Class Reference

A class is a category for objects that share characteristics. AppleScript defines classes for common objects used in AppleScript scripts, such as aliases, Boolean values, integers, text, and so on.

Each object in a script is an instance of a specific class and has the same properties (including the class property), can contain the same kinds of elements, and supports the same kinds of operations and coercions as other objects of that type. Objects that are instances of AppleScript types can be used anywhere in a script—they don’t need to be within a tell block that specifies an application.

Scriptable applications also define their own classes, such as windows and documents, which commonly contain properties and elements based on many of the basic AppleScript classes described in this chapter. Scripts obtain these objects in the context of the applications that define them. For more information on the class types applications typically support, see "Standard Classes" in Technical Note TN2106, Scripting Interface Guidelines .

A persistent reference to an existing file, folder, or volume in the file system.

For related information, see file , POSIX file , and Aliases and Files .

Properties of alias objects

Coercions Supported

AppleScript supports coercion of an alias object to a text object or single-item list .

Examples

set zApp to choose application as alias -- (then choose Finder.app)

--result: alias "Leopard:System:Library:CoreServices:Finder.app:"

class of zApp --result: alias

zApp as text --result: "Leopard:System:Library:CoreServices:Finder.app:"

zApp as list --result: {alias "Leopard:System:Library:CoreServices:Finder.app:"}

You can use the POSIX path property to obtain a POSIX-style path to the item referred to by an alias:

POSIX path of zApp --result: "/System/Library/CoreServices/Finder.app/"

An application on a local machine or an available server.

An application object in a script has all of the properties described here, which are handled by AppleScript. It may have additional properties, depending on the specific application it refers to.

Properties of application objects

Coercions Supported

AppleScript supports coercion of an application object to a single-item list .

Examples

You can determine whether an application on the current computer is running without launching it (this won’t work if your target is on a remote computer):

tell application "iTunes" -- doesn't automatically launch app

 if it is running then

 pause

 end if

end tell

You can also use this format:

if application "iTunes" is running

 tell application "iTunes" to pause

end if

The following statements specify the TextEdit application by, respectively, its signature, its bundle id, and by a POSIX path to a specific version of TextEdit:

application id "ttxt"

application id "com.apple.TextEdit"

application "/Applications/TextEdit.app"

You can target a remote application with a tell statement. For details, see Remote Applications .

A logical truth value.

A boolean object evaluates to one of the AppleScript constants true or false. A Boolean expression contains one or more boolean objects and evaluates to true or false.

Properties of boolean objects

Operators

The operators that take boolean objects as operands are and, or, not, &, =, and ≠, as well as their text equivalents: is equal to, is not equal to, equals, and so on.

The = operator returns true if both operands evaluate to the same value (either true or false); the ≠ operator returns true if the operands evaluate to different values.

The binary operators and and or take boolean objects as operands and return Boolean values. An and operation, such as (2 > 1) and (4 > 3), has the value true if both its operands are true, and false otherwise. An or operation, such as (theString = "Yes") or (today = "Tuesday"), has the value true if either of its operands is true.

The unary not operator changes a true value to false or a false value to true.

The concatenation operator (&) creates a list containing the two boolean values on either side of it; for example:

true & false --result: {true, false}

For additional information on these operators, see Operators Reference .

Coercions Supported

AppleScript supports coercion of a boolean object to a single-item list , a text object, or an integer .

Examples

The following are simple Boolean expressions:

true

false

paragraphCount > 2

AppleScript supplies the Boolean constants true and false to serve as the result of evaluating a Boolean operation. But scripts rarely need to use these literals explicitly because a Boolean expression itself evaluates to a Boolean value. For example, consider the following two script snippets:

if companyName is equal to "Acme Baking" then

 return true

else

 return false

end if

return companyName is equal to "Acme Baking"

The second, simpler version, just returns the value of the Boolean comparison companyName is equal to "Acme Baking", so it doesn’t need to use a Boolean constant.

choose folder showing package contents true

choose folder with showing package contents

Specifies the class of an object or value.

All classes have a class property that specifies the class type. The value of the class property is an identifier.

Properties of class objects

Operators

The operators that take class identifier values as operands are &, =, ≠, and as.

The coercion operator as takes an object of one class type and coerces it to an object of a type specified by a class identifier. For example, the following statement coerces a text object into a corresponding real:

"1.5" as real --result: 1.5

Coercions Supported

AppleScript supports coercion of a class identifier to a single-item list or a text object.

Examples

Asking for the class of a type such as integer results in a value of class:

class of text --result: class

class of integer --result: class

Here is the class of a boolean literal:

class of true --result: boolean

And here are some additional examples:

class of "Some text" --result: text

class of {1, 2, "hello"} --result: list

A word with a predefined value.

Constants are generally used for enumerated types. You cannot define constants in scripts; constants can be defined only by applications and by AppleScript. See Global Constants in AppleScript for more information.

Properties of constant objects

Operators

The operators that take constant objects as operands are &, =, ≠, and as.

Coercions Supported

AppleScript supports coercion of a constant object to a single-item list or a text object.

Examples

One place you use constants defined by AppleScript is in text comparisons performed with considering or ignoring statements (described in considering / ignoring (text comparison) ). For example, in the following script statements, punctuation, hyphens, and white space are constants:

considering punctuation but ignoring hyphens and white space

 "bet-the farm," = "BetTheFarm," --result: true

end considering

class of hyphens --result: constant

The final statement shows that the class of hyphens is constant.

albums

all

artists

composers

displayed

songs

Specifies the day of the week, the date (month, day of the month, and year), and the time (hours, minutes, and seconds).

To get the current date, use the command current date :

set theDate to current date

--result: "Friday, November 9, 2007 11:35:50 AM"

You can get and set the different parts of a date object through the date and time properties described below.

When you compile a script, AppleScript displays date and time values according to the format specified in System Preferences.

Properties of date objects

Operators

The operators that take date object as operands are &, +, –, =, ≠, >, ≥, <, ≤, comes before, comes after, and as. In expressions containing >, ≥, <, ≤, comes before, or comes after, a later time is greater than an earlier time.

AppleScript supports the following operations on date objects with the + and – operators:

date + timeDifference

--result: date

date - date

--result: timeDifference

date - timeDifference

--result: date

where timeDifference is an integer value specifying a time difference in seconds. To simplify the notation of time differences, you can also use one or more of these of these constants:

minutes

 60

hours

 60 * minutes

days

 24 * hours

weeks

 7 * days

Here’s an example:

date "Friday, November 9, 2007" + 4 * days + 3 * hours + 2 * minutes

--result: date "Tuesday, November 13, 2007 3:02:00 AM"

To express a time difference in more convenient form, divide the number of seconds by the appropriate constant:

31449600 / weeks --result: 52.0

To get an integral number of hours, days, and so on, use the div operator:

151200 div days --result: 1

To get the difference, in seconds, between the current time and Greenwich mean time, use the time to GMT command.

Coercions Supported

AppleScript supports coercion of a date object to a single-item list or a text object.

Examples

The following expressions show some options for specifying a date, along with the results of compiling the statements. If you construct a date using only partial information, AppleScript fills in the missing pieces with default values. The actual format is based on the settings in System Preferences.

date "8/9/2007, 17:06"

 --result: date "Thursday, August 9, 2007 5:06:00 PM"

date "7/16/70"

 --result: date "Wednesday, July 16, 2070 12:00:00 AM"

date "12:06" -- specifies a time on the current date

 --result: date "Friday, November 9, 2007 12:06:00 PM"

date "Sunday, December 12, 1954 12:06 pm"

 --result: date "Sunday, December 12, 1954 12:06:00 PM"

The following statements access various date properties (results depend on the date the statements are executed):

set theDate to current date --using current date command

--result: date "Friday, November 9, 2007 11:58:38 AM"

weekday of theDate --result: Friday

day of theDate --result: 9

month of theDate --result: November

year of theDate --result: 2007

time of theDate --result: 43118 (seconds since 12:00:00 AM)

time string of theDate --result: "11:58:38 AM"

date string of theDate --result: "Friday, November 9, 2007"

If you want to specify a time relative to a date, you can do so by using of, relative to, or in, as shown in the following examples.

date "2:30 am" of date "Jan 1, 2008"

 --result: date "Tuesday, January 1, 2008 2:30:00 AM"

date "2:30 am" of date "Sun Jan 27, 2008"

 --result: date "Sunday, January 27, 2008 2:30:00 AM"

date "Nov 19, 2007" relative to date "3PM"

 --result: date "Monday, November 19, 2007 3:00:00 PM"

date "1:30 pm" in date "April 1, 2008"

 --result: date "Tuesday, April 1, 2008 1:30:00 PM"

set myDate to date "3/4/2008"

set myDate to date "Tuesday, March 4, 2008 12:00:00 AM"

A reference to a file, folder, or volume in the file system. A file object has exactly the same attributes as an alias object, with the addition that it can refer to an item that does not exist.

For related information, see alias and POSIX file . For a description of the format for a file path, see Aliases and Files .

Coercions Supported

AppleScript supports coercion of a file object to a text object or single-item list .

Examples

set fp to open for access file "Leopard:Users:myUser:NewFile"

close access fp

A number without a fractional part.

Properties of integer objects

Operators

The operators that can have integer values as operands are +, -, *, ÷ (or /), div, mod, ^, =, ≠, >, ≥, <, and ≤.

The div operator always returns an integer value as its result. The +, –, *, mod, and ^ operators return values of type integer or real.

Coercions Supported

AppleScript supports coercion of an integer value to a single-item list , a real number, or a text object.

Coercion of an integer to a number does nothing:

set myCount to 7 as number

class of myCount --result: integer

Examples

1

set myResult to 3 - 2

-1

1000

An ordered collection of values. The values contained in a list are known as items. Each item can belong to any class.

A list appears in a script as a series of expressions contained within braces and separated by commas. An empty list is a list containing no items. It is represented by a pair of empty braces: {} .

Properties of list objects

Elements of list objects

Operators

The operators that can have list values as operands are &, =, ≠, starts with, ends with, contains, and is contained by.

For detailed explanations and examples of how AppleScript operators treat lists, see Operators Reference .

Commands Handled

You can count the items in a list or the elements of a specific class in a list with the count command. You can also use the length property of a list:

count {"a", "b", "c", 1, 2, 3} --result: 6

length of {"a", "b", "c", 1, 2, 3} --result: 6

Coercions Supported

AppleScript supports coercion of a single-item list to any class to which the item can be coerced if it is not part of a list.

AppleScript also supports coercion of an entire list to a text object if each of the items in the list can be coerced to a text object, as in the following example:

{5, "George", 11.43, "Bill"} as text --result: "5George11.43Bill"

The resulting text object concatenates all the items, separated by the current value of the AppleScript property text item delimiters. This property defaults to an empty string, so the items are simply concatenated. For more information, see text item delimiters .

Individual items in a list can be of any class, and AppleScript supports coercion of any value to a list that contains a single item.

Examples

The following statement defines a list that contains a text object, an integer, and a Boolean value:

{ "it's", 2, true }

Each list item can be any valid expression. The following list has the same value as the previous list:

{ "it" & "'s", 1 + 1, 4 > 3 }

The following statements work with lists; note that the concatenation operator (&) joins two lists into a single list:

class of {"this", "is", "a", "list"} --result: list

item 3 of {"this", "is", "a", "list"} --result: "a"

items 2 thru 3 of {"soup", 2, "nuts"} --result: {2, "nuts"}

{"This"} & {"is", "a", "list"} --result: {"This", "is", "a", "list"}

For large lists, it is more efficient to use the a reference to operator when inserting a large number of items into a list, rather than to access the list directly. For example, using direct access, the following script takes about 10 seconds to create a list of 10,000 integers (results will vary depending on the computer and other factors):

set bigList to {}

set numItems to 10000

set t to (time of (current date)) --Start timing operations

repeat with n from 1 to numItems

 copy n to the end of bigList

 -- DON'T DO THE FOLLOWING--it's even slower!

 -- set bigList to bigList & n

end

set total to (time of (current date)) - t --End timing

But the following script, which uses the a reference to operator, creates a list of 100,000 integers (ten times the size) in just a couple of seconds (again, results may vary):

set bigList to {}

set bigListRef to a reference to bigList

set numItems to 100000

set t to (time of (current date)) --Start timing operations

repeat with n from 1 to numItems

 copy n to the end of bigListRef

end

set total to (time of (current date)) - t --End timing

Similarly, accessing the items in the previously created list is much faster using a reference to—the following takes just a few seconds:

set t to (time of (current date)) --Start timing

repeat with n from 1 to numItems -- where numItems = 100,000

 item n of bigListRef

end repeat

set total to (time of (current date)) - t --End timing

However, accessing the list directly, even for only 4,000 items, can take over a minute:

set numItems to 4000

set t to (time of (current date)) --Start timing

repeat with n from 1 to numItems

 item n of bigList

end repeat

set total to (time of (current date)) - t --End timing

An abstract class that can represent an integer or a real.

There is never an object whose class is number; the actual class of a "number" object is always one of the more specific types, integer or real .

Properties of number objects

Operators

Because values identified as values of class number are really values of either class integer or class real, the operators available are the operators described in the definitions of the integer or real classes.

Coercions Supported

Coercing an object to number results in an integer object if the result of the coercion is an integer, or a real object if the result is a non-integer number.

Examples

Any valid literal expression for an integer or a real value is also a valid literal expression for a number value:

1

2

-1

1000

10.2579432

1.0

1.

A pseudo-class equivalent to the file class.

There is never an object whose class is POSIX file; the result of evaluating a POSIX file specifier is a file object. The difference between file and POSIX file objects is in how they interpret name specifiers: a POSIX file object interprets "name" as a POSIX path, while a file object interprets it as an HFS path.

For related information, see alias and file . For a description of the format for a POSIX path, see Aliases and Files .

Properties of POSIX file objects

See file .

Coercions Supported

See file .

Examples

The following example asks the user to specify a file name, starting in the temporary directory /tmp, which is difficult to specify using a file specifier:

set fileName to choose file name default location (POSIX file "/tmp")

 -result: dialog starts in /tmp folder

Numbers that can include a fractional part, such as 3.14159 and 1.0.

Properties of real objects

Operators

The operators that can have real values as operands are +, -, *, ÷ (or /), div, mod, ^, =, ≠, >, ≥, <, and ≤.

The ÷ and / operators always return real values as their results. The +, -, *, mod, and ^ operators return real values if either of their operands is a real value.

Coercions Supported

AppleScript supports coercion of a real value to an integer value, rounding any fractional part.

AppleScript also supports coercion of a real value to a single-item list or a text object. Coercion to text uses the decimal separator specified in Numbers in the Formats pane in International preferences.

Examples

10.2579432

1.0

1.

As shown in the third example, a decimal point indicates a real number, even if there is no fractional part.

Real numbers can also be written using exponential notation. A letter e is preceded by a real number (without intervening spaces) and followed by an integer exponent (also without intervening spaces). The exponent can be either positive or negative. To obtain the value, the real number is multiplied by 10 to the power indicated by the exponent, as in these examples:

1.0e5 --equivalent to 1.0 * 10^5, or 100000

1.0e+5 --same as 1.0e5

1.0e-5 --equivalent to 1.0 * 10^-5, or .00001

An unordered collection of labeled properties. The only AppleScript classes that support user-defined properties are record and script.

A record appears in a script as a series of property definitions contained within braces and separated by commas. Each property definition consists of a label, a colon, and the value of the property. For example, this is a record with two properties: {product:"pen", price:2.34}.

Each property in a record has a unique label which distinguishes it from other properties in the collection. The values assigned to properties can belong to any class. You can change the class of a property simply by assigning a value belonging to another class.

Properties of record objects

Operators

The operators that can have records as operands are &, =, ≠, contains, and is contained by.

For detailed explanations and examples of how AppleScript operators treat records, see Operators Reference .

Commands Handled

You can count the properties in a record with the count command:

count {name:"Robin", mileage:400} --result: 2

Coercions Supported

AppleScript supports coercion of records to lists; however, all labels are lost in the coercion and the resulting list cannot be coerced back to a record.

Examples

The following example shows how to change the value of a property in a record:

set myRecord to {product:"pen", price:2.34}

product of myRecord -- result: "pen"

set product of myRecord to "pencil"

product of myRecord -- result: "pencil"

AppleScript evaluates expressions in a record before using the record in other expressions. For example, the following two records are equivalent:

{ name:"Steve", height:76 - 1.5, weight:150 + 20 }

{ name:"Steve", height:74.5, weight:170 }

You cannot refer to properties in records by numeric index. For example, the following object specifier, which uses the index reference form on a record, is not valid.

item 2 of { name:"Rollie", IQ:186, city:"Unknown" } --result: error

You can access the length property of a record to count the properties it contains:

length of {name:"Chris", mileage:1957, city:"Kalamazoo"} --result: 3

You can get the same value with the count command:

count {name:"Chris", mileage:1957, city:"Kalamazoo"} --result: 3

An object that encapsulates an object specifier.

The result of the a reference to operator is a reference object, and object specifiers returned from application commands are implicitly turned into reference objects.

A reference object "wraps" an object specifier. If you target a reference object with the get command, the command returns the reference object itself. If you ask a reference object for its contents property, it returns the enclosed object specifier. All other requests to a reference object are forwarded to its enclosed object specifier. For example, if you ask for the class of a reference object, you get the class of the object specified by its object specifier.

For related information, see Object Specifiers .

Properties of reference objects

Other than the contents property, all other property requests are forwarded to the enclosed object specifier, so the reference object appears to have all the properties of the referenced object.

Operators

All operators are forwarded to the enclosed object specifier, so the reference object appears to support all the operators of referenced object.

The a reference to operator returns a reference object as its result.

Coercions Supported

All coercions are forwarded to the enclosed object specifier, so the reference object appears to support all the coercions of referenced object.

Examples

Reference objects are most often used to specify application objects. The following example creates a reference to a window within the TextEdit application:

set myWindow to a ref to window "top.rtf" of application "TextEdit"

--result: window "top.rtf" of application "TextEdit"

In subsequent script statements, you can use the variable myWindow in place of the longer term window "top.rtf" of application "TextEdit".

Because all property requests other than contents of are forwarded to its enclosed specifier, the reference object appears to have all the properties of the referenced object. For example, both class of statements in the following example return window:

set myRef to a reference to window 1

class of contents of myRef -- explicit dereference using "contents of"

class of myRef -- implicit dereference

For additional examples, see the a reference to operator.

A type definition for a three-item list of integer values, from 0 to 65535, that specify the red, green, and blue components of a color.

Otherwise, behaves exactly like a list object.

Examples

set whiteColor to {65535, 65535, 65535} -- white

set yellowColor to {65535, 65535, 0} -- yellow

yellowColor as string --result: "65535655350"

set redColor to {65535, 0, 0} -- red

set userColor to choose color default color redColor

A collection of AppleScript declarations and statements that can be executed as a group.

The syntax for a script object is described in Defining Script Objects .

Properties of script objects

Commands Handled

You can copy a script object with the copy command or create a reference to it with the set command.

Coercions Supported

AppleScript supports coercion of a script object to a single-item list .

Examples

The following example shows a simple script object that displays a dialog. It is followed by a statement that shows how to run the script:

script helloScript

 display dialog "Hello."

end script

run helloScript -- invoke the script

An ordered series of Unicode characters.

Starting in AppleScript 2.0, AppleScript is entirely Unicode-based. There is no longer a distinction between Unicode and non-Unicode text. Comments and text constants in scripts may contain any Unicode characters, and all text processing is done in Unicode, so all characters are preserved correctly regardless of the user’s language preferences.

For example, the following script works correctly in AppleScript 2.0, where it would not have in previous versions:

set jp to "日本語"

set ru to "Русский"

jp & " and " & ru -- returns "日本語 and Русский"

For information on compatibility with previous AppleScript versions, including the use of string and Unicode text as synonyms for text, see the Special Considerations section.

Properties of text objects

Elements of text objects

A text object can contain these elements (which may behave differently than similar elements used in applications):

Operators

The operators that can have text objects as operands are &, =, ≠, >, ≥, <, ≤, starts with, ends with, contains, is contained by, and as.

In text comparisons, you can specify whether white space should be considered or ignored. For more information, see considering and ignoring Statements .

For detailed explanations and examples of how AppleScript operators treat text objects, see Operators Reference .

Special String Characters

The backslash (\) and double-quote (") characters have special meaning in text. AppleScript encloses text in double-quote characters and uses the backslash character to represent return (\r), tab (\t), and linefeed (\n) characters (described below). So if you want to include an actual backslash or double-quote character in a text object, you must use the equivalent two-character sequence. As a convenience, AppleScript also provides the text constant quote, which has the value \".

To declare a text object that looks like this when displayed:

He said "Use the '\' character."

you can use the following:

"He said \"Use the '\\' character.\""

White space refers to text characters that display as vertical or horizontal space. AppleScript defines the white space constants return, linefeed, space, and tab to represent, respectively, a return character, a linefeed character, a space character, and a tab character. (The linefeed constant became available in AppleScript 2.0.)

Although you effectively use these values as text constants, they are actually defined as properties of the global constant AppleScript.

To enter white space in a string, you can just type the character—that is, you can press the Space bar to insert a space, the Tab key to insert a tab character, or the Return key to insert a return. In the latter case, the string will appear on two lines in the script, like the following:

display dialog "Hello" & "

" & "Goodbye"

When you run this script, "Hello" appears above "Goodbye" in the dialog.

You can also enter a tab, return, or linefeed with the equivalent two-character sequences. When a text object containing any of the two-character sequences is displayed to the user, the sequences are converted. For example, if you use the following text object in a display dialog command:

display dialog "item 1\t1\ritem 2\t2"

it is displayed like this (unless you enable "Escape tabs and line breaks in strings" in the Editing tab of the of Script Editor preferences):

item 1 1

item 2 2

To use the white space constants, you use the concatenation operator to join multiple text objects together, as in the following example:

"Year" & tab & tab & "Units sold" & return & "2006" & tab ¬

 & tab & "300" & return & "2007" & tab & tab & "453"

When passed to display dialog, this text is displayed as follows:

Year Units sold

2006 300

2007 453

Coercions Supported

AppleScript supports coercion of an text object to a single-item list . If a text object represents an appropriate number, AppleScript supports coercion of the text object to an integer or a real number.

Examples

You can define a text object in a script by surrounding text characters with quotation marks, as in these examples:

set theObject to "some text"

set clientName to "Mr. Smith"

display dialog "This is a text object."

Suppose you use the following statement to obtain a text object named docText that contains all the text extracted from a particular document:

set docText to text of document "MyFavoriteFish.rtf" of application "TextEdit"

The following statements show various ways to work with the text object docText:

class of docText --result: text

first character of docText --result: a character

every paragraph of docText --result: a list containing all paragraphs

paragraphs 2 thru 3 of docText --result: a list containing two paragraphs

The next example prepares a text object to use with the display dialog command. It uses the quote constant to insert \" into the text. When this text is displayed in the dialog (above a text entry field), it looks like this: Enter the text in quotes ("text in quotes"):

set promptString to "Enter the text in quotes (" & quote ¬

 & "text in quotes" & quote & "): "

display dialog promptString default answer ""

The following example gets a POSIX path to a chosen folder and uses the quoted form property to ensure correct quoting of the resulting string for use with shell commands:

set folderName to quoted form of POSIX path of (choose folder)

Suppose that you choose the folder named iWork '08 in your Applications folder. The previous statement would return the following result, which properly handles the embedded single quote and space characters in the folder name:

"'/Applications/iWork '\\''08/'"

get text 3 thru 7 of "Try this at home"

--result: "y thi"

get characters 3 thru 7 of "Try this at home"

--result: {"y", " ", "t", "h", "i"}

set myName to "Boris"

set character 1 of myName to "D"

--result: error: you cannot set the values of elements of text objects

set myName to "boris"

set myName to "D" & (get text 2 through 5 of myName)

--result: "Doris"

someObject as text

someObject as string

someObject as Unicode text

Used for working with measurements of length, area, cubic and liquid volume, mass, and temperature.

The unit type classes support simple objects that do not contain other values and have only a single property, the class property.

Properties of unit type objects

Operators

None. You must explicitly coerce a unit type to a number type before you can perform operations with it.

Coercions Supported

You can coerce a unit type object to integer , single-item list , real , or text . You can also coerce between unit types in the same category, such as inches to kilometers (length) or gallons to liters (liquid volume). As you would expect, there is no coercion between categories, such as from gallons to degrees Centigrade.

Examples

The following statements calculate the area of a circle with a radius of 7 yards, then coerce the area to square feet:

set circleArea to (pi * 7 * 7) as square yards --result: square yards 153.9380400259

circleArea as square feet --result: square feet 1385.4423602331

The following statements set a variable to a value of 5.0 square kilometers, then coerce it to various other units of area:

set theArea to 5.0 as square kilometers --result: square kilometers 5.0

theArea as square miles --result: square miles 1.930510792712

theArea as square meters --result: square meters 5.0E+6

However, you cannot coerce an area measurement to a unit type in a different category:

set theArea to 5.0 as square meters --result: square meters 5.0

theArea as cubic meters --result: error

theArea as degrees Celsius --result: error

The following statements demonstrate coercion of a unit type to a text object:

set myPounds to 2.2 as pounds --result: pounds 2.2

set textValue to myPounds as text --result: "2.2"