st
Updated: 12/23/2017
Micronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets
a c e f i k l m mw n ñ ŋ o p pw r s S t T u w x y
*a
aa ae af ak al am an aŋ ap ar as aS at aT au aw ay
PMc *-a him, her, it (object pronoun)
Trukese -y, -ye-; -w, -we- ·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Woleaian -ya, -wa ·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Pulo-Annan -a ·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Proto-Chuukic *-a ·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Kiribati -a ·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *-a ·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Proto-Kimbe *-a ·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Proto-Oceanic *-a ·him, her, it (object pronoun)
(Ross 1988)
PMc *-a, -Ta reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Trukese -a ·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Mortlockese -a ·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Puluwatese -ya ·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Saipan Carolinian -a ·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Satawalese -a, -ya ·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Woleaian -sa, -ya ·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Ulithian -a ·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Pulo-Annan -da ·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Proto-Chuukic *-a, -Ta ·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Marshallese -jah ·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Kiribati -a ·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Kusaiean tʌ ·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *-ta ·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Sa’a -’a present or general time
Problems here.
PCMc *aa-, aa-ni- alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Trukese aa- general class of alienable object
áá-ni own or acquire ownership of an alienable object
aaya use an alienable object
Puluwatese yaa-, yáá-ni, yááyá ·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Saipan Carolinian aa-, yáá-li, yááyá ·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Saipan Carolinian·T aa-, áá-ni ·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Satawalese yááyá ·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Woleaian yaa-, yaa-li-(i), yaayaa ·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Pulo-Annan yaa- ·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Proto-Chuukic *yaa-, yaa-ni-, yaayaa ·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Ponapeian aa-, ε- alienable object
Marshallese haha- ·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Kiribati a- alienable object
ana-a to take or get (something)
— Cf. —
Fijian kaa thing
Uraustronesisch *kaya possession
PWMc *aapwa no
Trukese aapw ·no
Puluwatese yaapw ·no
Woleaian yeebe ·no
Ponapeian (?) aapw but
Marshallese yahabw ·no
PMc (?) *ae1 crawl
Trukese á, áá- swim, be swimming
Kiribati ae crawl
ae (rake) go ashore
— Cf. —
Proto-Oceanic *jaRa move, creep, flow, spill
(Ross 1988)
Kwaio tala-(fafo) shallow, swim close to the surface
tala-[ŋe’enia] arrive at a place, wash up
Cf. Proto–Central Micronesian *afe ‘swim’.
PMc (?) *ae2 this
Kiribati ae this here, the one that
Proto-Oceanic (?) aRe ·this
West Nakanai ale this, the one that
Fijian [ko]-yaa, [a]-yaa that [distant], the one that.
— Cf. —
Kiribati are who, which, that yonder
PMc *afafi coconut crab
Trukese eef, #eefi- ·coconut crab
Saipan Carolinian áff, áffi- ·coconut crab
Woleaian yaffi ·coconut crab
Proto-Chuukic *affi ·coconut crab
Ponapeian εmp ·coconut crab
Kiribati aai ·coconut crab
Kusaiean εi ·coconut crab
PMc *afaŋi north
Trukese efen, efeŋ north, trade wind season
efeni-(nap) due north, north wind
Mortlockese eféŋé-(n) toward the north
(le)-eféŋ dry season
(le)-eféŋ dry season
Puluwatese yefáŋ, yefeŋi- north, be north (of wind or direction), trade wind season
Saipan Carolinian efáŋ, áfáŋ ·north
Satawalese effáŋ north
(le)-efáŋ winter, trade wind season
Woleaian yefaŋi north, northern direction, trade wind season
Pulo-Annan (i)-edaŋi ·north
Proto-Chuukic *yafaŋi ·north
Ponapeian (pali)-εpεŋ ·north
Marshallese yaŋ, (yi)-yéŋ north
(haŋen)-yaŋ wintertime, dry season
Kiribati (me)-aaŋ ·north
Cf. Kusaiean epaŋ glossed as ‘south’ in dictionary looks like a loan (p unexpected, see Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic *aúrú ‘south’). Cf. Marck’s (1994:310–323) Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic *faŋi ‘dry season’.
PMc *afara shoulder
Trukese afar, afara-(n) shoulder, his shoulder
(éwúw)-éfar shoulder carrying pole
(éwúw)-éfara carry (something) on a pole
Mortlockese awúfar, awúfara-(n) ·shoulder
Puluwatese yefar shoulder
yayéfar shoulder, load carried on the shoulder
Saipan Carolinian aifar, aifár, ayúfar, aifara-(l) shoulder, carry a load on the shoulder, his shoulder
Satawalese efar, efara-(n) ·shoulder
Woleaian yefare, yafera-(le) ·shoulder
Pulo-Annan yadala shoulder
yadadala carry on the shoulder
Proto-Chuukic *yafara ·shoulder
Ponapeian apεrε his shoulder
Mokilese aprɔ his shoulder
Pingilapese apεr ·shoulder
Marshallese hayer, hayeray ·shoulder
Proto-Oceanic *qapaRa, qabaRa ·shoulder
Ulawan ‘apala shoulder
Proto-Kimbe *[kq]apala ·shoulder
There appears to have been corruption of the word for ‘shoulder carrying pole’ and its reinterpretation as ‘shoulder’ in Mortlockese, Puluwatese, and Saipan Carolinian.
— Cf. —
Kusaiean pælpæl carry on the shoulder
polo-ŋ carry (something) on the shoulders with a pole
Arosi abara carry under the arm
PCMc *afe swim
Puluwatese yaf, yáfe- ·swim
Satawalese yaaf [sic] ·swim
Woleaian yafe ·swim
Ulithian eaf ·swim
Saipan Carolinian áf, áfe- ·swim
Pulo-Annan yada ·swim
Proto-Chuukic *yafe ·swim
Marshallese haheh ·swim
Kiribati ae driftwood
— Cf. —
Kiribati uaua swim
Samoan ’a’au swim
Cf. Proto-Micronesian *ae1 ‘crawl’.
PMc *afi, afi-Si- carry on the hip or under the arm
Mortlockese afiyaf carry under the arm
afi-ti carry (a child) on the hip
Puluwatese yafi-ti-(y) to carry (a child) on ones side
Saipan Carolinian afi-ti, áfi-ti carry (a child or object) on ones side
Satawalese áfiyáf carry on the hip (as a baby)
áfi-ti carry (a child) in the arms on the side
Woleaian yafiyefi carry under one arm
yafi-ti-(i) carry it under the arm
Pulo-Annan yadi-ti carry it under the arm
Proto-Chuukic *afiafi, afi-di- ·carry on the hip or under the arm
Ponapeian api-d to carry (something) on ones side or under ones arm
Mokilese api-d carry (something) under arm
Kusaiean ε to hold on the hip
εi hold or carry (something) on the hip
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *afi ·carry on the hip or under the arm
Bugotu avi ni carry in the arms
— Cf. —
Marshallese habw jayjéy carry tucked under one arm
Bugotu achi carry under the arm
— Cf. also —
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *[qØ]afi-ŋa armpit
Cf. Proto-Chuukic *api.
PMc *afi1 fire
Trukese ááf, efi- ·fire
Puluwatese yááf ·fire
Saipan Carolinian (a-ghúú)-áf light a signal fire
Saipan Carolinian·T (a-gúú)-áf light a signal fire
Woleaian yaafi, yafi- ·fire
Pulo-Annan yaadi, yadi- ·fire
Sonsorolese yaafi ·fire
Proto-Chuukic *yafi ·fire
Ponapeian aay ·fire
Mokilese ɔy ·fire
Pingilapese εy ·fire
Kiribati ai ·fire
Kusaiean e ·fire
Proto-Nakanai *havi ·fire
Uraustronesisch *apuy ·fire
PMc *afi2 pull on a line
Trukese ef, efiyef pull on a line (as in fishing)
efi-i-(y) pull on (a line)
efi-i-(y) pull on (a line)
Puluwatese yááf [sic], yáfi-i-(y) ·pull on a line
Saipan Carolinian áfi-i-(y) pull it in (as a fish on a line)
Pulo-Annan yadiedi pull as a rope
Sonsorolese yafiefi pull on a rope
Proto-Chuukic *yafi, yafiyafi ·pull on a line
Ponapeian api-i pull (something, usually with a rope)
Mokilese ɔppɔp, oppop pull
ópi pull at
Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic *afi, afi-i- ·pull on a line
— Cf. —
Marshallese hayik tow (as a boat), pull, draw
hayik-ey tow something
Kiribati aa-i to tow
aeae-a to tow, drag (something)
aeae-a a towing
PMc *-aki passive suffix
Saipan Carolinian (ripis)-ágh to be broken into pieces, shattered (ripiiy to shatter something)
(piles)-ágh to become blocked, clogged (pileey to close, cover up, put the lid on something)
Woleaian (liuwet)-ag tossed (liuweti toss something)
(mwulot)-ag crumpled (mwulot-i crumple something
(feshiŋ)-eg picked (feshiŋ-i pick something)
Proto-Chuukic *-aki ·passive suffix
Ponapeian (diεr)-εk to be found (diar to find)
(εmwir)-εk to be crumpled (amwir to crumple)
Marshallese (wékwt)-ak be changed (wiket-ey change something)
(wékj)-ak be overturned, capsized (wikej overturn something)
Kiribati (arir)-aki pulled tight (arir-a to pull something tight)
Kusaiean (otwe)-yʌk woven (otwe to weave)
(usruk)-yʌk be shaken (usruk to shake).
Reflexes of this suffix that have been recorded for Trukese (see examples under Proto-Micronesian *-aki-ni below) all have it followed by reflexes of *-ni. See the statement about Trukese -ási (-esi) in Goodenough and Sugita 1980.
PWMc (?) *aki, akiaki to hide, hidden
Ponapeian εkiεk to be hidden, concealed
εki-i-(la) hide it away
Marshallese (til)-yékyék hide, be obscured
PMc *-aki-ni passive suffix
Trukese -ási-ni, -esi-ni (suf. to verb bases) be ~ because of (someone or something), be ~ on account of (someone or something), be ~ with (someone or something)
(sááwá)-ási-ni be embarrassed because of him
Puluwatese -yáki-n-, yeki-n- ·passive suffix
Saipan Carolinian (kkapasá)-ághi-li to intercede on behalf of someone (kkapas word, speech, talk, language, to speak)
(fasá)ághá-li to laugh at, make fun of someone, mock (ffas to laugh)
Woleaian -yagi-li-(i), -agi-li-(i) ·passive suffix
Pulo-Annan -aki-ni ·passive suffix
Proto-Chuukic *-aki-ni- ·passive suffix
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *-aki-ni ·passive suffix
Bugotu -agi-ni ·passive suffix
Sa’a -ái-ni [sic] ·passive suffix
PMc *ako tie together
Trukese óóyó strap or rope handle, carrier made of rope or line
Puluwatese yóóyó coarse sennit used for lashing and calking, to calk
Woleaian yagoyago to tie together, bind
Proto-Chuukic *yakoyako ·tie together
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *Rak[ou]-t tie, fasten
(Geraghty 1990) Note that the West Nakanai forms can also be cognate with Fijian rako, rakorako ‘fitting or suiting well’
West Nakanai lao-a to clasp, have sexual intercourse with
lakolako to stick fast (as adhesive tape)
Uraustronesisch *Dakep join together
PMc *ako, akoako steer a boat
Woleaian (ga)-ago ·steer a boat
Pulo-Annan (ka)-ako ·steer a boat
Proto-Chuukic *(ka)-ako ·steer a boat
Kusaiean ikwik rudder, tiller, to steer.
— Cf. —
Marshallese kahyiyekw, kahiyewekw steer directly for
PMc *ala1 path, road
Trukese aan, ane-(n) path, road, route, path of
Mortlockese aal, ala-(n) road, his road
Puluwatese yaal, yela-(n) path, road, street, his path
Saipan Carolinian aal, ala-(l) path, road, his path
Satawalese yaan, ena-(n) road, his road
Woleaian yaale, yela-(li) path, road, path of
yen-(nape) (< *yala-lapa) path, roadway
Pulo-Annan yaana, yana- way, road, track
Sonsorolese yaara road, path, way
Proto-Chuukic *yala ·path, road
Ponapeian aal path, road, trail
Mokilese al ·path, road
Pingilapese al ·path, road
Marshallese yiyaḷ, yiyyaḷ ·path, road
— Cf. —
Fijian sala ·path, road
Sa’a tala ·path, road
Bugotu hatha [utu] a way
Lau tala way, path
Arosi tara [na] ·path, road
Kwaio tala ·path, road
Proto-Kimbe *dala, zala ·path, road
Proto-Austronesian *Zalan ·path, road
See also Marck (1994:321) Proto-Micronesian *ala.
PMc *ala2 to take, get
Ponapeian alε take, get, (something)
alaal-(di) be taken or gotten
Mokilese ɔlɔ get, take, gather (something)
ɔlɔɔl get, take, gather
Kiribati ana-(a) to take
Proto-Oceanic *ala-(p) take
Uraustronesisch *ala-(p) take
— Cf. —
Marshallese haley provisions, storehouse
haḷey fish caught by encircling
PMc *ala[iu], alala[iu] long
Trukese áney, ánney long, tall, length
áneyi-(n) length or height of
-nááney long
Puluwatese yáláy, yelay long (as hair), length, height
yelaye-(n) length or height of
lááláy be long, tall, last long
Saipan Carolinian láálááy be long, tall
álláy be very long
aláálááy be very long
áláálááy be very long
Woleaian yelai, yelai-(li) length, length of
yennai be long, extended
Pulo-Annan yanai be long
Proto-Chuukic *yalayi, yalalayi, layalayi ·long
Marshallese leyelley a great distance, far
Kiribati anau, ananau long
anau length
ananau length
Proto-Oceanic *[aØ]lau, [aØ]lalau ·long
Proto-Kimbe *(ma)-laqu long, tall, far
— Cf. —
Ponapeian aŋεd long, tall
Kusaiean loes long, tall
loeloes very long or tall
PCMc *ale kind of coral
Trukese áán, áni-(n) kind of coral (live, white, and branching), coral of
áne-(pwpwo) a kind of coral
Puluwatese yáál, yále-(y) ·kind of coral
Saipan Carolinian yáál, áál ·kind of coral
Proto-Chuukic *ale ·kind of coral
Kiribati ane live coral
Cf. Proto–Central Micronesian *laxa ‘kind of coral’ and Proto-Micronesian ? *laZe ‘kind of coral’.
PMc *alele to reckon, sing
Trukese ánnáya, ánneya to read, count (something), reading, counting
Puluwatese yalley to think about, decide
yalleya to read, count (something)
Woleaian yanne to be wise, smart
Proto-Chuukic *alle, alle-a ·to reckon, sing
Marshallese hal sing, song, music
Kiribati anene to sing
anene-a to sing (a song, hymn, etc.)
Kusaiean ælʌllʌl to sing
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *alele ·to reckon, sing
Sa’a alele be jubilant, rejoice in song
Arosi arere be joyful
arere-hi be joyful on account of
— Cf. —
Fijian lele dirge
Arosi are, areare call on a ghost
Kwaio lala, lale make rustling noises
— Cf. also —
Bugotu sale to sing, a song
sale a to sing (something)
There is no basis for relating Kiribati anene to Proto–Eastern Oceanic *taReRe ‘rejoice’, as suggested by Geraghty (1990). Cf. also Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic ? *kaúlú ‘sing, song’ and Proto-Chuukic *alle ‘count, enumerate’. There may be two different roots here.
PWMc *-ali, -aliali, mwa-aliali circle, circling, dizzy
Trukese fá-án go in a circle
fá-ániyen a circle, ring, to talk round a subject
eni-(kes) winding the warp threads
mwá-ániyen dizziness, be dizzy
Mortlockese fá-áli form a circle
Puluwatese fá-aliyál a circle
mwá-áliyel be dizzy, confused
Saipan Carolinian mwá-áliyál dizzy
Saipan Carolinian·T fa-aliyel round, circular, spherical
Satawalese (á)-fá-án make a circle
fá-ániyán go in a circle
Woleaian fa-aliyeli to circle, go round
bwa-aliyeli go in a circle, be round
bba-aliyeli round
mwa-ali-yeli be dizzy, giddy, dazed
Pulo-Annan da-anieni to circle, go around
Proto-Chuukic *-ali, aliali, fa-aliali, mwa-aliali ·circle, circling, dizzy
Ponapeian mwa-aliεl be dizzy
mwa-aliεli his brain
sa-aliεl dizzy, mentally ill or retarded
Mokilese mwe-eleel dizzy
mwe-eleel-(la) unconscious
Marshallese (hajji)-mwa-halhal dizzy, sway back and forth, nod
— Cf. —
Sa’a káli to surround
kálikeli around
Lau gali round, around
Kwaio gali circle, round, around
See also Proto-Chuukic *ka-falli ‘be careful of, attend to’, Proto-Chuukic *mwaali ‘confused, mistaken’.
PMc *ali-maŋo mangrove crab
Saipan Carolinian ali-moŋ large sea crab with red orange shell
Ponapeian eli-mɔŋ ·mangrove crab
Mokilese el-mɔŋ lobster [sic] variety
Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic *ali-maŋo ·mangrove crab
Cf. Kusaiean εi ‘crab’ where we would expect *εl.
PMc *al[iu]ta beard
Trukese enis, enisa-(n) beard, whiskers, mustache, his beard
Mortlockese alús beard, mustache, whiskers
Puluwatese yáálúh, yálúha-(n) [sic] ·beard
Saipan Carolinian alús, aalis, alis, alúsa-(l) ·beard
Saipan Carolinian·T alúh ·beard
Woleaian yalúse, yalúsa-(le) ·beard
Pulo-Annan yanúda sideburns
Proto-Chuukic *yalúta ·beard
Ponapeian alis, εlisε beard, mustache, his beard
Mokilese alij ɔljɔ beard, mustache, his beard
Kusaiean altε-(l) his beard
ælut bearded
Note Pulo-Annan d instead of expected t, there may be a problem here.
PMc *alo sun
Trukese (nee)-yóno-(was) midday, noon (lit. high sun time)
(nee-kkunu)-yón late afternoon (lit. sun turning time)
Mortlockese yóól, Wóól ·sun
Puluwatese yóól, yólo-(n) sun, sun of
(le)-yólo-(wah) noon
Saipan Carolinian (lee)-alo-(was), (lee)-ólo-(was) high noon
Satawalese (lee)-yólo-(was) at noon
Woleaian yaalo, yalo- ·sun
Ulithian yal ·sun
Pulo-Annan yaano, yano- ·sun
Sonsorolese yaaro ·sun
Proto-Chuukic *yalo ·sun
Marshallese haḷ ·sun
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *qalo ·sun
Sa’a salo sky, heaven, clouds
Lau salo cloud, storm
Arosi aro sky, heavens
Kwaio lalo sky
Yapese yaal’ ‘sun’ is probably a loan from Ulithian. See also Proto-Chuukic *yalle-pwuta ‘a tree (Pittosporum)’ and cf. Proto-Chuukic *yaado ‘legendary woman’, Proto-Micronesian *a[sS]o ‘time’.
PMc *alo, aloalo, alo-[fØ]i to wave, beckon
Ponapeian ɔlɔɔl to wave, to signal
ɔlε to wave or signal to
Mokilese (jei)- ɔɔl, (jei)- ɔɔli to wave, wave at (someone)
Marshallese (jeyya)-haḷ beckon with downward motion of hand or by waving arm
Kiribati anoano to beckon
anoano beckoning
ano-a to beckon to (someone)
ano-i-(a) beckon him
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *qalo, qalo-fi ·to wave, beckon
Fijian yalo, yalo-va beckon
Tongan (ta)-’alo to wave, beckon
Sa’a salo to beckon, invite
Bugotu athoatho, atho-vi to beckon, signal
Arosi saro to beckon
Bau karo-hi to beckon
— Cf. —
Lau salo-fi to prepare, clear a path, sweep
The Mokilese form appears to be a loan from Marshallese.
PCMc *amata undercooked, raw
Trukese amas, amasa- ·undercooked, raw
Mortlockese ames ·undercooked, raw
Puluwatese yemah ·undercooked, raw
Woleaian yemate ·undercooked, raw
Pulo-Annan yamete ·undercooked, raw
Proto-Chuukic *am[ae]ta ·undercooked, raw
Ponapeian amas ·undercooked, raw
Marshallese haméj ·undercooked, raw
Kiribati amata ·undercooked, raw
— Cf. —
Kusaiean (tæl) mwek, (tæk) mwek raw, uncooked
— Cf. also —
Kwaio ma’a ·undercooked, raw
Uraustronesisch *ma(n)taq, *mentaq ·undercooked, raw
PCMc *amwa pertaining to nurture
Trukese fa-amw giving birth, parturition, delivery
(a)-fa-amwa deliver it (a baby)
Woleaian fa-amwe to adopt a child, be adopted, cared for
fa-amwa-(a) adopt him/her
Pulo-Annan da-amwa to adopt a child, take care of him/her
Proto-Chuukic *fa-amwa ·pertaining to nurture
Kiribati amwa-(rake) food
— Cf. —
Fijian yaga useful, valuable, necessary
PMc (?) *[aØ]mwi, [aØ]mwi ni to wash ones hands
Ponapeian εmwiεmw, amwi-n ·to wash ones hands
Marshallese hamwin, hamwin-iy ·to wash ones hands
Kusaiean winwin, winwin-i ·to wash ones hands
There may be loans here.
PCMc *amwii bunch or cluster of nuts
Ponapeian εmwii bunch of it (palm nuts)
Pingilapese εmwi ·bunch or cluster of nuts
Kiribati amwii full bunch or cluster
Could be loans in Ponapeian and Pingilapese from Kiribati.
PMc *aneane to wish, need
Trukese ánáyán, áneyán to wish
Puluwatese yániyán to wish
Woleaian yaleyale to wish
Proto-Chuukic *aneane ·to wish, need
Ponapeian anaan be necessary, indispensable
anaanε to need, require (something)
Mokilese anaane to need, want (something)
Marshallese (k)-eṇahan want, like, wish
Kusaiean enenʌ to need (something), be necessary
nεnε to need (something)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *ane ·to wish, need
Fijian yana to take another's goods without his consent
PMc *anitu god, spirit
Trukese énú, énúú-(n), anú, anúú-(n) god, sky spirit, god of
Mortlockese anú, anúú-(n) ghost, god of
Puluwatese yanú ancient god
Saipan Carolinian anú, anúú-(l) spirit, ghost, spirit of
Saipan Carolinian·T anú spirit, ghost
Satawalese anú, anúú-(n) ghost, god of
Woleaian yalúsú god, spirit, ghost
Pulo-Annan yanúdú god, spirit, ghost
Sonsorolese yarúdú spirit, ghost
Proto-Chuukic *yanútú ·god, spirit
Ponapeian εni ghost
Mokilese eni demon, ghost
Pingilapese εni ghost, spirit
Marshallese hanij god
hanijnij spell, enchantment, magic, sorcery
hanji(n-iy) cast a spell on someone
Kiribati anti god, spirit, ghost
Kusaiean inut god, spirit, ghost
inti to enchant, cast a spell on (someone)
Uraustronesisch *anitu ·god, spirit
— Cf. —
Uraustronesisch *qantu ·god, spirit
See also Proto-Chuukic *faúrú-anútú ‘recite a spell’.
PMc *anu[sS]a small, uninhabited island
Woleaian yalúte small uninhabited island
Satawalese yalút small uninhabited island
Proto-Chuukic *anuda ·small, uninhabited island
Ponapeian and name of an atoll west of Pohnpei
Proto-Oceanic *anusa island
Fijian yanuca ·small, uninhabited island
— Cf. —
Uraustronesisch *nusa island
Cf. also Proto-Micronesian *fanua ‘inhabited land’, and Marck’s (1994:307) *anu[sz]a ‘small island’.
PMc *aŋa1 to have or take in hand, to handle
Trukese aŋá-(tá) hand up, have in hand reaching up
aŋe-e-(y) take (something) in hand, take hold of
aŋa-(mwáán) take without permission
aŋa-s be adept
aŋa-(ta) work too hard, work to the point of collapse
aŋa-(kkáy) handle quickly
aŋa-(may) catch fish by means of a stone fish trap
aŋa-(maaw) snatch, take in hand roughly
aŋa-(mmaŋ) take in hand slowly
aŋa-(ŋŋaw) handle a thing badly or clumsily
aŋaaŋ work
aŋaaŋa put (someone) to work
aŋaaŋa-(ffat) work without pay
Mortlockese yaŋaaŋ work
Puluwatese yaŋ to take
yaŋa-(ta) be tired (as from work)
yáŋa-(tá) to reach up
yáŋe-(tá) to reach up
yaŋa-a-(y) to bring, take (something)
yaŋaaŋ work, to work
Saipan Carolinian aŋaaŋ, eŋaaŋ work, to work
aŋ-(ŋeli) to reach for (something)
aŋe-eti to touch (someone or something)
aŋŋé-éti to touch (someone or something)
Satawalese yaŋaaŋ work
Woleaian yaŋe to put ones hand out, to reach, extend ones hand
yaŋe-(kkúwe) to touch things constantly
yaŋŋe-(ŋŋaw) do something imperfectly, be clumsy, sloppy
yeŋaaŋe work, to work
yeŋa-si to reach for it, touch it
Pulo-Annan yaŋe to reach out for
Proto-Chuukic *yaŋa, yaŋaaŋa, yaŋa-ti- ·to have or take in hand, to handle
Ponapeian εŋ- to reach for
Mokilese eŋ to reach by stretching
Kiribati (ka)-aŋaaŋa difficult to do
(ua)-aŋa ambidextrous
aŋa-(ua) ambidextrous
aŋa-(maiŋ) left-handed
aŋa-(atai) right handed
aŋa-(bai) pass loads from hand to hand
aŋa-(ra) awkward (as when using the left hand)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *aŋa. aŋa-ti ·to have or take in hand, to handle
Sa’a aŋa-’i to carry, act as a porter
Lau aŋa-i to lift, carry
Arosi aŋa a carrying bag, to have in a bag
aŋa-’i to lift up
aŋa-’i to lift up
Kwaio aŋa-[luaa] to put back in position when carrying
PMc *aŋa2 or *yaŋa spider shell (Strombidae)
Trukese ne-yaŋ, nne-yaŋ any true conch shell (genus Strombus or genus Lambis)
Puluwatese le-yaŋ, le-yaŋa-(y) spider shell, spider shell of
Saipan Carolinian li-yaŋ spider shell
Woleaian le-yaŋe kind of sea shell
Proto-Chuukic *le-yaŋa ·spider shell (Strombidae)
Ponapeian la-aŋ spider conch sp.
Mokilese le-eŋ shell with spike-like protrusions
Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic *le-aŋa ·spider shell (Strombidae)
Marshallese yaŋ shell of family Strombidae
Kusaiean eŋ kind of shell
Fijian yaga ·spider shell (Strombidae)
Arosi raŋa ·spider shell (Strombidae)
PMc *aŋi, aŋiaŋi wind
Trukese eni-, eniyen wind, blowing
Mortlockese yááŋ soft breeze
Puluwatese yááŋ, yáŋiyáŋ ·wind
Saipan Carolinian ááŋ, yááŋ, yáŋi- ·wind
Satawalese yááŋ ·wind
Woleaian yaaŋi, yaŋi-, yaŋiyeŋi ·wind
Pulo-Annan yaŋi, yaŋiyaŋi ·wind
Proto-Chuukic *aŋi, aŋiaŋi ·wind
Ponapeian aaŋ, εŋiεŋ ·wind
Mokilese eŋ ·wind
Pingilapese εŋ ·wind
Marshallese haŋ ·wind
Kiribati aŋ, aŋi- ·wind
Kusaiean eŋ, eŋyeŋ ·wind
Fijian cagi ·wind
Sa’a dáŋi ·wind
Arosi daŋi ·wind
Uraustronesisch *haŋin ·wind
See also Marck (1990:310) Proto-Micronesian *aŋi.
PMc *aŋo curcuma, turmeric, ginger, yellow
Trukese #óŋi-(n) (? <*aŋo-ni) Curcuma plant
Saipan Carolinian óŋeyóŋ, yóŋeyóŋ yellow, be colored yellow
óŋo-(shigh) leaves and flowers of the ginger plant
Satawalese yóŋoyóŋ pale light haze on the horizon
Woleaian yaaŋo gardenia, cape jasmine
yaaŋe ginger
yaŋo-(shigi) Curcuma plant
yaŋoyaŋo be yellow, yellowish
Proto-Chuukic *yaŋo-, yaŋoyaŋo ·curcuma, turmeric, ginger, yellow
Ponapeian ɔɔŋ, ɔŋε-(n) turmeric
ɔŋɔɔŋ yellow
ɔŋε its yolk
Mokilese ɔŋ turmeric
Kiribati aŋo a tree (
Bender et al. 1984:
Premna sp., yellow substance derived from its roots)
Kusaiean æŋ kind of plant
Fijian cago turmeric plant [Curcuma longa]
Tongan aŋo a ginger [Curcuma longa]
Bugotu aŋoaŋo yellow
Proto-Kimbe *[i]aŋo yellow
Uraustronesisch *(za)-Raŋaw a plant
— Cf. also —
West Nakanai lagu yellow face paint
— and cf. —
Sa’a saosaola yellow
aro wild ginger
Kwaio sa’o a tree with sweet smelling yellow flowers
Cf. Proto-Micronesian *reŋa ‘turmeric color’; Proto-Chuukic *yaloyalo.
PWMc *apara make alignment
Trukese #para- aligned, oriented
apar aim, make an alignment (as with posts or plants)
áper aim, make an alignment (as with posts or plants)
apara, ápera aim at, line (something) up, align
#(kk)-áper be aimed, aim
#pere-(yiŋiiŋ) turn on ones side, lean or tip sideways, list, slip between things by turning ones body, sidle
#pere-(yiniin) be square or rectangular
Puluwatese yepar calculation (for navigation), aim (as of a gun)
yepare-(kacc) to aim well
Woleaian yepare a sign for locating where one is in navigation
Proto-Chuukic *yapara ·make alignment
Marshallese hapar stone markers along road
— Cf. —
Note that Trukese seems to have reinterpreted this form as having a causative prefix and derived the secondary forms marked # accordingly. The Woleaian and Marshallese forms cannot be understood as having a causative prefix.
PMc *apili a fish
Ponapeian εpil goatfish
Mokilese ɔpil goatfish
Marshallese yapil a fish
Kusaiean apil a kind of fish (a probable loan from Marshallese)
PMc *are, are-ki haul, pull, tow
Trukese ár be selected, chosen
Marshallese yar haul a canoe or vessel up on shore
yare-k haul (a boat) up on shore
Kiribati aeae-a to tow, drag (something)
ae-ka take (a passenger) ashore in a canoe, to take (food) from the fire
Kusaiean ælʌ-k to lift, pull, scoop (something)
The following forms would indicate a low stem vowel instead, as Proto-Micronesian *ara:.
Kiribati aa-i to tow
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *ara ·haul, pull, tow
Fijian yara, yara-ka to haul, drag
Sa’a ara-na to move (a thing) on
Bugotu jara-ha fishing net ten fathoms long drawn between two canoes
Arosi ara, ara-si to set a net
Kwaio ala fish by setting large net with multiple operators
ala-si-[a] lift [fish] from water in a large net
PCMc *ar[eo]ŋu coconut cream, scraped coconut meat
Trukese arúŋ, arúŋú-(n) coconut cream, coconut cream for (a food)
(a)-arúŋ breadfruit pudding served with coconut cream
Mortlockese yarúŋ coconut cream
Puluwatese yarúŋ coconut cream
yarúŋú-(w) mix it with coconut cream
Saipan Carolinian arúŋ coconut cream
arúŋú-(w) add coconut cream to (a food)
Woleaian yareŋú coconut cream
Pulo-Annan yalaŋú coconut milk
Sonsorolese yaléŋú coconut cream
Proto-Chuukic *yareŋú ·coconut cream, scraped coconut meat
Ponapeian εriŋ ripe coconut
Mokilese ɔriŋ brown stage of coconut
Kiribati aoŋ scraped coconut mixed with other food
aoŋ seasoned with scraped coconut
— Cf. —
Marshallese yaḷ, yaḷi- coconut milk
Kusaiean elel coconut milk
PMc *ari to scoop up
Puluwatese yeri-(y) to scoop (something) out (as coconut flesh)
Saipan Carolinian ári-ti to stir (something) from the bottom up to the top (as when cooking), to scoop up from the bottom of the pot
Woleaian yariyeri to scoop up, dig up (from a shell)
yere-ti-(i) [sic] to scoop it up, dig it out
Proto-Chuukic *ari ·to scoop up
Marshallese harhar, harharw pick out food from teeth, pick out splinters, extricate (as meat from a clam)
harwi-j(i) pick something out
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *ari ·to scoop up
Fijian yari, yari-a to scrape off the soft flesh of a drinking coconut with the thumb
— Cf. —
Bugotu jari a dug channel
Rounding in Marshallese forms unexplained; possible contamination by reflexes of Proto-Micronesian *aru, which are now near homonyms with Marshallese reflexes cited here. Semantics of Saipan Carolinian form help explain possible confusion between these two etyma, Proto-Micronesian *ari and *aru.
PMc *aro- shore, beach, vicinity
Trukese óór, óru-(n) vicinity, immediate surroundings, environs, vicinity of; outer surface of skin, his o. shore
(wini)-yór vicinity, neighborhood
óro-(s-set), aro-(s-set) shore, coast, seaside
Puluwatese yero- ·shore, beach, vicinity
Saipan Carolinian aro- about, around, near
Woleaian yaro-(li) vicinity of, near
Proto-Chuukic *yaro- ·shore, beach, vicinity
Ponapeian ɔrɔɔr shore, land near the ocean, landing place for boats
Mokilese ɔrɔɔr shore
Marshallese har, hare-(n) lagoon beach
Kiribati ao-(ataata) beach above the high water line
Kusaiean yɔrɔ-(l) his vicinity
yuru-(n) vicinity of
Cf. Proto-Micronesian *Soru- ‘near, beside’.
PMc *aroŋo a Carangid fish, pompano, skipjack
Trukese aroŋ, óroŋ, aroŋe-(n) sp. of pompano fish, pompano fish of
Saipan Carolinian·T aroŋ fourth of five growth stages of the skipjack
Woleaian yaroŋo a kind of fish (C. melampygus)
Proto-Chuukic *aroŋo ·a Carangid fish, pompano, skipjack
Ponapeian ɔroŋ blue jack crevally (C. melampygus)
Marshallese hareŋw African pompano (Hynnis cubensis)
Kiribati aoŋo a jackfish (C. lugubria)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *aroŋo ·a Carangid fish, pompano, skipjack
Tongan aloŋo kind of shark with head like that of a stingray
— Cf. —
Kusaiean loŋ a kind of fish
Tongan loŋo a shark
PMc *aru, aruaru, aru-ti- to stir
Trukese érúwér stirring stick, to stir with a stick or spoon
érú-ú-(w) stir (something) with a stick
Mortlockese arúyar be stirring
arú stir it
Puluwatese yaru-(w) to stir (a liquid)
Saipan Carolinian áriár utensil to stir with, to stir things
arú-(w) to stir it
Saipan Carolinian·T arú to stir (soup or stew)
Satawalese yariyar to stir
yarú-(w) stir it
Woleaian yarúyerú stirring stick, to stir
garu-su to mix, blend, fuse
Pulo-Annan yalúyalú to stir
yalú-dú to stir (something)
Proto-Chuukic yarúyarú, yarú-ti- ·to stir
Ponapeian εriεr to stir, to probe
ari-i to stir (something)
Marshallese harhar stir or poke food or fire with a stick
harwi-j stir or poke (something)
Kiribati ai-a, aiai-a to swing (something) round and round
Kusaiean æryær to stir
ærʌ-k stir, poke (something)
— Cf. —
Mokilese ɔrrɔr to dismantle an earth oven
ɔri to dismantle (an earth oven)
Note that the initial g of the Woleaian garusu is unexpected, unless the form is a misrendering of *(ga)-aru-su with a causative prefix.
PMc *a[sS]a to grate, scrape
Trukese (ma)-ataat be rough to the touch (but not to the eye)
(a-ma)-ata to grate (something)
Puluwatese (a-ma)-at to grate something (such as raw taro)
(a-ma)-ata to grate it
Saipan Carolinian (a-ma)-at to grate, scrape, or mash something
Pulo-Annan yatata [sic] to rub
Proto-Chuukic *(ma)-ada, (ma)-adaada ·to grate, scrape
Ponapeian adaad to sharpen, put an edge on something
εdε to sharpen (something)
Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic *ada, adaada ·to grate, scrape
Fijian yaca, yaca-a to grate, grind
Sa’a sata-[a’i] to chafe, rub
Bugotu aaha to grate, rub down on a stone
Arosi ata, ata-i to scrape, rub
PMc *a[sS]e jaw, chin
Trukese #eet, #eti-n c., chin of
Puluwatese yáát ·jaw, chin
Saipan Carolinian áát, áte-l ·jaw, chin
Satawalese yáát ·jaw, chin
Woleaian yaate, yate-li ·jaw, chin
Pulo-Annan yaate, yate- ·jaw, chin
Sonsorolese yaate ·jaw, chin
Proto-Chuukic *ate ·jaw, chin
Marshallese hat-(laḷ) lower jaw
hat-(léŋ) upper jaw
Kiribati are-(i-eta) upper set of teeth
are-(i-nano) lower set of teeth
Sa’a sasate ·jaw, chin
Kwaio late ·jaw, chin
Bugotu ahe, atheathe breathe
Proto-Kimbe *haze mouth
Note the expected Trukese forms are *áát, *áti-n.
PMc *asi gallbladder, gall
Puluwatese yáát spleen, gallbladder
Saipan Carolinian áát, áti-(l) gallbladder, his gallbladder
Proto-Chuukic *yadi ·gallbladder, gall
Ponapeian εdi his bile
Mokilese and ·gallbladder, gall
Marshallese hati- gallbladder
Kiribati ari gall, gallbladder
Kusaiean εs gallbladder
— Cf. —
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *qas[iu] ·gallbladder, gall
Tongan ‘ahu gallbladder
Nggela ahu gallbladder
Arosi asu be angry
ahu belly, heart, mind
PCMc *asi spathe, unopened bud
Trukese #eet, eti-(n) unopened sheath or pod of a coconut or banana, unopened spathe of
Puluwatese yát, yáti-(n) [sic] first stage of formation of certain fruits (as banana), flower (of various taros), spathe (of coconut), bud (of hibiscus), spathe of
Woleaian yaati, yati- coconut spathe
yati to bear flowers or fruit, to bud
Proto-Chuukic *yadi ·spathe, unopened bud
Kiribati ari coconut spathe
PMc *a[sS]o time
Trukese ótu-(n), atu-(n) time of or for (something)
Puluwatese yoto-(n) time of, duration of
Saipan Carolinian ato-(l) time of
Saipan Carolinian·T ato-(n) time of
Woleaian yato-(li) time of, at the time when
Proto-Chuukic *yado- ·time
Tongan ‘aho day
Sa’a sato sun, sunshine
Bugotu aho sun
Lau saso sun
Arosi ato-(aa) noon (lit. high sun)
Proto-Kimbe *hazo sun, day
Uraustronesisch *qa(n)jaw day, sun
— Cf. —
Kiribati aro, (te)-aroaro custom, way, manner
Cf. Proto-Micronesian *alo ‘sun’.
PMc *a[sS]u smoke
Trukese éét, étú-(n) smoke, smoke of
ét, étúwét to smoke, be smoky
(a)-atú to smoke or steam (something)
Mortlockese éét, étú-(n) smoke, smoke of
εtiyet smoky
Puluwatese yaat smoke
yatiyat, yatúyat smoke foam, be smoky, be foam-coated
Saipan Carolinian (araa-lú)-út smell of smoke
(bwa)-at smoky
(bwa)-atiyat be smoking lightly
Satawalese yátúyát smoky
Woleaian yatú to splash water, dash water about
(gera)-atú be smoky, foggy
(gera)-atúyetú mist, dust, fog, cloud
Pulo-Annan (bw)-atú [sic] be smoky
Proto-Chuukic *adú ·smoke
Ponapeian adi its vapor, smoke, mist
εdiεd cloudy, blurred, smoky
Marshallese (bwa)-hathat to smoke
hatiytiy to smoke, dry fish or copra by heat
Kiribati (bwe)-ari odor of smoke; odoriferous; fragrant from having been smoked [as in magic rites], scorched, having a scorched smell
ari-(a) to inhale a smoky inhalation; to perfume someone or something
Sa’a sásu, sá’usesu ·smoke
Ulawan saisesu ·smoke
Bugotu ahu ·smoke
Lau sasu ·smoke
Arosi asu-[na] its smoke
asu-’a smoky
sasu cloudy, smoky
Uraustronesisch *qasu(h) ·smoke
— Cf. —
Kwaio lasu smoke
See also Marck (1994:324) Proto-Micronesian *asu.
PMc *aSiŋi kind of crab
Mokilese aadiŋ crab sp. (loan from Marshallese?)
Marshallese hatiŋ brown land crab
Kusaiean εiŋ coconut crab
PMc *ata upper part, top
Trukese aas upper part, top, summit, eastern side
asa-(n) its upper s., above him
-yas, -ya high, east
Mortlockese -yas up, east
Puluwatese yáh be tall, high, upper, easterly
yeho-(n), yaaha-(n) above (something)
yeyah be easterly
Saipan Carolinian -as high, on top
Satawalese yáás top, on land
-yas up, east
Woleaian -yase up, upside
(i)-yate above, topside
Proto-Chuukic *yata ·upper part, top
Ponapeian yyasa-(da) to be risen
Marshallese -yéj (suffix in place names) upper, eastern
Kiribati (i)-eta up, on high, above
ata-(ŋa) an upper plank in a canoe
(ao)-ataata beach above the high water line
Kusaiean yat eastern part of a village
(fʌlw)-εt high, lofty
Arosi [ato]-aa noon [lit. high sun]
Proto-Nakanai *-ata up
Uraustronesisch *qa(n)tas ·upper part, top
— Cf. —
Sa’a ’a’a rise up clear (of the moon)
See Marck (1994:323) Proto-Micronesian *ata.
PMc *ata-i- to know
Ponapeian εsε to know, understand (something)
(sε)-εsε to not know
Marshallese (j)-ahjéy not know
Kiribati ata-i to know, have knowledge
ata-a know (something)
Kusaiean etʌ know, understand (something)
eta-(twen) understanding, kind, sympathetic, helpful
(se)-eta-(twen) not understanding, not perceiving
PCMc (?) *atarei child
Marshallese hajriy child, kid, toddler
Kiribati ataei child, children
Cf. Proto-Micronesian *tari ‘child’.
PMc *ate liver
Trukese yááyá ·liver
Mortlockese wáá-(n) [sic] his liver
Puluwatese yááyá ·liver
Saipan Carolinian áse-(l) his liver
Satawalese yááyáá-(n) his liver
Woleaian yaase, yase- ·liver
Pulo-Annan yaade, yade- ·liver
Sonsorolese yaade ·liver
Proto-Chuukic *yate ·liver
Ponapeian εε his liver
Mokilese ɔj, ɔjɔ liver, his liver
Marshallese yaj liver, spleen
Kiribati ato (the o is unexpected)
Kusaiean εs, esyε-(l) liver, his liver
Fijian ate ·liver
Sa’a sae heart, mind, chest, liver
Bugotu ate ·liver
Arosi sae mind, heart, thought, liver of a pig
Kwaio sae-[founa] ·liver
Proto-Kimbe *hate ·liver
Uraustronesisch *qatay ·liver
PMc *atu tuna, bonito
Trukese éwún tuna, albacore
Puluwatese yawúúl [sic] ·tuna, bonito
Saipan Carolinian asúl-(lé) small sp. of tuna
Saipan Carolinian·T asúl-(léy) a small sp. of tuna
Woleaian yaúle ·tuna, bonito
Proto-Chuukic *atú, atúla ·tuna, bonito
Marshallese hajiy-(lewwed) school of bonito trapped in a lagoon
Kiribati ati ·tuna, bonito
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *qatu ·tuna, bonito
Fijian yatu ·tuna, bonito
Bugotu atu ·tuna, bonito
Sa’a sáu ·tuna, bonito
Kwaio sau ·tuna, bonito
Proto-Oceanic *qatun ·tuna, bonito
The *l of the Proto-Chuukic reconstruction depends entirely on the Puluwatese and Saipan Carolinian·T forms, which may result from loans.
PMc *aTo thatch
Trukese óós, ósu-(n) thatch section, roof, thatch section of
ósu-ni, óssu-ni to thatch, apply thatch to (a house)
Mortlockese yóós thatch roof
Puluwatese yóóh, yóho-(n), yeho-(n) ·thatch
Saipan Carolinian óós thatch
óse-(y) to thatch (something)
Saipan Carolinian·T óóh ·thatch
Satawalese yóós, yóso- roof
Woleaian yaaso, yaso- ·thatch
Pulo-Annan yaado, yado- thatch, roof
Sonsorolese yaado ·thatch
Proto-Chuukic *yaTo ·thatch
Ponapeian ɔɔs ivory nut palm (a source of thatch)
Mokilese ɔj thatch, roof
Pingilapese ɔs dry pandanus leaves used for thatch
Marshallese haj thatch
Kiribati ato thatch
Proto-Oceanic *qato ·thatch
Sa’a sa’o sago palm
Bugotu ato sago palm, sago thatch
Lau sao sago palm, thatch
Arosi ao sago palm
West Nakanai hato sago palm, thatch
PMc *-au me (suffixed object pronoun)
Trukese -yey, -yeyi-, -wey, -weyi- ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Saipan Carolinian -yáy ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Woleaian -yai ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Pulo-Annan -ei ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Proto-Chuukic *-ai ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Ponapeian -yε ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Marshallese yéh ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Kiribati -au ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Kusaiean -yʌ ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Proto-Oceanic *-au ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Fijian -au ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Arosi -au ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Sa’a -áu ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Proto-Kimbe *-au ·me (suffixed object pronoun)
PCMc *au- appearance, condition, shape
Trukese éwú- width, thickness
éwú-(chik) slender, narrow, thin
Puluwatese yawú- physical characteristic
yawú-(Rik) be physically small
yawú-(RiRRik) be thin
Saipan Carolinian ai-(shigh) be thin, skinny, slender
Saipan Carolinian·T ai-(Rig) be thin, skinny, slender
Satawalese yaú-(chchán) atmosphere
Woleaian yaú- appearance, condition, shape
yaú-(shigi) be skinny, thin, slender, narrow
yaú-re size (used with long, thin objects), thickness
yaú-(chchaali) atmosphere, weather condition
yaú-(libongi) atmospheric condition at night
Pulo-Annan yaú air, climate. condition, appearance
yaú-(siki) be long, narrow, skinny, thin
yaú-(lani) weather, firmament, air
Proto-Chuukic *yaú- ·appearance, condition, shape
Ponapeian εy-(paay) walking with swinging arms
Marshallese hayi-(dik) skinny, thin of body
Kiribati ai-(n-toa) powerful, of great muscular strength
ai-(baba) foolish
This does not seem to be cognate with Proto–Eastern Oceanic *[qØ]aRu ‘dew’ (Geraghty 1990). See also Loans: Trukese éwú-ni-yár.
PMc *aua kind of fish
Puluwatese yááwúwó-(túr), -(túrú-) [sic] a lagoon fish much desired for food, probably a milkfish
yawúwa-(chch), -(chchi-) kind of small lagoon fish
yawúwa-(túr), -(túre-) larger growth stage of latter fish
Satawalese yawuw kind of mullet
Woleaian yaúwe kind of fish
Kiribati aua a fish
PMc *[ao]ut[ae] blanket, coverlet
Trukese kuus, kuusa- -(n)c. or cover of woven material, sheet, b., her c.
Puluwatese woowúh,woowuhá-(n) (sic) (?*wowúh) b., sheet, loomed cloth used as a cover
Saipan Carolinian óus cover, b., óuse-(y) to cover (s.o.)
Saipan Carolinian·T óuh cover, b.
Woleaian gouse lavalava that covers a dead person, covering
Proto-Chuukic *kout[ae] ·blanket, coverlet
Marshallese kawaj, kawje- b., b. of (poss. classifier), kawajwéj use a b.
Kusaiean kæot c., b., sheet. Note that Kir (te)-kouti small mat worn over the shoulders appears to be loan from English coat
PMc *awo fishline
Trukese óó, óó- ·fishline
Puluwatese yóó ·fishline
Saipan Carolinian yóó ·fishline
Satawalese yóó ·fishline
Woleaian yóó, yóó- ·fishline
Pulo-Annan yaawo, yawo- ·fishline
Proto-Chuukic *yawo ·fishline
Mokilese o ·fishline
Marshallese yew ·fishline
Kiribati ao ·fishline
Kusaiean æ ·fishline
Proto–Eastern Oceanic *afo ·fishline
PMc *ayu, ayuSa current
Trukese éwút, éwúta- current
éwú-(rá), éwú-(wé) river or brook
Puluwatese yawút current
Woleaian yaute current
Proto-Chuukic *yaú, yaúda ·current
Ponapeian aad ·current
Mokilese aad ·current
Marshallese hayey, hayét ·current
Kiribati aira ·current
Kusaiean yɔ gush
Uraustronesisch *qaRus. ·current
a c e f i k l m mw n ñ ŋ o p pw r s S t T u w x y