Plant species within the order Lamiales are eudicots and are herbaceous or have woody stems.[7]Zygomorphic flowers are common, having five petals with an upper lip of two petals and lower lip of three petals, but actinomorphic flowers are also seen.[7][8] Species potentially have five stamens, but these are typically reduced to two or four.[7][8] Lamiales also produce a single style attached to an ovary typically containing two carpels.[9] The ovary is mostly observed to be superior.[10] The inflorescence is typically seen as cyme, raceme or spike.[6] The fruit type is usually dehiscentcapsules.[11]Glandular hairs are present on the plants.[7]
The Lamiales previously had a restricted circumscription (e.g., by Arthur Cronquist) that included the major families Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Verbenaceae, and Boraginaceae, plus a few smaller families. In the classification system of Dahlgren the Lamiales were in the superorder Lamiiflorae (also called Lamianae). Recent phylogenetic work has shown the Lamiales are polyphyletic with respect to order Scrophulariales and the two groups are now usually combined in a single order that also includes the former orders Hippuridales and Plantaginales. Lamiales has become the preferred name for this much larger combined group. The placement of the Boraginaceae is unclear, but phylogenetic work shows this family does not belong in Lamiales.[citation needed]
Also, the circumscription of family Scrophulariaceae, formerly a paraphyletic group defined primarily by plesiomorphic characters and from within which numerous other families of the Lamiales were derived, has been radically altered to create a number of smaller, better-defined, and putatively monophyletic families.[12]
Much research has been conducted in recent years regarding the dating the Lamiales lineage, although there still remains some ambiguity. A 2004 study, on the molecular phylogenetic dating of asterid flowering plants, estimated 106 million years (MY) for the stem lineage of Lamiales.[13] A similar study in 2009 estimated 80 million years.[14] Another 2009 study gives several reasons why the issue is particularly difficult to solve.[6]
Species within the order are also known to have properties to repel insects and help control harmful diseases from insects, such as Malaria from mosquitos.[17][16] Plants of the family Acanthaceae have bioactive secondary metabolites within their mature leaves, which have been found to be toxic to insect larvae.[17] Botanical derived insecticides are a good alternate for chemical or synthetic insecticides as it is inexpensive, abundant and safe for other plants, non-target organisms and the environment.[17]
^M. E. J. Chandler. 1964. The Lower Tertiary Floras of Southern England. IV. A summary and survey of findings in the light of recent botanical observations.
^McDade, L. A.; Daniel, T. F.; Kiel, C. A. (2008年09月01日). "Toward a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s.l. (Lamiales)". American Journal of Botany. 95 (9): 1136–1152. Bibcode:2008AmJB...95.1136M. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800096. ISSN0002-9122. PMID21632432.
^Susana Magallón & Amanda Castillo (2009), "Angiosperm diversification through time", American Journal of Botany, 96 (1): 349–365, doi:10.3732/ajb.0800060, PMID21628193
^ abFonseca, Luiz Henrique M. (November 2021). "Combining molecular and geographical data to infer the phylogeny of Lamiales and its dispersal patterns in and out of the tropics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 164 107287. Bibcode:2021MolPE.16407287F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107287. PMID34365014.
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