6.1 INTRODUCTION In Figure 6.1, we see a bus carrying the children to school. There is only one way to reach the school. The driver has no choice, but to follow the road one milestone after another to reach the school. We learnt in Chapter 5 that this is the concept of sequence, where Python executes one statement after another from beginning to the end of the program. These are the kind of programs we have been writing till now. SCHOOL BUS "Don't you hate code that's not properly indented? Making it [indenting] part of the syntax guarantees that all publish van Rossum to School Figure 6.1: Bus carrying students to school Let us consider a program 6-1 that executes in sequence, that is, statements are executed in an order in which they are written. The order of execution of the statements in a program is known as flow of control. The flow of control can be implemented using control structures. Python supports two types of control structures-selection and repetition. Output: Enter value 1: 84 Enter value 2: 4 In this chapter » Introduction to Flow of Control « Selection » Indentation » Repetition » Break and Continue Statements »> Nested Loops Enter any one of the operator (+, -,*, /): / The result is 21.0 In the program, for the operators "-" and "/", there exists an if.. else condition within the elif block. This is called nested if. We can have many levels of nesting inside if.. else statements. 6.3 INDENTATION In most programming languages, the statements within a block are put inside curly brackets. However, Python uses indentation for block as well as for nested block structures. Leading whitespace (spaces and tabs) at the beginning of a statement is called indentation. In Python, the same level of indentation associates statements into a single block of code. The interpreter checks indentation levels very strictly and throws up syntax errors if indentation is not correct. It is a common practice to use a single tab for each level of indentation. In the program 6-4, the if-else statement has two blocks of statements and the statements in each block are indented with the same amount of spaces or tabs. Program 6-4 Program to find the larger of the two pre-specified numbers. #Program 6-4 # Program to find large: of the two numbers num1 = 5 num2 = 6 if numl > num2: %23Blockl print ("first number is larger") print ("Bye") else: #Block2 print ("second number is larger"). print ("Bye Bye") Output: second number is larger Bye Bye Program 6-2 Program to print the positive difference of two numbers. #Program 6-2 #Program to print the positive difference of two numbers numl = int(input ("Enter first number: ")) num2 = int(input("Enter second number: ")) if num1 > num2: else: diff = numl - num2 diff = num2 - num1 print ("The difference of", numl, "and", num2, "is", diff) Output: Enter first number: 5 Enter second number: 6 The difference of 5 and 6 is 1 using elif is as pubished The syntax for a selection struc shown below. if condition: statement (s) elif condition: statement ( elif condition: not to else: statement(s) Example 6.2 Check whether a number is positive, negative, or zero. number = int(input("Enter a number: ") if number > 0: print ("Number is positive") elif number < 0: else: print ("Number is negative") print ("Number is zero") Example 6.3 Display the appropriate message as per the colour of signal at the road crossing. signal input ("Enter the colour: ") if signal == "red" or signal == "RED": print ("STOP") elif signal == "orange" or signal == "ORANGE": Rationalised 2023-24 FL The syntax of if statement is: if condition: statement (s) In the following example, if the age entered by the user is greater than 18, then print that the user is eligible to vote. If the condition is true, then the indented statement(s) are executed. The indentation implies that its execution is dependent on the condition. There is no limit on the number of statements that can appear as a block under the if statement. Example 6.1 age int (input("Enter your age ")) if age >= 18: print("Eligible to vote") A variant of if statement called if..else statement allows us to write two alternative paths and the control condition determines which path gets executed. The syntax for if..else statement is as follows. if condition: else: statement(s) statement (s) and NCE Let us now modify the example on voting with the condition that if the age entered by the user is greater than 18, then to display that the user is eligible to vote. Otherwise display that the user is not eligible to vote. age = int(input("Enter your age: ")) if age >= 18: else: print ("Eligible to vote") print ("Not eligible to vote") Now let us use the same concept to modify program 6-1, so that it always gives a positive difference as the output. From the flow chart in Figure 6.2, it is clear that we need to decide whether num1 > num2 or not and take action accordingly. We have to specify two blocks of statements since num1 can be greater than num2 or vice-versa as shown in program 6-2. Many a times there are situations that require multiple conditions to be checked and it may lead to many alternatives. In such cases we can chain the conditions using if..elif (elif means else..if). 43. What is the output of the following code? x, int y, int z[]); void fun (int const int CAPACITY = 8; int main() { int x [CAPACITY] = (4,2,3,4,5}; fun (x[3], x[1],x); for (int i = 0; i < CAPACITY; i++) cout << x[i]; return 0; } void fun (int x, int y, int z[]) { for (int i = x; i > 0; i--) { z[i] y+=i; = i; } x = y; } a. 412124000 b. 415211001 C. 41234000 d. 412541001 Please do your best to explain the process you took to find the answer. The correct answer is A. e. none of the above because there is a syntax error 6.1 INTRODUCTION In Figure 6.1, we see a bus carrying the children to school. There is only one way to reach the school. The driver has no choice, but to follow the road one milestone after another to reach the school. We learnt in Chapter 5 that this is the concept of sequence, where Python executes one statement after another from beginning to the end of the program. These are the kind of programs we have been writing till now. SCHOOL BUS "Don't you hate code that's not properly indented? Making it [indenting] part of the syntax guarantees that all publish van Rossum to School Figure 6.1: Bus carrying students to school Let us consider a program 6-1 that executes in sequence, that is, statements are executed in an order in which they are written. The order of execution of the statements in a program is known as flow of control. The flow of control can be implemented using control structures. Python supports two types of control structures-selection and repetition. Output: Enter value 1: 84 Enter value 2: 4 In this chapter » Introduction to Flow of Control « Selection » Indentation » Repetition » Break and Continue Statements »> Nested Loops Enter any one of the operator (+, -,*, /): / The result is 21.0 In the program, for the operators "-" and "/", there exists an if.. else condition within the elif block. This is called nested if. We can have many levels of nesting inside if.. else statements. 6.3 INDENTATION In most programming languages, the statements within a block are put inside curly brackets. However, Python uses indentation for block as well as for nested block structures. Leading whitespace (spaces and tabs) at the beginning of a statement is called indentation. In Python, the same level of indentation associates statements into a single block of code. The interpreter checks indentation levels very strictly and throws up syntax errors if indentation is not correct. It is a common practice to use a single tab for each level of indentation. In the program 6-4, the if-else statement has two blocks of statements and the statements in each block are indented with the same amount of spaces or tabs. Program 6-4 Program to find the larger of the two pre-specified numbers. #Program 6-4 # Program to find large: of the two numbers num1 = 5 num2 = 6 if numl > num2: %23Blockl print ("first number is larger") print ("Bye") else: #Block2 print ("second number is larger"). print ("Bye Bye") Output: second number is larger Bye Bye Program 6-2 Program to print the positive difference of two numbers. #Program 6-2 #Program to print the positive difference of two numbers numl = int(input ("Enter first number: ")) num2 = int(input("Enter second number: ")) if num1 > num2: else: diff = numl - num2 diff = num2 - num1 print ("The difference of", numl, "and", num2, "is", diff) Output: Enter first number: 5 Enter second number: 6 The difference of 5 and 6 is 1 using elif is as pubished The syntax for a selection struc shown below. if condition: statement (s) elif condition: statement ( elif condition: not to else: statement(s) Example 6.2 Check whether a number is positive, negative, or zero. number = int(input("Enter a number: ") if number > 0: print ("Number is positive") elif number < 0: else: print ("Number is negative") print ("Number is zero") Example 6.3 Display the appropriate message as per the colour of signal at the road crossing. signal input ("Enter the colour: ") if signal == "red" or signal == "RED": print ("STOP") elif signal == "orange" or signal == "ORANGE": Rationalised 2023-24 FL The syntax of if statement is: if condition: statement (s) In the following example, if the age entered by the user is greater than 18, then print that the user is eligible to vote. If the condition is true, then the indented statement(s) are executed. The indentation implies that its execution is dependent on the condition. There is no limit on the number of statements that can appear as a block under the if statement. Example 6.1 age int (input("Enter your age ")) if age >= 18: print("Eligible to vote") A variant of if statement called if..else statement allows us to write two alternative paths and the control condition determines which path gets executed. The syntax for if..else statement is as follows. if condition: else: statement(s) statement (s) and NCE Let us now modify the example on voting with the condition that if the age entered by the user is greater than 18, then to display that the user is eligible to vote. Otherwise display that the user is not eligible to vote. age = int(input("Enter your age: ")) if age >= 18: else: print ("Eligible to vote") print ("Not eligible to vote") Now let us use the same concept to modify program 6-1, so that it always gives a positive difference as the output. From the flow chart in Figure 6.2, it is clear that we need to decide whether num1 > num2 or not and take action accordingly. We have to specify two blocks of statements since num1 can be greater than num2 or vice-versa as shown in program 6-2. Many a times there are situations that require multiple conditions to be checked and it may lead to many alternatives. In such cases we can chain the conditions using if..elif (elif means else..if). 43. What is the output of the following code? x, int y, int z[]); void fun (int const int CAPACITY = 8; int main() { int x [CAPACITY] = (4,2,3,4,5}; fun (x[3], x[1],x); for (int i = 0; i < CAPACITY; i++) cout << x[i]; return 0; } void fun (int x, int y, int z[]) { for (int i = x; i > 0; i--) { z[i] y+=i; = i; } x = y; } a. 412124000 b. 415211001 C. 41234000 d. 412541001 Please do your best to explain the process you took to find the answer. The correct answer is A. e. none of the above because there is a syntax error

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computer science.