Names of European cities in different languages (E–H)
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Different names for European cities in neighbouring languages
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The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time.[citation needed ] In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdańsk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev.[1]
E
[edit ]| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
| United Kingdom Scotland Edinburgh | Àidīngbǎo – 愛丁堡 (traditional characters) / 爱丁堡 (simplified characters) (Mandarin Chinese*), Ài-teng-pó – 愛丁堡 (Hokkien/Taiwanese), Caeredin (Welsh*),[KNAB] Dinedin* / Din Edin[KNAB] (Breton), Doon Edin (Manx*), Dún Éideann (Irish*), Dùn Èideann (Scottish Gaelic*), Edeunbeoreo / Edŭnbŏrŏ – 에든버러 (Korean), Edimborg (Occitan*), Édimbourg (French*),[KNAB] Êdîmbourg (Jersey Norman), Edimburg (Catalan*,[KNAB] alternative Serbian*), Edimburgo (Italian*,[KNAB] Portuguese*,[KNAB] Spanish*,[KNAB] Tagalog*), Edimburgum (alternative Latin), Edimvoúrgo – Εδιμβούργο (Greek*), Eḍinabrā – এডিনবরা (Bengali*), `Ēdinbara – เอดินบะระ [ʔeː din bàʔ ráʔ] (Thai)*, Eḍinbarā - एडिनबरा (Hindi*),[KNAB] Eḍinbarā – ఎడిన్బరా (Telugu), Ēḍinbarā – ਐਡਿਨਬਰਾ (Punjabi*), Edinboarch (alternative West Frisian*), Edinborg (Faroese, Icelandic* [KNAB] ), Edinbro – אדינברו (Hebrew*), Edinburc (Friulian*), Edinburch (West Frisian*), Edinburg (Afrikaans*, Albanian*, German [rare])*, Romanian*, Slovenian*), Edinburg – Единбург (Bulgarian*, Macedonian*, Serbian*), Edinburg – Едінбурґ (alternative Ukrainian*), Edinburg – עדינבורג (Yiddish*), Èdinburg – Эдинбург (Russian*),[KNAB] Edinburga (Latvian*), Edinburgas (Lithuanian*), Edinburgi – ედინბურგი (Georgian*),[KNAB] Edinburgum (Latin*), Edinburk (Czech*), Edynburg (Polish*),[KNAB] Edynburh – Единбург (Ukrainian*), Edynburh – Эдынбург (Belarusian*), Ejimbara – エジンバラ (Japanese*), Embra, Embro* (Scots), Eṭiṉparō – எடின்பரோ (Tamil*), ʾIdinburah – إدنبرة (Arabic*), Karedin (Cornish*), Ngoidìngbóu – 愛丁堡 (Cantonese)*, Oi-tên-páu – 愛丁堡 (Hakka*)
|
| Turkey Edirne | Aderne – اَدِرنه (Persian*), Adirna – أَدِرْنَة (Arabic*), Ädirnä – Әдирнә (Bashkir*, Kazan Tatar*), Adrianopel (former German*), Adrianopla (Portuguese*), Adrianople (former English*), Adrianopojë* (Albanian), Adrianopol (Polish*, Romanian*, Slovak*), Adrianopol' – Адрианополь (former Russian*), Adrianopole (Romanian*), Adrianopoli – ადრიანოპოლი (former Italian*, Finnish*, Georgian*), Adrianopolis – Ադրիանապոլիս (Armenian*, Czech*, Dutch*, Finnish*), Adrianópolis (Spanish*), Adríanópólis (former Icelandic), Andrinople (former French),[KNAB] Adrianoúpoli – Αδριανούπολη (Greek*), Āidíěrnèi – 埃迪爾內 (traditional characters) / 埃迪尔内 (simplified characters) (Mandarin Chinese*), Drinápoly (alternative/former Hungarian*), Drinopol (alternative Czech*, alternative Slovak*), Drinopolj – Дринопољ (former Serbian), Drinopolje (former Croatian),[2] Edirnä (Gagauz*), Edirne (Crimean Tatar*, Kurdish*, Turkish*), Èdirne – Эдирне (Russian*), Ədirnə (Azeri*), Edrene - Едрене (alternative Macedonian*), Εdrenë* (alternative Albanian), Hādéliángbōlìsī - 哈德良波利斯 (former Mandarin Chinese), Hadrianople (former variant in English*), Hadrianopolis (Latin*), Jedrene – Једрене (Serbian*), Odrin – Одрин (Bulgarian*, Macedonian*), Odrina (former Romanian), Odrysa (Thracian), Orestiás – Ὀρεστιάς (Ancient Greek*), Uskudama (Thracian)
|
| Belgium Eeklo | Eeklo (Dutch*), Êeklo (West Flemish*), Ėklas (Lithuanian) |
| Hungary Eger | Agria (Latin*), Eger (Hungarian*,[KNAB] Dutch*, Finnish*), Eger – Еґер (alternative Ukrainian*), Eğri (Turkish*), Eher – Егер (Ukrainian*), Erlau (German*),[KNAB] Jager (archaic Czech*),[KNAB] Jager – Ягеръ (archaic Russian),[KNAB] Jáger (Slovak*),[KNAB] Jagier (archaic Polish),[citation needed ] Jegar (archaic Croatian), Jegra (archaic Croatian), Jegra – Јегра (Serbian*)
|
| Germany Eisenhüttenstadt | Eisenhüttenstadt (German*), Stalinstadt (former German*) |
| Austria Eisenstadt | Ajzenštat – Ајзенштат (Serbian*), Castrum Ferrum (alternative Latin), Eisenstadt (German*),[KNAB] Eisnstod (Austro-Bavarian German*), Ferreum Castrum (Latin*), Kismarton (Hungarian*),[KNAB] Železno (Slovak, Slovene*), Željezno (Croatian*),[KNAB] Željezno – Жељезно (alternative Serbian) (NB: the city's subdivisions also have different names in different languages)
|
| Poland Elbląg | Elbing (German*), El'bing – Эльбинг (former Russian), Elbiąg (local Polish dialect), Elbląg (Polish)*, El'blong – Эльблонг (Russian*), Ilfing (Old Danish*), Truso (Old Prussian) |
| Russia Elista | Elista – Элиста (Russian), Elista – Еліста (Ukrainian), Elst – Элст (Kalmyk, Mongolian), Stepnoy (former name*) |
| Poland Ełk | Ełk (Polish*), Lyck (German*), Éwūkè - 俄乌克/俄烏克 (Mandarin), Lukas (Lithuanian) |
| Denmark Elsinore | Elseneur (French*), Elsenor (Portuguese*), Elsinor (Spanish*, Romanian*), Elsinore (Italian*), Helsingør (Danish*, German variant*, Norwegian*), Helsingör (Finnish*, German*, Swedish*) |
| Netherlands Emmeloord | Civitas Fortunae Emmeloordis (Latin[3] ), Emelordas (Lithuanian), Emmeloard (Western Frisian*), Emmeloord (Dutch*) |
| Germany Emmerich | Emmerich (German*), Emmerik (Dutch*) |
| Belgium Enghien | Angia (Latin), Edinge (Limburgish*), Edingen (Dutch*), Enge (West Flemish), Enghien (French*), Ingî (Picard), Inguî (Walloon*) |
| Germany Erfurt | Erfurt (German*), Ερφούρτη (Greek*), Erfordia (Latin*), Jarobrod (Upper Sorbian*) |
| Germany Erlangen | Erlangen (Dutch*, French*, German*), Erlanky (Czech, old, obsolete*) |
| Finland Espoo | Aīsībō – 埃斯波 (Chinese*), Esbo (Swedish*), Espo (Latvian*, Lithuanian*), Espoo (Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Espoo – Эспоо (Russian*), Esupō – エスポー (Japanese*) |
| Germany Essen | Assindia (Latin), Esse (Limburgish*), Essen (English, German), Essjen - Э́ссен (Russian) |
| Hungary Esztergom | Eštergon or Ostrogon – Oстргон (Serbian*), Estergom – Эстергом (Russian*), Estergon (Turkish*), Esztergom (Hungarian*), Gran (German*), Ostřihom (Czech*), Ostrihom (Slovak*), Ostrogon or Ostrigon (Croatian*), Ostrzyhom (Polish*), Solva* or Strigonium * (Latin), Strigonio (ancient Italian*), Strigoniu (Romanian*) |
| Belgium Eupen | Eupen (Dutch*, French*, German*), Naowe* or Naouwe* (Walloon, medieval spellings), Néau (French*, archaïc), Neyow (Walloon*) |
| United Kingdom England Exeter | Caerwysg (Welsh*), Escanceaster (Old English), Exchestre (Middle English), Exonia (Latin*), Isca (Dumnoniorum) (Imperial Latin), Karesk (Cornish*) |
F
[edit ]| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
| Cyprus /Northern Cyprus Famagusta | Ammóchostos – Αμμόχωστος (Greek*), Famagosta (Italian*), Famagouste (French*), Famagusta (Dutch*, English*, German*), Gazimağusa (Turkish*) |
| Austria Feldkirch | Feldkirch (German*), San Peder (Romansh), Tǔsì - 土寺 (Mandarin) |
| Ukraine /Autonomous Republic of Crimea Feodosia | Cafà (archaic Ligurian), Caffa (archaic English), Kafa – Кафа (archaic Ukrainian), Käfä – Кәфә (Kazan Tatar), Káffas – Κάφφας (medieval Greek), Kefe (Crimean Tatar, Turkish), Feodosija (Finnish), Feodosija – Феодосия (Russian), Feodosija – Феодосія (Ukrainian), Feodossija (German), Tʿeodosia – Թեոդոսիա (Armenian), Teodozja (Polish), Theodhosía – Θεοδωσία (Greek), Theodosia (Latin), Théodosie (French), Xí'àoduōxíyà - 席奥多席亚/席奧多席亞 (Mandarin) |
| Italy Fiesole | Faesulae (Latin), Fiesole (Italian), Vipsul (Etruscan) |
| Slovakia Fiľakovo | Fiľakovo (Slovak*), Fiļakovo (Latvian*), Filek (Turkish*), Filiakovas (Lithuanian*), Filjakovo (Serbo-Croatian*), Filjakovo – Фиљаково (Serbian*), Fülek (Hungarian*), Fülleck (German*) |
| Germany Flensburg | Flensborag (North Frisian* (Öömrang)), Flansborj (North Frisian (Mooring)), Flensborg (Danish*, Low German*), Flensbourg (French*), Flensburch (West Frisian*), Flensburg (German*, Romanian*), Flensburgo (Portuguese*), Flensbörg (Gronings, Swedish*) |
| Belgium Fleurus | Flerius (Latin), Fleriusas (Lithuanian), Fleuru (Walloon*), Fleurus (French*) |
| Switzerland Flims | Flem (Romansh*), Flims (German*) |
| Italy Florence | Fflorens (Welsh*), Firenca (Bosnian *, Croatian*), Firenca – Фиренца (Serbian*), Firence (Slovene*), Firentse – フィレンツェ (Japanese*), Firenze (Estonian*, Finnish*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Maltese, Norwegian*), Floireans (Scottish Gaelic), Florance (Walloon*), Flórans (Irish*), Floransa (Turkish*), Florença (Portuguese*), Florence (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, French*, Latvian*), Florència (Catalan*), Florencia (Slovak*, Spanish*), Florencie (Czech*), Florencija (Lithuanian*), Florencja (Polish*), Florens (former Danish*, Swedish*), Florenţa (Romanian*), Florentía – Φλωρεντία (Greek*), Florentia (Latin), Florentië (older Dutch*), Florentsiya – Флоренция (Russian*), Florentsiya – Флоренція (Ukrainian*), Florenz (German*), Fóluólúnsi – 佛羅倫斯 / 翡冷翠 (Chinese), Pirenche / P'irench'e – 피렌체 (Korean) |
| Belgium Florenville | Floravile (Walloon*), Florenville (French*) |
| Netherlands Flushing | Flesinga (Spanish*), Flessinga (Italian*), Flessingue (French*), Flissingen (West Frisian*), Vlissienge (Zeelandic), Vlissingen (Dutch*) |
| United Kingdom Scotland Fort Augustus | Cille Chuimein (Irish*, Scots Gaelic*), Fort Augustus (Dutch*, English*, French*, German*), Forte Augusto (Italian*), Kiliwhimin (former English, former Scots), Àogǔsīdūbǎo - 奥古斯都堡 (Mandarin) |
| Belgium Fontaine-l'Évêque | Fontaine-l'Évêque (French*), Fontana Episcopi (Latin), Fontinne-l'-Eveke (Walloon*) |
| Belgium Fosses-la-Ville | Fosse-la-Ville (Picard*), Fosse-li-Veye (Walloon*), Fosses-la-Ville (French*) |
| Germany Frankfurt am Main | Fǎlánkèfú – 法蘭克福 (Mandarin Chinese*),Francfort (Catalan*), Fráncfort del Meno (Spanish*), Francfort-sur-le-Main (French*), Francfurt (Romansh*), Francoforte sobre o Meno (Portuguese*), Francoforte sul Meno (Italian*), Frankfort aan de Main (Dutch*, Limburgian*), Frankfoúrti – Φρανκφούρτη or Frankfoúrti epí tou Máin – Φρανκφούρτη επί του Μάιν (Greek)*, Frankfurt al Mayn – פרנקפורט על מיין (Hebrew*), Frankfurt am Main (German*), Frankfurt Maini ääres (Estonian*), Frankfurt nad Menem (Polish*), Frankfurt nad Mohanem (Czech*), Frankfurt nad Mohanom (Slovak*), Frankfurt na Majni (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt na Majni – Франкфурт на Мајни (Serbian*) Frankfurt-na-Mayne – Франкфурт-на-Майне (Russian*), Frankfurt-na-Mayni – Франкфурт-на-Майні (Ukrainian*), Frankfurt pe Main (Romanian*), Frankfurtas prie Maino (Lithuanian*), Frankfurte pie Mainas (Latvian*), Furankufuruto – フランクフルト (Japanese*), (Main Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish*), Majnafrankfurt (former Hungarian*), Maynada Frankfurt (Azeri*), Peurangkeupureuteu / P'ŭrangk'ŭp'urŭt'ŭ – 프랑크푸르트 (Korean) |
| Germany Frankfurt (Oder) | Fráncfort del Oder (Spanish*), Francfort-sur-l'Oder (French*), Francoforte sobre o Óder (Portuguese*), Francoforte sull'Oder (Italian*), Frankfurt (Oder)* or Frankfurt an der Oder (German), Frankfurt nad Odrą / Słubice (historic) (Polish*), Frankfurt nad Odrou (Czech*, Slovak*), Frankfurt-na-Odere – Франкфурт-на-Одере (Russian*), Frankfurt na Odri (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt Oderi ääres (Estonian*)Frankfurt pe Oder (Romanian*), Frankfurtas prie Oderio (Lithuanian*), Frankfurte pie Oderas (Latvian*), (Oder Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish*), Oderafrankfurt (older Hungarian*), (Oderdə) Frankfurt (Azeri*), Frankfoúrti (Óder) – Φρανκφούρτη (Όντερ) or Frankfoúrti epí tou Óder – Φρανκφούρτη επί του Όντερ (Greek)* |
| Germany Freiburg | Frajburg – Фрајбург (Serbian*), Freiburg im Breisgau (German*), Freiburga (Latvian*), Fribourg or Fribourg-en-Brisgau (French*), Friburgo (Portuguese*), Friburgo de Brisgovia (Spanish*), Friburgo in Brisgovia (Italian*), Fryburg Bryzgowijski (Polish*), Furaiburuku – フライブルク (Japanese*) |
| Germany Freising | Brižinje* or Brižine* (Slovene), Freising (German*), Fresinga (Spanish variant*), Frisinga (Italian*, Spanish*), Frisingue (French*), Fryzynga (Polish*) |
| Switzerland Fribourg | Freiburg im Üechtland (German*), Friborgo (Swiss Italian*), Fribourg (Finnish*, French*), Friburg (Catalan*, Romansh*), Friburgo (Italian *, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Fryburg (Polish*) |
| Poland Frombork | Frauenburg (German*), Frombork (Polish*) |
G
[edit ]| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
| Slovakia Gabčíkovo | Beš (archaic Slovak), Bős (Hungarian*), Gabčíkovo (Slovak*), Gabčīkovo (Latvian*) |
| Slovakia Galanta | Galanta (Slovak*), Galanta – Галанта (Serbian*), Galánta (Hungarian*), Gallandau (German*), Qаlаntа (Azerbaijani*) |
| Republic of Ireland Galway | Gaillimh (Irish)*, Galvia (Latin)*, Golwei / Kolwei - 골웨이 (Korean), a' Ghailbhinn (Scots Gaelic)* |
| Sweden Gällivare | Gällivare (Swedish)*, Jällivaara (Finnish)*, Jelivarė (Lithuanian)*, Jiellevárre (Lule Sami), Jiellevárri (Northern Sami)*, Váhčir (Northern Sami alternate)*, Váhtjer (Lule Sami alternate), Yellivare – Елливаре (Russian)* |
| Sweden Gävle | Gefle (Norwegian, Swedish before 1940), Gevalia (Latin) |
| Slovakia Gbely | Egbell (German*, Hungarian*), Gbeli (Latvian*), Gbely (Slovak*), Gbely – Гбели (Serbian*) |
| Poland Gdańsk | Dancig, Dancka (older Hungarian*), Danswijk (former Dutch)*, Danţig (older Romanian*), Dantiscum (Latin alternate)*, Dants - דאַנץ (Yiddish)*, Dantsic (older English alternate)*, Dantzig or Gdansk (Afrikaans)*, Danzica (Italian)*, Danzig (Icelandic)*, Danzig (German*, Spanish, older Turkish*), Danzigue (Portuguese)*, Gdaňsk (Czech)*, Gdansk (Finnish*, Romanian*, Slovene*, Turkish*), Gdansk - גדנסק (Hebrew)*, Gdańsk (Danish*, Dutch*, Polish*), Gdan'sk - Гданьск (Russian)*, Gdanjsk (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*), Gdaņska (Latvian)*, Gdanskas (Lithuanian)*, Gdanjsk - Гдањск (Serbian*, Macedonian*), Gduńsk (Kashubian)*, Gedania (Latin alternate)*, Gedanum (Latin)*, Geudanseukeu / Kŭdansŭk'ŭ - 그단스크 (Korean), Ghdhansk - Γδανσκ (Greek)*, Gudanisuku - グダニスク (Japanese)*, Gydanysg (Welsh)*, Gyddanyzc (Pomeranian, mentioned in 997 AD), Hdans'k - Гданськ (Ukrainian)* |
| Poland Gdynia | Gdiņa (Latvian)*, Gdingen (former Dutch*, German*), Gdiniô (Kashubian*, Pomeranian), Gdyně (Czech)*, Gdynė (Lithuanian)*, Gdynia (Finnish*, Polish*, Romanian*), Ghdhínia - Γδύνια (Greek)*, Gotenhafen (German 1939–1945)*, Hdyniya - Гдиня (Ukrainian)* |
| Belgium Geel | Geel (Dutch*), Gelis (Lithuanian*) |
| Slovakia Gelnica | Geljnica – Гељница (Serbian*), Gelnica (Slovak*), Gelnjica (Serbo-Croatian*), Göllnitz (German*), Gölnicbánya (Hungarian*) |
| Belgium Gembloux | Djiblou (Walloon*), Gemblacum (Latin*), Gembloers (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, Limburgish*, Zeelandic*), Gembloux (French*), Žanblu (Lithuanian*) |
| Belgium Genappe | Djinape (Walloon*), Genapė (Lithuanian), Genappe (French*), Genappia (Latin), Genepiën (Dutch*, Zeelandic*) |
| Switzerland Geneva | Cenevre (Turkish)*, Djeneve (Walloon)*, Genebra (Portuguese)*, Genefa (Welsh)*, Geneva (Romanian)*, Geneve (Afrikaans*, Armenian, Finnish*, Swedish*), Genève (Danish*, Dutch, French*), Genevra (Romansh)*, Genewa (Polish)*, Genf (Estonian*, German*, Icelandic*, Hungarian*), An Ghinéiv (Irish)*, Ginebra (Catalan*, Spanish*), Ginevra (Italian) *, Ġinevra (Maltese), Cenevrə (Azeri)*, Jenewa (Indonesian)*, Jinīf - جنيف (Arabic), Xenebra (Galician)*, Yenévi - Γενεύη (Greek)*, Ženeva - Женева (Bosnian*, Bulgarian*, Croatian*, Czech*, Lithuanian*, Serbian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Ukrainian*), Ženēva (Latvian) *, Zjenaef (Limburgian)*, Zhenyeva - Женева (Russian*,), Zhenevë (Albanian)*, Jeneva - ז'נבה (Hebrew)*, Jeneba / Cheneba - 제네바 (Korean), Junēbu - ジュネーブ (Japanese)*, Rineiwa - 日內瓦 (Chinese)* |
| Belgium Genk | Geneche (Latin), Genk (Dutch*, Limburgish*), Genka (Latvian*), Genkas (Lithuanian*) |
| Italy Genoa | Cenova (Turkish)*, Đenova (Serbian)*, Dženova (Latvian)*, Gênes (French)*, Gènova (Catalan)*, Genova (Danish*, Finnish*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Romanian*, Slovene*), Génova* - Gênova* ( Brazilian Portuguese), Ġenova (Maltese), Génova (Spanish)*, (European Portuguese) * - Genúa (Icelandic)*, Genua (Danish*, Dutch*, German*, Latin*, Polish*, Swedish*), Genuja (Lithuanian)*, Gjenova (Albanian)*, Janov (Czech*, Slovak*), Jenoba - ジェノバ (Japanese)*, Jenoba / Chenoba - 제노바 (Korean), Xénova (Galician)*, Yénova - Γένοβα*- Γένουα* (Greek), Zena (Ligurian)* |
| Belgium Geraardsbergen | Geraardsbergen (Dutch*), Geraerdsbergen (Zeelandic*), Gerārdsbergena (Latvian), Gerardimontium (Latin), Gėrarsbergenas (Lithuanian), Geroardsbergn (West Flemish*), Grammont (French*) |
| North Macedonia Gevgelija | Gevgelija (English), Djevdjelija (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Гевгелија (Macedonian), Gevgeli (Turkish), Gjevgjeli (Albanian) |
| Belgium Ghent | Gænt (Anglo-Saxon*), Gand (French*, Italian*, Picard*, Venetian), Gandavum (Latin*), Gandawa (Polish*), Gant (Aragonese*, Walloon*) Gante (Asturian*, Basque*, Galician*, Portuguese*, Spanish*, Tagalog*), Ganti (Extremaduran*), Gaunt (archaic English*), Gent (Dutch*), Gent - Гент (Belarusian*, Russian*), Gent - גנט (Hebrew*), Gentas (Lithuanian*), Gento (Esperanto*), Ģente (Latvian*), Genteu / Kent'ŭ - 겐트 (Korean), Ghándhi - Γάνδη (Greek*), Ghent (Enlgish, Nauru, Pitcairn-Norfolk, Scots*, Waray*), Gint (West Frisian*), Guanto (old Italian*), Jänt (Colognian*) |
| United Kingdom Gibraltar Gibraltar | Cebelitarık (Turkish)*, Cəbəllütarix (Azeri)*, Ġibiltà (Maltese), Gibilterra (Italian)*, Gibraltar (Dutch*, Finnish*, Polish *, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Gibraltar - גיברלטר (Hebrew)*, Gibraltár (Hungarian*), Gibraltaras (Lithuanian)*, Gibraltārs (Latvian)*, Giobraltair or Diobraltair (Scottish Gaelic), Giobráltar (Irish), Ghivraltár - Γιβραλτάρ (Greek)*, Hibraltar - (Tagalog*, Гібралтар Ukrainian)*, Jibraltār - جبرلتار or (older) Jabal Tāriq - جبل طارق (Arabic)*, Jibeurolteo / Chibŭrolt'ŏ - 지브롤터 (Korean), Jiburarutaru - ジブラルタル (Japanese)*, Zhíbùluótuó - 直布羅陀 (Chinese)* |
| Slovakia Giraltovce | Girált (Hungarian*), Giraltovce (Slovak*) |
| Spain Girona | Gerona (Dutch*, German*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Gérone (French)*, Gerunda (Latin)*, Girona (Catalan*, Finnish*, Portuguese*), Xirona (Galician)* |
| Belgium Gistel | Ghistelles (archaic French*), Gistel (Dutch*, French*), Gistelis (Lithuanian), Gistella (Latin) |
| Albania Gjirokastër | Argirocastro (Italian)*,[KNAB] Argirokastro - Аргирокастро (Bulgarian)*, Argyrocastrum (Latin)*,[4] Argyrókastro - Αργυρόκαστρο (Greek)*,[KNAB] Argyrókastron - Αργυρόκαστρον (Byzantine Greek), Đirokastra - Ђирокастра (Serbo-Croatian)*, Ergeri (Turkish),[KNAB] Ergiri (Turkish)*,[5] Ergirikasrı (Turkish),[5] Girokastra - Гирокастра (Russian)*,[KNAB] Ǵirokastro - Ѓирокастро (Macedonian)*, Gjinokastër (Gheg Albanian), Gjirokastër*/Gjirokastra* (Albanian)[KNAB]
|
| Switzerland Glarus | Glaris (French)*, Glarona (Italian*, Portuguese*) Glaruna (Romansh)*, Glarus (Dutch*, German*) |
| United Kingdom England Glastonbury | Glaistimbir* - Glaistimbir na nGael* - Gloineistir* (Irish) |
| United Kingdom Scotland Glasgow | Glaschú (Irish)*, Glaschu (Scottish Gaelic)*, Glásgua (Portuguese, rare)*, Glesga, Glesgae (Scots)*, Glāzgova (Latvian)*, Glaskove - Γλασκώβη (Greek)*, Glazgo - גלזגו (Hebrew)*, Geullaeseugo / Kŭllaesŭgo - 글래스고 (Korean), Gurasugō - グラスゴー (Japanese)*, Glazgas (Lithuanian)* |
| Poland Gliwice | Gleiwitz (German)*, Gliwice (Polish)*, Hlivitse - Глівіце (Ukrainian)* |
| United Kingdom England Gloucester | Caerloyw (Welsh)*, Gàoluóshìdă - 告羅士打 (Chinese)*, Glocester (French alternate), Gloucester (Dutch, French, German), Glevum (Latin)* |
| Poland Głogów | Glogau (German)*, Glogov (Serbian)*, Glogova (Lithuanian)*, Glogovia (Latin)*, Głogów (Polish)*, Hlohov (Czech, rare)*, Hlohuv - Глогув (Ukrainian)* |
| Germany Glücksburg | Glücksburg (German)*, Lukkuborg (Icelandic)*, Lyksborg (Danish)* |
| Hungary Gödöllő | Gödöllő (Hungarian)*, Getterle (former German), Gyodyollyo - Гёдёллё (Russian)* |
| Austria Gmünd | Cmunt (Czech, old, obsolete)*, Gmünd (Dutch, French, German)* |
| Belarus Gomel | Gomel' - Гомель (Russian)*, Homel (German*, Polish*), Homel' - Гомель (Ukrainian)*, Homiel - Гомель (Belarusian)*, Homiel (Romanian)*, Homl - האָמל (Yiddish) |
| Italy Gorizia | Gorica (Croatian*, Bosnian*, Romanian*, Slovene*, Serbian*), Gorizia (Finnish*, French*, Italian*), Görz (German)*, Gurize (Friulian)*, Gorycja (Polish) |
| Germany Görlitz | Görlitz (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Romanian*), Zgorzelec (Polish)*, Zhořelec (Czech)*, Zhorjelc (Upper Sorbian) |
| Poland Gorzów Wielkopolski | Gorzów Wielkopolski (Polish)*, Landsberg an der Warthe (German)* |
| Sweden Gothenburg | Gautaborg (Icelandic)*, Gēdébǎo - 哥德堡 (Chinese)*, Gēteborga (Latvian)*, Gioteburgas (Lithuanian)*, Goateboarch (West Frisian*), Göteborg (Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Gøteborg (Norwegian*, Danish*), Göteburg (Turkish)*, Gotemburgo (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Gotenburg (Afrikaans*, Dutch alternate*, former German*, former Polish*), Gothembourg (former French)*, Gutenburgu (Maltese), Yetebori / Yet'ebori - 예테보리 (Korean), Yōtebori - ヨーテボリ / Ietebori - イエテボリ (Japanese)* |
| Germany Göttingen | Chöttingen (Low German)*, Getingen - Гетинген (Serbian)*, Gėtingenas (Lithuanian)*, Getinggen - 哥廷根 (Chinese)*, Gettingen - ゲッティンゲン (Japanese)*, Getynga (Polish)*, Getynky (Czech, old, obsolete)*, Goettinga (Latin)*, Gœttingue or Gottingue (French)*, Gotinga (Spanish*, Portuguese*), Göttinga (medieval Hungarian)*, Gottinga (Italian)*, Gottingē - Γοττίγγη (Greek, καθαρεύουσα)*, Göttingen (Dutch*, German*, Turkish*), Gyotingen - Гьотинген (Bulgarian)*, Gyottingen - Гёттинген (Kazakh*, Russian*) |
| Poland Gramzow | Gramzow (German)*, Grębowo (Polish)* |
| Spain Granada | al-Ġarnāda - غرناطة (Arabic)*, Elibyrge - Ἐλιβύργη (Ancient Greek)*, Granada (Dutch*, Interlingua, Italian*, Latvian*, Lithuanian*, Maltese, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Grenade (French)*, Ghranadha - Γρανάδα (Greek)*, Grenada (Polish)*, Guranada - グラナダ (Japanese) *, Geuranada / Kŭranada - 그라나다 (Korean), Illiberis* or Illiberi Liberini* (Latin) |
| Austria Graz | Geuracheu/Kŭrach'ŭ - 그라츠 (Korean)*, Grác (Serbian*, alternative Hungarian), Grāca (Latvian)*, Gracas (Lithuanian)*, Gradac (Croatian)*, Gradec (Slovene)*, Graecia or Graecium (Latin)*, Grats - Грац (Belarusian*, Bulgarian*, Russian*), Grats - Γκρατς (Greek)*, Gratz or Graz (French)*, Graz (Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Romanian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Grodziec (Polish)*, Gurātsu - グラーツ (Japanese)*, Hrats - Грац (Ukrainian)*, Štýrský Hradec (Czech)*, غراتس (Arabic)*, 格拉茨 (Chinese)*, گراتس (Persian)*, გრაცი (Georgian)*, גראץ (Hebrew)* |
| Germany Greifswald | Greifswald (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, French*, German*), Gryfia (Polish*, Pomeranian) |
| France Grenoble | Cularo (Gaulish, old Latin)*, Qrönobl (Azeri)*, Grasanòbol (Occitan)*, Gratianopolis (Latin)*, Γκρενόμπλ (Greek)*, Grenobla (Portuguese)*, Grenoble (Dutch*, French*, Italian*, Romanian*), Гренобль (русский)* |
| Netherlands Groningen | Greuninge (Limburgian)*, Grins (Frisian)*, Groninga (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Groningen (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, German*, Romanian*), Groningue (French)*, Grönnen - Grunnen (Gronings), Groningenas (Lithuanian*),Groot Loug or Stad (local nicknames) |
| Russia Grozny | Caharkala* or Caharkale* (Turkish alternates), Djovkhar Ghaala (alternative Chechen (separatist)), Džochargala (alternative Lithuanian name)*, Geurojeuni / Kŭrojŭni - 그로즈니 (Korean)*, Groznas (Lithuanian)*, Grozni (Turkish*, Slovene*), Groznîi (Romanian)*, Groznija (Latvian)*, Grozny (Polish)*, Groznyi (Finnish)*, Groznyy - Грозный (Russian)*, Gurozunui - グロズヌイ (Japanese)*, Hroznyy - Грозний (Ukrainian)*, Sölƶ-Ġala - Соьлж-ГIала (Chechen) |
| Poland Grudziądz | Graudenz (German)*, Grudziądz (Polish)*, |
| Germany Günzburg | Günzburg (German)*, Gunzburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*) |
| Russia Gusev | Gąbin (Polish)*, Gumbinė (Lithuanian)*, Gumbinnen (German)*, Gusev - Гусев (Russian)* |
| Hungary Győr | Arrabona / Arabona[KNAB] (ancient Latin), Đer - Ђер (Serbian*), Dėras[KNAB] (Lithuanian*), Djer - Дєр /D'jor - Дьйор (Ukrainian*), Đur - Ђур (older Serbian*, older Croatian), Dyor - Дьёр (Russian* [KNAB] ), Ģēra (Latvian*), Gyar (Romanian), Győr (Hungarian*), Janok - Јанок (historic Serbian), Jaurinum (medieval Latin), Jawaryn (older Polish*), Jēru - ジェール (Japanese*), Jiāo'ěr - 焦爾 (Mandarin Chinese - Taiwan usage*), Jié'ěr - 杰尔 [simplified characters] / 杰爾 [traditional characters] (Mandarin Chinese*), Jìuyíh - 焦爾 (Cantonese), Jura (Croatian), Jwereu / Chwerŭ - 죄르 (Korean)*, Làbǎi - 腊佰 (older Chinese), Raab (German)*,[KNAB] Ráb (older Czech*,[KNAB] older Slovak[KNAB] ), Vjura (older Croatian), Yanıkkale (historic Turkish*), Zhuó'ěr - 卓爾 (older Chinese) |
H
[edit ]| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
| Denmark Haderslev | Hadersleben (German)*, Haderslev (Danish)* |
| France Haguenau | Hagenau (German)*, Haguenau (French)* |
| Norway Halden | Fredrikshald (former name)* |
| Belgium Halen | Haelen (alternative French*), Halen (Dutch* French*), Halenium (Latin), Hôle (Limburgish*) |
| Belgium Halle | Hal (French*), Hala (archaic Italian*), Halė (Lithuanian), Håle (Walloon), Halla (Latin, archaic Spanish*), Halle (Dutch*), Hao (archaic Spanish*) |
| Germany Hamburg | Amburgo (Italian)*, Amvúrgho - Αμβούργο (Greek)*, Gamburg - Гамбург (Russian)*, Hamborig (North Frisian*), Hamborg (Danish*, Low Saxon*, Icelandic), Hambourg (French)*, Hambörg (Gronings), Hamburch (West Frisian*), Hamburg (Afrikaans*, Catalan*, Croatian*, Estonian*, German*, Hungarian*, Polish*, Romanian*, Scottish Gaelic*, Serbian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Hambūrġ (Arabic), Hamburga (Latvian)*, Hamburgas (Lithuanian)*, Hamburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*), Ħamburgu (Maltese), Hamburk (Czech)*, Hammaburgum (traditional Latin name)*, Hammonia (modern Latin name)*, Hampuri (Finnish)*, Hambureukeu / Hamburŭk'ŭ - 함부르크 (Korean), Hamburuku - ハンブルク (Japanese)*, Hanbao - 漢堡 (Chinese)* |
| Finland Hämeenlinna | Hämeenlinna (Estonian*, Finnish*), Tavastehus (Swedish)* |
| Germany Hamelin | Hamelen (Dutch)*, Hamelin (French*, Italian*, Portuguese*, Romanian*), Hamelín (Spanish) *, Hameln (German*, Finnish*) |
| Finland Hamina | Hamina (Finnish), Fredrikshamn (Swedish) |
| Belgium Hamont-Achel | Haëmet-Achel (Limburgish*), Hamont-Achel (Dutch*) |
| Germany Hanau | Hanau (German*, Romanian*), Hanava (Czech, old, obsolete)* |
| Slovakia Handlová | Handlova (Azerbaijani*, Serbo-Croatian*), Handlova – Хандлова (Serbian*), Handlová (Slovak*), Krickerhau (German*), Mercatoria (Latin*), Nyitrabánya (Hungarian*) |
| Belgium Hannut | Hannut (French*), Hannuit (Dutch*), Haneu (alternative Walloon*), Hanu (Walloon*), Hanutum (Latin) |
| Germany Hanover | Anóvero - Αννόβερο (Greek)*, Ganover - Гановер (Russian)*, Hannover (Azeri*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Italian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Hannovere (Latvian) *, Hànnuòwei - 漢諾威 (Chinese)*, Hanòbhar (Scottish Gaelic)*, Hanôve (Walloon)*, Hanôver (Portuguese)*, Hanóver (Spanish)*, Hanovere (Latvian)*, Hanoveris (Lithuanian) *, Hanovra (Romanian)*, Hanobeo / Hanobŏ - 하노버 (Korean), Hanovre (French) *, Hanower (Polish)*, Hanōbā - ハノーバー / Hanōfā - ハノーファー (Japanese)* |
| Sweden Haparanda | Haaparanta (Finnish*, Meänkieli), Háhpárándi (Northern Sami)*, Haparanda (Swedish)* |
| Belgium Harelbeke | Aorelbeke (Zeelandic*), Harelbeke (Dutch*), Harelbekė (Lithuanian*), Oarelbeke (West Flemish*) |
| Sweden Härnösand | Härnösand (Swedish)*, Herniosandas (Lithuanian)*, Hernosandia (Latin)*, Hernusando (Esperanto)*, Hïernesaande (Southern Sami) |
| Belgium Hasselt | Haselta (Latvian*), Haseltas (Lithuanian*), Haselto (Esperanto*), Hasse (Walloon*), Hasselatum (alternative Latin*), Hasseletum (Latin*), Hasselt (Dutch*, French*, German*, Limburgish*, Romanian*) |
| Slovakia Hanušovce nad Topľou | Hansdorf an der Töpl (German*), Hanušovce nad Topľou (Slovak*), Hanušovce na Toploj (Serbo-Croatian*), Hanušovce pie Topļas (Latvian*), Tapolyhanusfalva (Hungarian*) |
| Netherlands Heerlen | Heerlen (Dutch*, French, German*), Coriovallum (Latin)*, Heële (Limburgian)* |
| Germany Heligoland | Deät Lunn (North Frisian (Halunder))*, Hålilönj (North Frisian (Mooring)), Hälgelound (Saterland Frisian)*, Helgolân (Frisian)*, Helgoland (Czech*, Dutch*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Turkish*), Heligoland (French)*, Heligolândia (Portuguese)*, Terra Sacra (Latin)* |
| Sweden Helsingborg | Hè'ěrxīnbăo - 赫爾辛堡(Chinese)*, Helsimburgo (Portuguese)*, Helsingborg (Danish*, Dutch, Finnish*, French, German*, Swedish*),Helsingjaborg (Icelandic* Helsingburg (former German)*, Helsingbörg (Gronings), Hälsingborg (former Swedish) |
| Finland Helsinki | Chielsynki - Хельсынкі (Belarusian)*, Elsenfors (Dutch [rare])*, Elsínki - Ελσίνκι (Greek)*, Gel'singfors - Гельсингфорс (former Russian), Harshanca - ཧིར་ཤིན་ཅ (Tibetan)*, Hè'ěrxīnjī - 赫尔辛基 (Chinese)*, Heilsincí (Irish)*, Helsig (Inari Sami), Helsingfors (Norwegian*, Swedish*, Danish *, former German*), Helsingforsia (former Latin name)*, Helsingi (Estonian)*, Helsingia (Latin)*, Helsingki / Helsingk'i - 헬싱키 (Korean)*, Helsink'i - ჰელსინკი (Georgian)*, Helsinki (Azeri*, Danish*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Italian*, Latvian*, Polish*, Romanian*, Serbian*, Slovene*, Spanish*, Turkish*), Helsiņki - হেলসিঙ্কি (Bengali)*, Helsinkī - हेलसिंकी (Hindi, Marathi*), Ħelsinki (Maltese), Hel'sinki - Гельсінкі or Khel'sinki - Хельсінкі (Ukrainian)*, Helsinkis (Lithuanian)*, Helsinky (Czech)*, Helsinque (Brazilian Portuguese)*, Helsínquia (Portuguese)*, Heʹlssen (Skolt Sami), Helsset (Northern Sami), Helzinki - Хелзинки (Bulgarian)*, Herushinki - ヘルシンキ (Japanese)*, Hilsīnkī - هلسنكي (Arabic)*, Khel'sinki - Хельсинки (Russian)*, Stadi and Hesa (local slang) |
| Greece Heraklion | Càndia (Catalan)*, Candia (Italian*, Spanish*), Cândia* / Héraclion * (Portuguese), Candie (old French)*, Heraklion (German*, Romanian*), Héraklion (French)*, Iraklio - Ηράκλειο (Greek)*, Iraklion (Finnish*, Polish*, Serbian*, Romanian*), Kandiye (Turkish)* |
| Belgium Herentals | Herentalia (Latin), Herentals (Dutch*), Hėrentalsas (Lithuanian) |
| Belgium Herk-de-Stad | Herck-la-Ville (French*), Herk (Limburgish*), Herka (Latin), Herk-de-Stad (Dutch*) |
| Netherlands 's-Hertogenbosch | Bois-le-Duc (French)*, Bolduque (Spanish)*, Boscoducale (former Italian)*, De Bos* and De Bosj* (Limburgian), De Bosk (Frisian)*, Den Bosch and 's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch)*, Herzogenbusch (German)*, Oeteldonk (colloquial Dutch [during Carnaval]*) |
| Belgium Herstal | Charistalius (Latin*), Harastallius (alternative Latin*), Heristalium (alternative Latin*), Hesta (Walloon*), Herstal (French*), Herstalis (Lithuanian*) |
| Belgium Herve | Herf (Limburgish*), Herve (French*), Harvia (Latin), Heve (Walloon*) |
| Germany Herzogenrath | 's-Hertogenrade (Dutch*), Herzogenrath (German*), Rode-le-Duc (French*) |
| Slovakia Hlohovec | Freistad(l) an der Waag (German*), Galgóc (Hungarian*), Glogovec – Глоговец (Kazakh*), Hlohovec (Slovak*), Hlohovec – Хлоховец (Serbian*), Hlohoveca (Latvian*), Hlohovecas (Lithuanian*), Hlohovets (Azerbaijani*), Holok (Turkish*) |
| Slovakia Hnúšťa | Hnúšťa (Slovak*), Hnuštja (Serbo-Croatian*), Hnuštja – Хнуштја (Serbian*), Hnūštja (Latvian*), Nusten (German*), Nyustya (Hungarian*) |
| Slovakia Holíč | Holíč (Slovak*), Holīča (Latvian*), Holics (Hungarian*), Holitsch (German*), Holyčius (Lithuanian*), Weißkirchen (an der March) (alternative German) |
| United Kingdom Wales Holyhead | Caergybi (Welsh)*, Caergybi (Scottish Gaelic)*, Shèngshǒu - 圣首/聖首 (Mandarin) |
| Belgium Hoogstraten | Hogstrate (French*), Hogstratenas (Lithuanian), Hoogstraten (Dutch*), 'Oôgstraeten (Zeelandic*) |
| Belgium Houffalize | Haufelescht (Luxembougish*), Hohenfels (German*), Houffalize (French*), Oufalijhe (Walloon*) |
| Germany Hoyerswerda | Hojeřice (Czech)*, Hoyerswerda (German)*, Wojerecy (Upper Sorbian)*, Wojrowice (Polish)*, Wórjejce (Lower Sorbian)* |
| Slovakia Hriňová | Herencsvölgy (Hungarian*), Hrinau (German*), Hrinjova (Serbo-Croatian*), Hrinjova – Хрињова (Serbian*), Hriňová (Slovak*), Hriņova (Latvian*) |
| Belarus Hrodna | Gardinas (Lithuanian)*, Garten (former German)*, Grodna (Latin)*, Grodņa (Latvian)*, Grodno (Czech*, Finnish*, French*, Polish*, Romanian*), Grodno - Гродно (Bulgarian*, Russian*), Grodne - גראָדנע (Yiddish)*, Harodnia - Гародня or Horadnia - Горадня (classical Belarusian)*, Hrodna - Гродна (Belarusian), Hrodno - Гродно (Ukrainian)* |
| Spain Huesca | Huesca (Spanish)*, Osca (Catalan*, Latin*), Òsca (Occitan), Oska (Basque)*, Uesca (Aragonese)* |
| Croatia Hum | Cholm (German)*, Colmo (Italian)*, Hum (Croatian*, Romanian*, Serbian) |
| Slovakia Humenné | Homenau (German*), Homonna (Hungarian*), Humenė (Lithuanian*), Humenje (Serbo-Croatian*), Humenje – Хумење (Serbian*), Humеnnе (Azerbaijani*, Latvian*), Humenné (Slovak*) |
| Slovakia Hurbanovo | Altdala (German*), Hurbanovo (Slovak*), Hurbanovo – Хурбаново (Serbian*), Ógyalla (Hungarian*), Stará Ďala (archaic Slovak) |
| Belgium Huy | Hju (Lithuanian), Hoei (Dutch* Limburgish*, Zeelandic*), Hoium (Latin), Huy (French)*, Hu (Walloon*, German*), Ija (Latvian) |
References
[edit ]- [KNAB] "KNAB, the Place Names Database of EKI". Eki.ee. Retrieved 2013年01月01日.
- ^ "Kyiv (Kiev) Travel Guide. Kiev?, Kyiv?! Which is right?".
- ^ "Edirne". Hrvatski obiteljski leksikon. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
- ^ correspondent, onze (1992年09月11日). "Digibron.nl, Emmeloord mag zich voortaan een stad noemen". Digibron.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2025年04月11日.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ J. G. Th. Graesse, Orbis Latinus (Dresden: Schönfeld, 1861; 1909. Brunswick, 1972) Ed. 1861 Ed. 1909 Ed. 1972
- ^ a b Ali, Çaksu (2006). Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Islamic Civilisation in the Balkans, Tirana, Albania, 4–7 December 2003 . Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture. p. 115. "At least since the middle of the nineteenth century; families or individuals from Gjirokastër (the Ottoman Ergiri or Ergiri Kasrı) in Southern Albania,..."