the participating institutions, inadequate technology infrastructures in rural areas, interoperability problems, and shortage of competent human resources. The paper suggests strategies for each component to better improve NSDI operation. Although this review is based on single case analysis of Indonesia, lesson learnt from its experience can be useful for other developing countries.
F-1-3 Policy Direction of Spatial Information for Hyper-connected Society
Due to the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, our society is rapidly developing from the digital society to the hyper-connected society. Gartner, Inc. forecasts that 6.4 billion connected things will be in use worldwide in 2016, up 30 percent from 2015, and will reach 20.8 billion by 2020. In 2016, 5.5 million new things will get connected every day. Proactive policies and strategies are needed to cope with the core technology, IoT for the hyper-connected society. To create new job and new service though the IoT, Ministry of Science, ICT and future planning (MSIFP), Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy are pursuing IoT policy. Spatial information is closely related to the IoT. All things are located somewhere. The user can obtain a more accurate and detailed information through integration the sensed data and the spatial information. Positions of all objects can be displayed on the map. Thus the spatial data is very important for IoT service. The advanced spatial information, the high-accuracy location information, indoor position system, three-dimensional map is required. These spatial information is used in industry and related services such as self-driving cars, smart home, smart building, smart city, drones, robots. The purpose of this paper is analyze the demand and utilization of spatial information technology changes are expected in the hyper-connected society. Based on this, I would like to seek the spatial information policy that can effectively respond to the environments caused by IoT.
F-1-4 Proposal of Scale Free Extended Spatial Temporal Data Model with Multiple Dimension
PDF Shigeru Kakumoto, Michinori Hatayama, Koji Yoshikawa
Spatial temporal database model with belt and duct was proposed last GISA 2015. Difference of area and belt features are point and line when feature is degenerated. This extension is for describe object in detail. Temporal description is added to 3 dimensional expression. Idea and data model with additional dimensions are proposed by extension of point features. Sharing database independently managed is used to this discussion. Combine multiple independent database dose not means limit to map database only. Applications of disaster prevention and ITS(navigation and driving assist)are also mentioned.
F-1-5 A study on the Improvement of the Pre-processing Data for Effective Multi-purpose Data Management System to Bathymetry
PDF Hadong Lee, Jaemyeong Kim, Yunsoo Choi, Wonjong Lee, Kiyoung Hong
Multi-purpose bathymetry is the system to make decision for marine and harbor policy through the bathymetric data. And by the gradual development of the survey instruments and IT technology, the bathymetric data processing capacity is being increased. Therefore, the measure to renew and reflect the data and to reduce the computing resources using up at the same time is required through the preprocessing process improvement.
F-1-6 Evaluation of Physical Walkability using High-Definition Topographic Measurement: Toward Barrier-Optimized Road Environments
PDF Yuichi Hayakawa, Ikuho Yamada, Kei Sugita, Masuto Ebina
High roughness of road surface works as barriers for pedestrians who have difficulties in walking or with wheeled baggage like heavy suitcases and strollers, whereas the roughness would also work as a preferable environment for kids and adults to develop their physical health. High-definition topographic measurements by photogrammetry and laser scanning are applied on a test site to extract detailed road surface morphology, and the physical walkability is evaluated in relation to the surface roughness and pedestrian behaviors.
10月15日 (土) 12:30〜13:20
IAG'i 発会式 Opening ceremony
基調講演 Keynote Speech
Construction of 3D Spatial Information Using Unmanned Aerial System
GIS & RS framework for monitoring eco-environmental changes and influential factors
PDF Liou Yuei-An, Nguyen Anh Kim, Li Ming-Hsu
Anthropogenic activities modify surface of the earth through transformation of land use/land cover (LULC) leading to changes in natural systems and possible deterioration of eco-environment. The Thua Thien - Hue Province has been experiencing urbanization at a rapid rate in both population and physical size and caused eco-environment deterioration by land desertification, soil erosion, shrinking forest resources,...etc. In the present study, 12 indices, including 9 indices extracted from Landsat time series data and 3 topographical indices extracted from DEM, serve as basis to examine eco-environmental vulnerability in the Thua Thien - Hue Province in years 1989, 2003, and 2014 with the aid of an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and GIS. An eco-environmental vulnerability map is assorted into six vulnerability levels, consisting of potential, slight, light, medium, heavy, and very heavy vulnerabilities. Result shows that eco-environmental vulnerability has increasing trend in general with expected evolving distributions in heavy and very heavy vulnerability levels, mainly lying on developed land, bare land, semi bare land, agricultural land, and poor and recovery forests. In contrast, there is a significant decline in potential vulnerability level. The reasons of an upward trend in medium, heavy, and very heavy levels include: (i) a large natural forest converted to plantation forest and agriculture land; and (ii) significant expansion of developed land leading to difference in thermal signatures in urban areas as compared with those of the surrounding areas. It is concluded that anthropogenic processes with transformation on LULC has amplified the vulnerability of eco-environment in the study area.
Drought is one of the natural disasters relating to lacking water caused by not only deficit of precipitation but also by lasting dry weather for a long period of time. It affects ecological system as well as social and economic situation. In case of South Korea, there was an intense drought event in 2015 and it involved a big problem to use residential water in the capital area by reducing the water level of Soyang-ho that is major water resource of capital area including Seoul. In this study, we used Scaled Drought Condition Index (SDCI) as a satellite-based drought index and Soil and water assessment Tool(SWAT) as a hydrological model to analyze. The study area is the basin of Soyang-ho and the study period is from 2013 to 2015. This study used Land Surface Temperature(LST) and Normalized Different Vegetation Index(NDVI) from MODIS and daily precipitation data from TRMM to calculate SDCI and considered in-situ data such like precipitation, air temperature, wind, and humidity as variables to compute soil moisture through SWAT. SDCI for the 1, 3, 6, and 12month were calculated to compare with SWAT model. The 1month showed a considerable variability due to the precipitation and then 3, 6, 12month have similar performance with SWAT however the longer the considered period, the better performance.
E-2-2 Drought forecasts applying temporal patterns of a satellite-derived drought indicator through machine learning approach
PDF Sumin Park, Jungho Im, Seonyeong Park, Eunna Jang
A drought occurs when water deficiency resulting from recording below-average precipitation is prolonged. The drought can continue for weeks, months or even years, which can have a strong influence on ecosystems. In order to reduce damage induced by droughts, the drought monitoring and forecasting are necessary. Most of drought forecast research is conducted using indices derived by in-situ observations such as Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPIE). Recently, satellite-derived drought indices have been used for short term drought forecasts. In this study, drought forecasts was conducted using Scaled Drought Condition Index (SDCI) generated from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) products over the Korean Peninsula. Random forest that is one of the machine learning method was applied to forecast drought using SDCI considering different duration of precipitation (e.g., 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-month) and its temporal changes between two time steps. Results showed that among different durations of precipitation, 3-, 6-month SDCI provided the best performance to predict the drought intensification compared to SDCI1 and SDCI12 through qualitative assessment. Finally this study produced a SDCI-based model to predict short term drought over the Korean Peninsula.
E-2-3 A GIS based approach for hydropower site selection and potential evaluation of the Kunhar River Basin, Pakistan
Hydropower – the energy derived from falling water – is one of the most popular renewable energy sources being developed across the globe. River head and discharge are the key variables involved in assessing the hydropower potential along a river, in addition to several constraints that limit the number of suitable sites. This study proposes a method to evaluate the hydropower potential of a basin by using GIS in conjunction with advanced hydrological modelling (Water and Energy Budget based Distributed Hydrological Model) followed by the selection of the best possible sites taking into consideration site geomorphology and environmental constraints. The adoption of this approach can significantly shorten the time-consuming task of hydropower site selection and can give more information about the hydropower potential associated with the sites located in the otherwise relatively inaccessible terrain. The findings of this study can help the decision-making authorities in the power sector of Pakistan to promote and exploit the hydropower resources of Pakistan with a view to alleviating the energy crisis situation in the country.
E-2-4 Landuse Change Effect on Water Discharge in Panjshir Watershed, Afghanistan
Panjshir watershed plays an important role in surface runoff potential in the Kabul River Basin (KRB) in Afghanistan. Therefore, it is very necessary to know the impact of natural resources on water discharge and water balance in this important watershed. The evaluation of landuse (LU) change on the hydrology of a watershed will helps and easy to understand how each LU class influences the hydrological components of the watershed. In this study the objective is first want to apply the GIS and SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model to estimate daily water discharge and then assess the land use changes impacts on runoff generation in Shukhi station. The daily model calibration and validation performed by SWAT-CUP, which calibrated from 2010-2012 and validated in 2013 for discharge. Two scenarios were performed in this research. The scenario 1 (Landuse/cover 1993) performed first. Subsequently using SWAT-CUP software for calibration, NSI reached (0.76) and coefficient of determination R2 achieved (0.81) from 2010 to 2012 in calibration and NSI gained good level at (0.74) and R2 got (0.76) in validation step at Shukhi Station. Then land cover in 2010 processed same like the land cover in 1993 for the scenario 2 (Landuse/cover 2010), then set up SWAT model again. The second scenario also calibrated and validated. Both scenarios were compared to analyses the difference of water flow. As a result, Average annual surface flow decreased from by 10.24% to 7.2%, whereas the average annual ground water flow increased by 70.07% to 73.48% in Scenario 2. The average annual total water yield decreased from 253.37mm to 227.76mm.
E-2-5 Detection of tropical cyclone centers using satellite data and spatial metrics
PDF Juhyun Lee, Jungho Im, Sungmun Sim, Sanggyun Lee
There are many methods for detecting center of typhoon. Best track and TCC (Tropical Cloud Cluster) proposed by C. C. Hennon(2007) and so on. Among them, the Best track served by JTWC (Joint Typhoon Warning Center) is widely used for the reference data of Typhoon center. The center data served as the longitude and latitude values extracted by their original algorithms which used geostationary satellite. However, the center location data of typhoon is not available in real time from JTWC. Moreover, the accuracy of those center location data is not reliable because JTWC only uses geostationary satellite data and they did not provide the center of early stage of typhoon because of their obscurity. In this study, we use not only geostationary satellite based data, also polar orbited satellite based data for specifying centers more exactly. To detect center of early stage of typhoon, we used the best track as geostationary satellite data and Windsat sensor of CORIOLIS satellite launched by NASA in 2003 as polar orbited satellite-based data. Windsat provides ocean surface wind speed and direction, SST, cloud liquid water and water vapor., This study could get the center of ocean surface wind field by applying circular variance index on ocean surface wind field data using ArcGIS. As the result of comparison with the best track’s center, more reliable center of typhoon was specified by methods using ocean surface wind field center data and satellite image in this study.
F-2: IAG'i - Socio-Economic Analysis (1) Chair: 山田 育穂 Ikuho YAMADA Click the button to show/hide abstracts
F-2-1 Development on the Rice Paddle Field Management System in an Agricultural Workforce Organization in Hyogo, Japan
PDF Hajime Kawamukai, Nobuhiko Washio, Chao Chen and Qinghao Li
In this article, the authors would like to present the brief sketch of our currently developing the Rice Paddle Fieldwork Information Management System, its background, and its usage in a Japanese Agricultural Workforce Organization, in Hyogo Prefecture. We have started its development since 2010 and have developed past sight specific fieldwork information database by using our system, based on GIS. We also mention some workforce style changes in back office, as well as, field operating teams, by the introduction of our field management system. We also mention some past extension trial in the real workplace activities.
F-2-2 Public Participation GIS for traditional event and evaluation of GIS consensus factors
The purpose of this study is to analyze user characteristic of the festival float location system using Web-GIS in traditional event Kumagaya-UCHIWA festival in Saitama, and to clarify factors which contribute to the appearance of expectation about regional effects brought about by Web-GIS. There were no significant associations between use of this system and the attributes of users except sex. From the result of the analysis for the relationship between factors, attribute such as age, action such as the willingness to put out the information on the Internet by Web-GIS, and regional effects such as the improvement of regional security, the expectation about regional effects brought about by Web-GIS receives a larger influence from the willingness to put out the information on the Internet by Web-GIS than frequent use of Web-GIS in the variables set as action, and the willingness to put out the information on the Internet by Web-GIS is influenced by age.
F-2-3 Identifying Citizens' Needs in Smart City Services through User Participation Research
This study aims to derive the needs of citizens in service area to promote the advancement and utilization of geographic information-based Smart City services. Recently, with activation of the introduction of Smart City around the world, the network between urban infrastructure has been strengthened through IoT devices, key components of Smart City. This enables various information based on geographic information to be collected and processed into more sensible information, and provided in the form of Smart Services. however, it has usually been provided by convenience of suppliers like companies or public institutions that provide smart services, so there are limitations that it has not fully reflected the Needs of citizens, core beneficiaries of smart services. Lately, as a way to improve these problems, the Living Labs reflecting the Needs of citizens, who are actual beneficiaries of the services, has emerged by directly participating in planning - designing - development phase of services. In this study, we ran open Living Labs which citizens participate as a way for systematical understanding and quick feedback of the Needs of citizens as subject of the Smart Services of Smart City Empirical Complex Assistance Project that Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning and Busan Metropolitan City are building in Haeundae area. Through this, we could find common requirements by each smart services from the individual opinions of citizens on the smart services. In addition, by applying standard such as feasibility and preferences, the materialized citizens’ opinions for sub-functions that make up each Smart Services were derived. The results of this study will be used as basic data to reflect the demands of citizens by companies and public institutions when planning the next new smart services.
F-2-4 Urban Growth in Lusaka city, Zambia: Characterizing the spatial pattern and intensity of changes in urban land use
The purpose of this paper is to characterize and analyze the spatial pattern and intensity of changes in urban land use(ULU) in Lusaka city, to understand the spatiotemporal process of urban growth during the periods, 1990-2000 and 2000-2010. To characterize the spatial pattern, we first propose a method for separating the built up land into different ULUs using remote sensing and GIS techniques with medium resolution Landsat images. We divide the built up land into six categories of ULU categories based on the study area: (1) Unplanned High Density Residential (UHDR), (2) Unplanned Low Density Residential (ULDR), (3) Planned High Density Residential (PHDR), (4) Planned High Density Residential (PLDR), (5) Commercial and Industrial (CMI) and (6) Public Institutions and Areas (PIA). Then we explore proximity explanatory factors influencing the spatial pattern of changes in the ULUs. We also apply the concept of intensity analysis to examine the variations in the size and rapidity of changes in the ULUs. We conclude with a discussion of the policy implications from the observed spatial pattern and intensity of changes in the ULUs in Lusaka.
E-3: IAG'i - Environment (3) Chair: 川崎 昭如 Akiyuki KAWASAKI Click the button to show/hide abstracts
E-3-1 Estimating the spatial and temporal distributions of chlorophyll concentrations in coastal waters of Taiwan using improved MODIS-Aqua ocean color data
Coastal water quality is closely associated with near-coast human activities of a region, and also reflects the level of pollution in water that is discharged from inland areas. Heavily populated cities, industry and intensive agricultural activities in Taiwan are concentrated on the western plains with distances to the adjacent shoreline being less than 40 kilometers. Increasing sediment and nutrient loads have gained attention on the need to comprehensively assess the eutrophication status of each administration region at a higher temporal frequency and a wider spatial scale. Ocean color (OC) chlorophyll products (Chl-a, mg/m3) derived by satellite remote sensing have the potential to provide adequate data. This study reprocesses the standard OC data provided by the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua for a comprehensive assessment of the coastal water quality in Taiwan. First, the near-infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) combined method were selected to improve the availability of turbid water pixels in coastal regions which were often invalid when processed by the NASA standard algorithm (using NIR bands only). Second, the remotely sensed Chl-a concentrations in coastal waters were corrected by comparing the standard MODIS OC3m Chl-a data to a matchup in-situ dataset taken from 105 stations. Finally, the spatial and temporal distributions of the improved OC Chl-a products were analyzed across Taiwan’s coastal waters between 2003 and 2013.
E-3-2 Modelling of Essential Fish Habitat for Acanthopagrus latus Based on Remote Sensing, Spatial Analysis and GIS in the Coastal Waters off Western Taiwan
PDF Sheng-Yuan Teng, Ming-An Lee, Nan-Jay Su, Kuo-Wei Lan, Yi Chang and Lung-Ching Wu
Black Seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) is one of the most important commercial species in the coastal fisheries of Taiwan. This aims to understand for fishing activity of gillnet fishery and community structure of fishery resources in coastal waters off western Taiwan. In this study, we collected logbook of sampling gillnet vessel, environmental data (i.e. Sea Surface Temperature, chlorophyll-a, sediment and depth) and data of voyage data recorder. We also investigated abundance and spatial distribution of hot spot for species that regularly released in recent years, and analyzed annual variation on community structure of fishery resources for species. Through ArcGIS software, spatial distribution of black seabream showed widespread in each season. However, the range of CPUE is 1.58-2.16 kg/vessel/day in each season. For black seabream, mainly distributed in coastal waters of Chianan but high CPUE concentrated in the coastal waters of Nanliao Fishing Port to Yuanli Fishing Port in first and second quarter. In addition, Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model showed that black seabream have high sensitivity to the habitat changes in its ocean environment. For the second quarter, distribution of HSI value is widespread and concentrate in the coastal waters of Yunlin and Chiayi in third and fourth quarter. For the future, results from this study could be used to understand the impacts on the environment, habitat and community structure of fishery resources, and provide suggestions for planning management strategy.
E-3-3 The relationship between Albacore (Thunnus alalunga) catch rate and marine environmental variance in the Indian Ocean using GAM and HSI model
Albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) is one of the important commercial species of the Taiwanese longline fishery in the Indian Ocean. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between environmental variations and catch rates to explore the underlying processes influencing albacore distributions and habitat in the Indian Ocean. Using the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) and Habitat Suitability Index(HSI) model, and its impacts of fishing condition possibly influencing by the climate scenarios. The results of the cumulative deviances by the selected GAM were 69.6% , positive association between catch per unit effort (CPUE) and sea surface temperature between 17-21 °C, sea surface high of 0.4–0.6 m, net primary production around 250-450 mg C/m2d1 and mixed layer depth within 60-120 m in the Indian Ocean. HSI model also underpinned that albacore have high sensitivity to the habitat changes in its ocean environments. Based on four climate scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5) from the low to high future carbon emissions in the period of 2015 to 2045, the CPUE was increased from 2.2 N/1000 hooks in years of 2015-2020 to about 4 N/1000 hooks in years of 2040-2045. In addition, the change of possible habit was also estimated.
E-3-4 Change Detection of Snow and its impact on NDVI and Land surface Temperature, using landsat 8 imagery on Takhar Province of Afghanistan
GIS application and remote sensing have become very interesting tools in earth’s surface study, landuse management, and environmental changes. Afghanistan is a landlocked country which is located in the central Asia. Natural water resources for agricultural purpose supporting by the seasonal snow melting. Therefore, snow is a very important parameter for life-saving in Afghanistan. During spring and summer season’s snow melting is one of the major source of surface runoff and water balance for either cultivation or drinking water. The goal of this study is to analyze snow coverage changes and see its impact and relationship with surface temperature and normal vegetation index (NDVI). Because loss of snow cover due to changes of temperature result in water shortages and agricultural impacts on the study area. When the temperature increase more precipitation will fall as rain, not snow, therefore, that could affect earlier snowmelt in the spring. Because of the high runoff (melted snow) through early spring when it’s not needed will not help in summer when it is needed. We should not ignore the early snowmelt and reduced late summer stream flows affect aquifer recharge for underground water supplies. The method we used for snow extraction is through the Landsat 8 reflectance bands which are band- 3 visible green and band-6 near-infrared. The normal difference snow index (NDSI) can be analyzed by using equation NDSI = GREEN-NIR/GREEN+NIR reflectance.
E-3-5 Monitoring the Environmental Impact from Ship Emissions Using AIS, GIS, and Fuzzy Logic
PDF Wu-Hsun Chung, Sheng-Long Kao, Chao-Wei Chen, Hsiao-Cheng Chang
Maritime transportation is the major transportation mode in international trade and logistics. A port plays a critical role in maritime transportation, a hub of ships and freight. However, from the aspect of environment, it is also a hub of ship emissions. Due to growing concerns on global warming, the measuring, monitoring, and reducing carbon emissions in a port become an important issue. This paper applied Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), Geographic Information System (GIS), the Ship Traffic Emissions Assessment Model (STEAM), and fuzzy logic to develop an environmental impact indicator for monitoring the influence of ship emissions on the vicinity of a port. Three inputs, "ship emissions", "distance to a port", and "bio-sensitivity zone", were aggregated to form the environmental impact indicator. A case study of the Port of Keelung in Taiwan was used to demonstrate the proposed method. Using the data collected from the Port of Keelung to construct membership functions and the fuzzy rules, the proposed method was capable of effectively indicating the environmental impacts from ship activities near a port and could be extended to various port scenarios.
F-3: IAG'i - Socio-Economic Analysis (2) Chair: 村山 祐司 Yuji MURAYAMA Click the button to show/hide abstracts
F-3-1 The Hedonic Approach to the Price Effect of the Mass Transits on the Apartment Houses: The Case of New Towns in Seoul, Korea
The apartment houses are the most favored type of housing in Korea, and they have been constructed mostly in large scale residential complexes. The connectivity of the efficient mass transit in such complexes have thus been one of the most important factors that affects the price structure of apartment houses. This study, in this context, delves into empirically quantifying the magnitude of transportation environment in the price structure of Newtown apartments via hedonic price modelling technique. After observing the descriptive statistics, multiple regression models are constructed and calibrated on the GIS platform. The modes of transportation are centered on the bus and the subway services, and the range of the affected area from each transit service is taken to be of 500m radius. It is hoped that the findings of this study could be of help planning the most efficient provision of mass transit services in the upcoming large scale Newtowns soon to be constructed in Korea.
F-3-2 Spatial pattern change of employment centers in Tokyo metropolitan area
Whereas numerous researches have been conducted to understand the spatial pattern change of employment centers of the metropolitan areas over the globe, research related to Tokyo Metropolitan Area (TMA) is insufficient. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the spatial pattern change of employment centers of TMA from 1999 to 2009. For this research a gird cell based approach in combination with String method and Local Moran’s I (LMI) is selected. Centers in different hierarchies are delineated for both the years. Through the analysis, we found that the change of number and area of centers varies in prefectures. We identified some specific center change patterns, including decline, extended, joined and separated. Some new centers were also found.
F-3-3 Quantifying Spatiotemporal Patterns of Urbanization: A Case Study of the Colombo Metropolitan Area, Sri Lanka
During the past two decades, the Colombo Metropolitan Area (CMA), Sri Lanka's only metropolitan area has experienced rapid urbanization. This rapid urbanization poses challenges for urban planning initiatives, as the urban growth of CMA frequently outpaces the planning process. In such context, this study aims to quantify the geospatial dimension of urbanization in the CMA. Specifically, the urban land use (ULU) change intensity was examined and compared, during the 1992–2001 and 2001–2014 using Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing tools and techniques. Moreover, the spatial metrics was employed to characterized spatial patterns of ULU change based on the diffusion-coalescence urban growth theory. The results revealed that ULU change in the CMA was slow during the 1990s than in the 2000s. Results also revealed that the CMA has experienced that more diffusion and less coalescence during last two decades. The finding of this study is significant in the context of urban landscape planning and urban development.
F-3-4 Application of the GIS Boolean Operations in Evaluating the Conformation of Land-Use Zoning Outcomes: The Case of Jeju Island in Korea
The zoning regulation is provided to restrict the private land-use activities to a certain degree in an effort to augment the level of public welfare. It thus should be based on the principles that are logically clear and consistent and are free from any defect so as to be objectively agreeable by the majority of the constituents to guarantee the societal equity. The current Korean zoning consequences, however, have been criticized by many for its lack of proper procedures and effective tools to check their qualification in terms of the aforementioned conditions despite the legally dictated statements as well as advanced spatial analysis tools. By taking Jeju Island, the globally renowned resort island of Korea, as the case area, this study tries to evaluate the methodology to check the appropriateness of the current zoning outcomes in the island on the GIS platform by using the Boolean logical operations.
10月15日 (土) 17:10〜18:50
地理情報システム学会 25周年記念式典 Ceremony for the 25th anniversary of GISA
式次第(敬称略)
司会: 矢野 桂司(地理情報システム学会25周年記念組織委員会委員長)
挨拶:
玉川 英則(地理情報システム学会・会長)
伊藤 滋(地理情報システム学会・初代会長)
村上 広史(国土地理院・院長)
Jin-Duk Lee(The Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies・会長)
招待講演:GISと地理情報科学の新たな展開
IoTの進化と社会へのインパクト
徳田 英幸
慶應義塾大学環境情報学部/大学院政策・メディア研究科委員長兼教授 ご略歴:1975年慶應義塾大学工学部卒。同大学院工学研究科修士。ウォータールー大学計算機科学科博士 (Ph.D. in Computer Science)。 米国カーネギーメロン大学計算機科学科研究准教授を経て、1990年慶應義塾大学環境情報学部に勤務。慶應義塾常任理事、環境情報学部長、大学院政策・メディア研究科委員長を経て、現職。 専門は、ユビキタスコンピューティングシステム、 OS、 Cyber-Physical Systems、 IoT等。情報処理学会フェロー、日本ソフトウェア学会フェロー。 現在、日本学術会議会員、内閣官房情報セキュリティ補佐官、重要生活機器連携セキュリティ協議会会長、iRooBO Network Forum会長、ASP・SaaS・クラウド普及促進協議会会長などを務める。 研究教育業績に関してMotorola Foundation Award、 IBM Faculty Award、 総務大臣賞、経済産業大臣賞、情報処理学会功績賞、情報セキュリティ文化賞などを受賞。(https://www.ht.sfc.keio.ac.jp/)
世界はIoT(Internet of Things)によって現実空間(real Space)と仮想世界(Cyber space)が融合し、超スマート社会に向かっています。GISにとって、これは革命的な地盤変動であります。GIS学会は「IoTとGIS分科会」を設置し、その動向を追跡しています。このセッションは同分科会活動の一環として、超スマート社会におけるGISの位置付け、それを支えるIoTならびに空間情報の要素技術を概観し、GIシステム、GIサイエンス、GIサービスの新しい方向性が議論します。
Occurrence of floods is a natural phenomenon all over the world and with the increase in population and human activity in the flood plains, flood damages represent an increasing hazard in many countries. Myanmar is vulnerable to floods multiple times a year. These events cause substantial losses, both structural and socio-economical. In this research we are developing a hydrological model WEB-DHM (Water and Energy Budget-based Distributed Hydrological Model) coupled with RRI (Rainfall-Runoff- Inundation model). By developing a relationship between inundation depth and flood damage, using economical indices, the flood damage loss reduction will be estimated.
People sometimes plan where to go and where to stay in advance. Some other people spontaneously set up their plans while they are moving . In this study, we examined how backpackers in New Zealand set up their plans by investigating how they searched campgrounds with a mobile application. We employed big data from a company in New Zealand consisting of approximately 24 million data points and calculated time intervals and distance between two subsequent data points for each application users. We also calculated distance between where the users searched campgrounds and where the campgrounds exist. Our preliminary analysis revealed that backpackers seemed to search campgrounds while they were staying at somewhere rather than while they are moving.
CCRC(Continuing Care RetirementCommunity)とは米国で発展した高齢者コミュニティの概念である。日本版CCRC構想が地方創生で取り上げられ注目されている。本研究では、地方都市における導入を見据えた施設配置の地理空間分析を行う。具体的には、(1)CCRCに関わる施設の種類と機能、(2)対象地におけるCCRCに必要な施設の有無と分布状況、(3)空き家の発生状況とその誘因、(4)それらの潜在的な可能性も含めた地域分析を行う。
P-66 Analysis on urban heat island and spatial characteristics using GIS and MODIS Imagery
PDF Kyeong-Ho Seo, Kyung-Hun Park, Gyeong-Ah Kim, Bong-Geun Song, Chul-Hyun Choi, Kwang-Woo Nam and Yong-Cheol Suh
This study analyzed the urban heat island effect by the space and geographic factors in all regions of Korea applying the MODIS imagery and the climate data. First, the number of tropical nights, number of heat waves as the RCP based present-day climate data of South Korea were calculated by the cities and counties. Second, the surface temperature data and the ground coverage data were classified with the urbanization area, agricultural area, forest area, water, grasslands and bare ground by using the MODIS imagery, so the areas by the cities and counties were calculated. Third, DEM data with 30m of spatial resolution was classified with six types depending on the gradient, so the terrain characteristics by cities and counties were analyzed. Finally, the correlation between the number of heat waves, number of tropical nights, surface temperature and characteristic of space and the lie of the land was analyzed. In the result of reclassifying the ground coverage, the area with the highest urbanization area rate was shown as 85.0% of Bucheon, Seoul Metropolitan City of 81.6%, Guri city of 60.5%, and Anyang city of 60.0%, and it can be seen that it was intensively concentrated and distributed in the metropolitan region. In the result of analysis on the average surface temperature in summer, Sowon city was highest with 29.7°C, and the number of heat waves showed Bucheon with 15.9 days, Changnyeong County with 12.6 days, and Haman County with 11.5 days. The number of tropical nights showed 68.9 days of Gwangmyeong city which was highest, and the Mokpo city, Muan County, Yeosu city were followed in the order of. In the result of correlation analysis on the characteristic of space and the lie of the land and the surface temperature, number of tropical nights, and the number of heat waves, the forest area showed the negative correlation with the surface temperature, tropical nights, heat waves and the urbanization area and flatland showed the positive correlation. It is judged that the result of this study will be used for the urban heat island effect by the characteristic of space and the lie of the land as the climate change predictions data in the future.
P-67 Analysis on relationship between spatial characteristics and heat wave
PDF Bong-Geun Song, Kyung-Hun Park, Kyeong-Ho Seo, Gyeong-Ah Kim and Chang-Hwan Kim
This study analyzed the factors of heat wave by utilizing the spatial and climatic data from the city of Milyang-si, which has recently been drawing attention for its urban heat island and heat wave. First, the number of days in heat wave was calculated by utilizing RCP-based South Korea's detailed climatic data from 2000 to 2010. Also, based on the 2000, 2005, and 2010 land coverage data classified by the Ministry of Environment, the spatial information was re-classified into build-up area, agricultural area, forest and mountainous area, water, greens, and open space. Then, a digital elevation model with the spatial resolution of 30m was used for the analysis of topographic position index. Also, on the Vector GRID which has the same spatial resolution (1km) as the number of days in heat wave, heat wave data, spatial information, and topographic information were constructed for the analysis of relationship between the heat wave and spatial characteristics. The analysis result showed that the number of days in heat wave was 31.4 days in the year 2000, which was the highest, followed by 26.9 days in 2008, 24.2 days in 2001, and 24.0 days in 2010. Also, the distribution of the heat wave was relatively higher in the agricultural area, valleys, and outskirts of urban area. The topography of Milyang comprises more mountainous slope land (51.6%) than flat land (19.7%), while large-scale valleys (12.2%) are distributed in some of the western region. The result of correlation analysis of spatial characteristics and heat wave, by using the cluster analysis method, showed that the correlation between the forest area and the number of days in heat wave was negative (-.0109), in the land coverage type, indicating that the heat wave can be alleviated if there are more forest areas. Topographically, the flat land and heat wave showed positive correlation (0.305). As a result of the analysis on the type of space and heat wave index considering the topography and land coverage, the heat wave became more frequent as the agricultural area increased. The result of the present study is expected to be utilized as the material for preparing civil engineering and environmental plans for improving the measures for future heat wave.
P-68 Change Detection of Snow and its impact on NDVI and Land surface Temperature, using Landsat 8 imagery on Takhar Province of Afghanistan
GIS application and remote sensing have become very interesting tools in earth's surface study, landuse management, and environmental changes. Afghanistan is a landlocked country which is located in the central Asia. Natural water resources for agricultural purpose supporting by the seasonal snow melting. Therefore, snow is a very important parameter for life-saving in Afghanistan. During spring and summer season's snow melting is one of the major source of surface runoff and water balance for either cultivation or drinking water.
The goal of this study is to analyze snow coverage changes and see its impact and relationship with surface temperature and normal vegetation index (NDVI). Because loss of snow cover due to changes of temperature result in water shortages and agricultural impacts on the study area. When the temperature increase more precipitation will fall as rain, not snow, therefore, that could affect earlier snowmelt in the spring. Because of the high runoff (melted snow) through early spring when it’s not needed will not help in summer when it is needed. We should not ignore the early snowmelt and reduced late summer stream flows affect aquifer recharge for underground water supplies.
The method we used for snow extraction is through the Landsat 8 reflectance bands which are band- 3 visible green and band-6 near-infrared. The normal difference snow index (NDSI) can be analyzed by using equation NDSI = GREEN-NIR/GREEN+NIR reflectance.
P-69 Landuse Change Effect on Water Discharge in Panjshir Watershed, Afghanistan
Panjshir watershed plays an important role in surface runoff potential in the Kabul River Basin (KRB) in Afghanistan. Therefore, it is very necessary to know the impact of natural resources on water discharge and water balance in this important watershed. The evaluation of landuse (LU) change on the hydrology of a watershed will helps and easy to understand how each LU class influences the hydrological components of the watershed. In this study the objective is first want to apply the GIS and SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model to estimate daily water discharge and then assess the land use changes impacts on runoff generation in Shukhi station. The daily model calibration and validation performed by SWAT-CUP, which calibrated from 2010-2012 and validated in 2013 for discharge. Two scenarios were performed in this research. The scenario 1 (Landuse/cover 1993) performed first. Subsequently using SWAT-CUP software for calibration, NSI reached (0.76) and coefficient of determination R2 achieved (0.81) from 2010 to 2012 in calibration and NSI gained good level at (0.74) and R2 got (0.76) in validation step at Shukhi Station. Then land cover in 2010 processed same like the land cover in 1993 for the scenario 2 (Landuse/cover 2010), then set up SWAT model again. The second scenario also calibrated and validated. Both scenarios were compared to analyses the difference of water flow. As a result, Average annual surface flow decreased from by 10.24% to 7.2%, whereas the average annual ground water flow increased by 70.07% to 73.48% in Scenario 2. The average annual total water yield decreased from 253.37mm to 227.76mm.
P-70 Estimating the spatial and temporal distributions of chlorophyll concentrations in coastal waters of Taiwan using improved MODIS-Aqua ocean color data
Coastal water quality is closely associated with near-coast human activities of a region, and also reflects the level of pollution in water that is discharged from inland areas. Heavily populated cities, industry and intensive agricultural activities in Taiwan are concentrated on the western plains with distances to the adjacent shoreline being less than 40 kilometers. Increasing sediment and nutrient loads have gained attention on the need to comprehensively assess the eutrophication status of each administration region at a higher temporal frequency and a wider spatial scale. Ocean color (OC) chlorophyll products (Chl-a, mg/m3) derived by satellite remote sensing have the potential to provide adequate data. This study reprocesses the standard OC data provided by the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua for a comprehensive assessment of the coastal water quality in Taiwan. First, the near-infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) combined method were selected to improve the availability of turbid water pixels in coastal regions which were often invalid when processed by the NASA standard algorithm (using NIR bands only). Second, the remotely sensed Chl-a concentrations in coastal waters were corrected by comparing the standard MODIS OC3m Chl-a data to a matchup in-situ dataset taken from 105 stations. Finally, the spatial and temporal distributions of the improved OC Chl-a products were analyzed across Taiwan's coastal waters between 2003 and 2013.
P-71 Eco-environmental vulnerability evaluation and land use/land cover changes through Landsat time series data
Environmental changes and its causes increase the needs to tackle their consequences taking place in the structural and functional ecosystem. This study aims to address the questions: Who and what are vulnerable to the multiple environmental changes underway, and where? An assessment model is developed using 11 variables with 9 of them constructed from Landsat time series to examine eco-environmental vulnerability in the Thua Thien - Hue Province in years 1989, 2003, and 2014 with an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS). Eco-environmental vulnerability changes are assessed and classified into six vulnerability levels consisting of potential, slight, light, medium, heavy, and very heavy vulnerabilities. In general, eco-environmental vulnerability patterns are increased in both magnitude and spatial size over the period of time frame in 1989-2003 and 2003-2014. Results show that the evolving pattern of urban thermal anomalies is highly associated with sprawl of developed land and tightly correlated with higher eco-environmental vulnerable levels, namely medium, heavy, and very heavy over the time period of interest. The area percentage of medium, heavy, and very heavy eco-environmental vulnerable levels was increased with spatial distribution from low to high elevation belts during the same period of time. It is concluded that intensification of human activities has amplified the vulnerability of eco-environment in the Thua Thien - Hue Province. The proposed integrated method of remote sensing (RS), GIS, and AHP to evaluate the eco-environmental vulnerability is useful for environmental protection and proper planning for land use and construction in the future.
P-72 Investigation on the Japanese eel catches in relation to the velocity of Western Pacific Kuroshio Current around the waters off Taiwan
PDF Chia-Yi Yang, Kuo-Wei Lan
Annual catch data of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) and ocean current data from the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System were collected in this study from 1980 to 2014 to analyze the relationship between the Japanese eel catch and the Kuroshio Current in the Western Pacific. Five straight sampling stations were set near the eastern waters off Philippines and the North Equatorial Current. Relationships between the annual Japanese eel recruitment and the vertical current velocity in average over three years near the waters off East Luzon Island (14oN~15oN, 123oE~126 oE) were analyzed using multiple regression analysis, which shows a positive correlation (p < 0.05, Beta=0.71). The increase of the northward Kuroshio Current velocity led to the Japanese eel transportation, which also increases the catch of Japanese eel in waters off Taiwan. Furthermore, to investigate the impact of the path and velocity of Kuroshio Current and Kuroshio Branch Current with the Japanese eel in the northern and southern Taiwan, three sampling station were on northern Luzon Strait. The results showed the time series pattern of Japanese eel catch in the southern part had 3 to 4 weeks time lag than the northern part. Relationships between the weekly Japanese eel catches and the eastward and northward velocity in the southern Taiwan (19oN~22oN, 120oE~121 oE) show a positive correlation (p < 0.05, Beta=2.50). It indicated the increase of eastward and northern velocity of Kuroshio Current would also increase the recruitment of Japanese eel around the coastal of Taiwan.
P-73 The impact of climate variability on the winter catches rate and distribution of threadfin in the Taiwan Strait
Threadfin is one of the most important commercial species of fish in the coastal fisheries of Taiwan. The catch of threadfin exhibiting a peak in 1988 and its population has rapidly declined. However, direct studies related to fishery oceanography of threadfin in Taiwan Strait are scarce. In this study, we collected the annual landing data of threadfin in the Taiwan Strait from 1958~2013 and the total tonnages of trawl vessel from fisheries yearbook and daily logbook data from coastal gillnet fisheries to construct different temporal and spatial fishery data. Furthermore, we also collected climate indices and sea surface temperature data to investigate the influences of marine variations on catch rate by using time series wavelet analysis and suitability index at different multiple time scales. The result showed the major fishing season is in the winter and also showed the seasonal variations in the latitudinal catch percentage of threadfin in the Taiwan Strait. In addition, the landing data of threadfin distribution revealed the northward migrated trend. The time series analysis displayed the significant correlation among the catch rate and autumn PDO, autumn SST, winter Nino3.4, winter SOI, winter WP, which PDO, SST, Nino3.4, SOI have 4 to 6-year periodicity in 1975~1995. PDO and Nino3.4 were positively correlated to the catch rate, while the SOI and SST were negative correlated. Additionally, the catch rate and WP showed fairly good positive correspondence and have 4 to 8-year periodicity during the study period. Furthermore, the high suitability range (SI>0.8) of SST were in the range between 21.42~22.18°C. When El Nino or WP positive phase occurred which led to the winter SST rises in Taiwan Strait, thus expanding the high suitability habitat of threadfin increased and the annual catch rate approximately 17.63% and 19.21% respectively than in the nominal events. In contrast, La Niña or WP negative phase resulting the winter SST decrease in Taiwan Strait, thus the high suitability habitat of threadfin shrinking, however, its impact on the catch rate is not obvious.
P-74 Evaluation of forest functions for establishment of a sustainable forest land management system: focusing on Nakdong-jeongmaek of South Korea
The mountain range of the Korean Peninsula is composed of 1 Daegan-1 Jeonggan-13 Jeongmaeks, and Baekdudaegan and Jeongmaeks have been considered as the core national ecological network of the Korean Peninsula. In particular, Nakdong-jeongmaek, located in the east of Nakdong-river, is connected to Baekdudaegan that is the framework of the entire national land, and is a vast mountain range stretching about 418 km long. Since Nakdong-jeongmaek forms a major ecological axis by organic connection with other mountain ranges in Yeongnam area, it is needed to be preserved. In contrast, it provides residents in the region with various benefits, so that its utilization is also important. Thus, the present study aimed to propose measures for sustainable preservation and wise utilization, through evaluation of forest functions focusing on Nakdong-jeongmaek. On the evaluation of forest functions of Nakdong-jeongmaek within 2 km from both slopes, it was found that regions requiring natural environmental preservation function accounted for the highest proportion (42.2%). Forest land management of these regions should be focused on preservation rather than utilization. Nakdong-jeongmaek in other regions had functions of timber production (31.9%), forest recreation (12.2%), water yield (7.4%), living environment preservation (3.3%), and forest disaster prevention (3.0%). For effective forest land management, a management system that promotes outstanding functions of each region should be established based on these evaluation results.
P-75 GPS Cadastral Surveys Using Post-Processing VRS Data
PDF Chia-Chyang Chang, M. T. Tsai
A virtual station-based post-processing kinematic (VRS-PPK) positioning technique is advantageous for operations that do not require users to establish a base station or employ a real-time communication device. Through a VRS system, this technique is potentially applicable for cadastral surveys. This study adopted the static observation data obtained through the resurvey campaign in 2012 (conducted by the Taiwan Ministry of the Interior) to examine the internal precision and external accuracy of VRS-PPK positioning, thereby providing application standards for using this technique to conduct cadastral surveys or other types of surveying. The results revealed that after the testing sites were screened through the criterion that the standard deviation of each observation set must be less than 2 cm in horizontal component and less than 5 cm in height component, the success rate of testing site positioning was determined to be 70%. The morning session attained the highest success rate, and the average standard deviation of the plane coordinates was 1.3 cm. Next, the difference between the two observation sets of each testing site coordinate was examined. The results revealed that 92% of the testing sites attained a set difference not exceeding 2 cm in either N or E component. However, when the tolerance for set difference was increased to 3 cm, 97% of the testing sites could meet the set difference standard. Subsequently, the baseline length differences between the VRS-PPK and static solutions were examined. The results indicate that the specification for examining baseline length differences can be tightened up to 20 mm + 4 ppm ×ばつ L, which can serve as a standard for resurvey using VRS-PPK.
P-76 A study on measurement of street trees using mobile mapping system to acquire 360-degree image
PDF Ryosuke Yamamoto, Takeki Izumi, Hiroshi Matsuyama
The purpose of this study is to examine the method to evaluate street trees by using mobile mapping system (MMS, IP-S2 Lite, TOPCON CORPORATION) which can acquire 360-degree view image to analyze three dimensional (3D) position data. Field surveys were conducted three times using MMS in Suginami Ward, Tokyo Metropolis in 2013 and 2014. The data obtained were processed to analyze the 3D position of each tree. The height and diameter-at-breast-height (dbh) of each tree from 3D position data were compared with reference data, i.e., heights and dbhs were measured with a laser rangefinder and a caliper gauge, respectively. RMSE (Root Mean Square Error)s of the height and dbh were 1.07m and 0.033m, respectively. Although MMS was not equipped with a laser scanner, RMSE of dbh was comparable with the result of previous study in which RMSE of dbh was 0.028m using MMS with a laser scanner. The heights were underestimated where the trees' canopies covered the sky which resulted in large RMSE of the height.
P-77 Extracting Tree Rings from Disc Bitmap Image
PDF Shih-Yu Chen, Chinsu Lin, Fu-Ming Yang, Li-Han Lin
This paper determines the number of tree rings and the outline of growth rings from the Bitmap image. The traditional method of determining tree rings is to polish surface of wood and put a high-resolution infrared scanner. This makes lower operational efficiency and higher costs. In order to solve these problem, this paper proposed a novel technique to extract tree rings automatically. By obtaining the number of tree rings, width of tree ring, color change, the shape of treeing, the shape of the ring center points can determine the age of trees, location of trees and the change of natural environment. This paper applied digital image processing techniques to extract features. The experimental resources show the proposed method can determine the position of tree rings and shape precisely.
P-78 Characterization of Urban Green Pattern by Fractal Dimension Analysis
Land-use and land-cover changes are key causes for reducing the urban heat-island effect. Namely, they are having important inferences for many urban planning policy issues. Remote sensing techniques have been known to provide important sources for land-cover data since the past decade; as well, the green plants were regarded as the only organisms capable of converting the solar energy into the chemical energy via photosynthesis. Therefore, evaluations for type of green are still critical to examine the basic needs for urban policy making. The degree of complexity for vegetation index values are to be characterized by fractal dimension (D); in this study. As the vegetation index values became more complex, the fractal dimension would be increased approximately up to 2. Results have shown that higher fractal dimension indicates the green cover is having a more complex shape; meaning that, the vegetation components are more diverse. A higher degree of complexity for the indices of vegetation components are reflected very well with green cover types over the urban area; thus, it can fulfill the basic need required for the urban policy making. The self-similarity of vegetation indices are able to show the degree of complexity for the green cover shape; such results would therefore be adopted to evaluate the greenness and the diversity of the city green. By assessment of the fractal dimension, it can be very useful in detecting vegetation patterns over a large urban area; not only to provide regions of diverse climate, but also the variety of ecological conditions. The output mapping can also be regarded as a variable for modeling the effects of urban development.
P-79 Establishing New Procedures for Evaluating Landslide Vulnerability in Southern Taiwan by Multitemporal Images
PDF Hern Wang, Kuan-Tsung Chang, Chih-Ping Kuo and Jin-King Liu
There are many high mountains in Taiwan. Under the population pressure and limited land resources in plain areas, the use of land resources are often overused by expanding to sloping lands. Many hillside had been improperly developed which have had caused serious problems in soil and water conservation. It leads significant impact for the natural environment, the people's lives and property. Landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) plays an important role in hazard mitigation and is an important basis for providing a measure aimed at decreasing the risks associated with landslides. Therefore, this paper proposed to use the archival images of the FORMOSAT-II satellite in the last 11 years to explore the high landslide vulnerability areas. The interpretation results will be published on a dedicated three-dimensional digital platform in the cloud. This study demonstrated how to perform long-term change for the landslide susceptibility using multi-temporal historical images. The analysis results can provide the allocation of high vulnerable sites for continuous monitoring and other value-added applications.
P-80 Reasoning and Post-Disaster Damage Assessment for the Petrochemical Pipeline Explosion using UAV Techniques
PDF Kuan-Tsung Chang, Min-Cheng Teng, Gwo-Chyang Tsuei, Cheng-Fang Lo and Jin-King Liu
It is pointed out by The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) that technological or man-made hazards are events that are caused by humans and occur in or close to human settlements. This can include environmental degradation, pollution and accidents industrial accidents and transport accidents). Man-made hazards usually took place suddenly and very limited time for response in rescue and recovery to resume the functions of the utilities. In this paper, a case of petro-chemical pipeline explosion was selected as the show case. The causes and the impacts of the case are described. These can be good lessons for managing this type of man-made hazards. In addition, the detail on data acquisition for high resolution aerial orthophotos obtained by the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) techniques after the disaster event enables engineers to assess the current site condition and to perform safety evaluation. UAV equipped with suitable sensors will become critical means for assuring the process of design, build, operation, and emergency response for man-made hazards. UAV can be used for quick generation of the Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), orthophotos, 3D models, animated bird-eye view, change detection and so on for assessing the hazards.
P-81 Early landslide detection and warning system using remote sensing imagery
In recent years, under the impact of global climate change, there were more and more of large-scale disasters, such as typhoons, and other large-scale collapses happened in Taiwan. Many countries have begun to focus on the impact of climate change to prevent and reduce disasters. Unfortunately, it is still in its infancy in Taiwan due to the lack of understanding its importance and development. However, facing future climate changes, the probability of occurrence of new types of disasters may increase. In this case, this paper applied remote sensing and hyperspectral techniques to detect and develop novel and precise detection algorithms for warning system for Taiwan's mountain areas which have high-risk, high vulnerability, high exposure and high degree of harmfulness. By using this novel techniques, those areas cab be quantized and further analyzed for landslide warning system.
P-82 Evaluating effects of neighborhood environment on enhancing utilitarian walking behavior: A case study in Tokyo Metropolitan Area
PDF Hao Hou, Yuji Murayama
Neighborhood environment for daily walking behavior has attracted highly academic attention in recent years because plenty of researches have shown that ideal neighborhood environment can promote walking behavior which is benefit for individual health. However, because of the difficulty in data collection, most of these studies concentrated on a small scale such as a street or a community. There is a need to do the study in a larger area for analyzing the results from a spatial view with an understanding of urban structure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the neighborhood environment and utilitarian walking behavior in Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE) method was adopted for the evaluation of the neighborhood environment. Residential density, street connectivity, land use diversity, bus stop density and railway station accessibility, were the five criteria selected to run the MCE approach. People flow data was utilized for the evaluation of people's utilitarian walking behavior. The results showed a consistence of the two evaluation results in both spatial and statistical views. Further study was done on small areas for detecting the effect of neighborhood by extracting the walking behavior happened within the neighborhood context. The findings in this study revealed the spatial patterns of daily walking behavior of residents in Tokyo and provided advices on how to build a walkable neighborhood.