In terms of optimization, how do compilers handle function objects, especially when they are nested or chained

Python supports functional programming with partial function applications which is a form of currying map functions lambda expressions filter functions

Describe how function objects can be used to implement callback mechanisms.

C++ Programming

User-defined functions, rather than pre-defined ones, are more efficient.

Why is it important for modern programming languages to have both pass-by-value operations as well as pass-by-reference features? Why are we not only able to choose one of these two possibilities? It would be helpful if you could explain, in your answer, both the benefits of having both and the reasons why it would be foolish to have only one or the other.

How do function objects assist in dynamic function dispatch?

What use do function prototypes provide for user-defined functions?

How helpful is it to have some understanding of the compiler in practise?

Why is it important in modern programming languages to include both pass-by-value & pass-by-reference? Why not just have one or the other? In your answer, describe the benefits of having each AND describe why it wouldn't be a good idea to have only one or the other.

Define a function object and explain its significance in programming.