The requirements files in the test_requirements directory (which are used for running unit tests in the CI) pin horribly outdated versions of many dependencies -- here's just one example from requirements_311_optional.txt:

pandas==1.5.3
numpy==1.23.2

(The latest pandas version is 2.2.3 and latest numpy is 2.1.3)

Plausibly we shouldn't be pinning these versions at all except if it's required in very specific cases.