Each programming language has its own set of key words or reserved words.
table of contents
If you like the idea of this project,
then please donate some money.
more information on donating
Each computer programming language has its own set of key words or reserved words.
A key word is a word that has special meaning in a programming language, such as commands.
A reserved word is a word that has special meaning in a programming language and that can not be used for any other purpose.
In most programming languages the two terms are interchangeable, even if the language specification only uses one of the two terms.
There are languages without any reserved words, such as PL/I. In Pl/I the meaning is determined by context, so it is possible to have a variable named IF and a procedure named CALL. Very confusing and to be avoided.
In some case-sensitive languages, such as C it is possible to intriduce similar confusion. Only the all lower case word if is a reserved word. The similar IF, If, and iF are all valid identifiers for variables, functions, etc.
The reason that PL/I allows the use of key words as identifier names is because of the very large number of reserved words (it is a huge language). This frees up name space for other purposes and relieves programmers of having to memorize the entire list of key words, especially for key words that the programmer might never use. Nonetheless, it is still confusing.
Keywords and reserved words may be a valid identifier.
The following chart can be used to identify the key words or reserved words in the programming language you are learning.
All Ada entries with colored backgrounds are reserved words.
All BASIC entries with colored backgrounds are ANSI words. All other BASIC entries are platform specific.
All C entries with colored backgrounds are reserved words. All other C entires are library functions and a few other items (some operators).
All COBOL entries with colored backgrounds are reserved words.
All Pascal entries with colored backgrounds are reserved words. All other Pascal entries are pre-defined types, standard functions, standard procedures, or options.
All PL/I entries are key words. PL/C (a collegiate subset of PL/I) has reserved words. These PL/C reserved words are indicated by PL/C reserved
All Python entries with colored backgrounds are operators or reserved words. All other Python entries are built-in types, built-in functions, sys modules, or built-in methods.
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A format item |
||||||
| abort | ||||||
| abs | ABS | abs | abs | ABS built-in function |
abs function |
|
| abstract | ||||||
| accept | ACCEPT | |||||
| access | ACCESS | |||||
| ACS AC ARCOS |
acos | ACOS built-in function |
||||
| ACSD | ||||||
| ARCG | ||||||
| %ACTIVATE %ACT preprocessor statement |
||||||
| ACTUAL | ||||||
| + | + | + | ADD | + | + ADD built-in function |
+ |
| ADDBUFF option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| & | ADDRESS | ADDR built-in function |
||||
| ADVANCING | ||||||
| AFTER | ||||||
| aliased | ||||||
| ALIGNED attribute |
||||||
| all | ALL | ALL built-in function, option of PUT statement option of DEFAULT statement |
all function |
|||
| ALLOCATE statement PL/C reserved word ALLOC statement |
||||||
| ALLOCATION ALLOCN built-in function |
||||||
| ALPHABETIC | ||||||
| ALSO | ||||||
| ALTER | ||||||
| ALTERNATE | ||||||
| and | AND A. |
&& | AND | and | & | and |
| ANY built-in function |
any function |
|||||
| APPEND | append collections module |
|||||
| appendleft collections module |
||||||
| ARE | ||||||
| AREA | AREA condition, attribute |
|||||
| AREAS | ||||||
| ARG option of NOMPA, NOMAPIN, and NOMAPOUT options of the OPTIONS attribute |
||||||
| argv | argv sys attribute |
|||||
| array | array | |||||
| ASCENDING | ||||||
| ASC ASCII |
ASCII option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
|||||
| ASN ARCSIN |
asin | ASIN built-in function |
||||
| ASND | ||||||
| ASNG | ||||||
| asm | ASSEMBLER ASM option of OPTIONS attribute/option |
|||||
| assert | ||||||
| ASSIGN | ||||||
| ASSOCIATE option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| at | AT A. @ |
AT | ||||
| ATN ATAN ARCTAN |
atan | arctan | ATAN built-in function |
|||
| atan2 | ||||||
| ATND | ATAND built-in function |
|||||
| ATANG | ||||||
| ATANH built-in function |
||||||
| atof | ||||||
| atoi | ||||||
| atol | ||||||
| ATTENTION ATTN condition |
||||||
| AUTHOR | ||||||
| AUTO | ||||||
| auto | AUTOMATIC AUTO attribute |
|||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| B format item |
||||||
| BACKWARD BKWD option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| BACKWARDS attribute, option of OPEN statement |
||||||
| BASE | ||||||
| BASED attribute |
||||||
| basestring type |
||||||
| BEFORE | ||||||
| begin | { | begin | BEGIN statement PL/C reserved word |
|||
| BEGINNING | ||||||
| BINARY BIN attribute, built-in function |
||||||
| BIT attribute, built-in function |
||||||
| BLANK | ||||||
| BLKSIZE option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| BLOCK | ||||||
| body | ||||||
| BOOL built-in function |
bool type |
|||||
| boolean | ||||||
| BOTTOM | ||||||
| BREAK | break | break | ||||
| brk | ||||||
| BUFFERED BUF attribute |
||||||
| BUFFERS option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
buffer type |
|||||
| BUILTIN attribute |
||||||
| BUFND option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| BUFNI option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| BUFOFF option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| BUFSP option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| BY | BY clause of DO statement PL/C reserved word |
|||||
| BYE | ||||||
| BY NAME BYNAME option of assignment statement |
||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| C format item |
||||||
| CALL | CALL | CALL statement, option of INITIAL attribute PL/C reserved word |
||||
| callable function |
||||||
| calloc | ||||||
| case | case | case | SELECT statement |
|||
| CD | ||||||
| CDBL | ||||||
| ceil | CEIL built-in function |
|||||
| CF | ||||||
| cfree | ||||||
| CH | ||||||
| CHAIN | ||||||
| CHANGE | ||||||
| CH | char | chr | CHAR built-in function |
chr function |
||
| CHARACTER | ||||||
| CHARACTERS | char | CHARACTER CHAR attribute |
||||
| CHECK condition PL/C reserved word statement |
||||||
| CHR$ CHR CHAR CHAR$ |
||||||
| CINT | ||||||
| class | ||||||
| classmethod type |
||||||
| CLEAR CLR |
||||||
| clear collections module |
||||||
| clearerr | ||||||
| CLG | ||||||
| CLK$ CLK |
||||||
| CLOAD | ||||||
| CLOCK-UNITS | ||||||
| CLOSE | CLOSE statement PL/C reserved word |
|||||
| CLRDOT | ||||||
| CLS | ||||||
| CMDCHN option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| cmp function |
||||||
| COBOL | COBOL option of ENVIRONMENT attribute, option of OPTIONS attribute/option |
|||||
| CODE | CODE | |||||
| CODE-SET | ||||||
| coerce function |
||||||
| COLBIN option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| COLLATING | ||||||
| COLOR | ||||||
| COLUMN | COLUMN COL format item |
|||||
| COMMA | ||||||
| COMMON COM |
||||||
| COMMUNICATION | ||||||
| COMP | ||||||
| compile function |
||||||
| COMPILETIME built-in function |
||||||
| COMPLETION built-in function, pseudo-variable |
||||||
| COMPLEX CPLX data attribute, built-in function, pseudo-variable |
complex type |
|||||
| COMPUTATIONAL | ||||||
| COMPUTE | ||||||
| CONDITION COND condition, attribute |
||||||
| CONFIGURATION | ||||||
| CONJG built-in function |
||||||
| CONNECTED CONN attribute |
||||||
| CONSECUTIVE option on ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| constant | const | |||||
| CONTAINS | ||||||
| CONT CON CO C. |
continue | continue | ||||
| CONTROL | ||||||
| CONTROLS | ||||||
| %CONTROL preprocessor statement |
||||||
| CONTROLLED CTL attribute |
||||||
| CONVERSION CONV condition |
||||||
| COPY | COPY option of GET statement |
copy copy module |
||||
| CORE | ||||||
| CORR | ||||||
| CORRESPONDING | ||||||
| COS | cos | cos | COS built-in function |
|||
| COSD | COSD built-in function |
|||||
| COSG | ||||||
| COSH | cosh | COSH built-in function |
||||
| COUNT | COUNT built-in function |
|||||
| COUNTER built-in function |
||||||
| CSAVE | ||||||
| CSNG | ||||||
| CTLASA option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| CTL360 option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| CUR | ||||||
| CURRENCY | ||||||
| CURRENTSTORAGE CSTG built-in function |
||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| D | D option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
|||||
| DATA DAT D. |
DATA | DATA STREAM I/O transmission mode |
||||
| DATAFIELD built-in function |
||||||
| DATE | DATE built-in function |
|||||
| DATE-COMPILED | ||||||
| DATE-WRITTEN | ||||||
| day | ||||||
| DB option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| DE | ||||||
| %DEACTIVATE %DEACT preprocessor statement |
||||||
| DEBUG-CONTENTS | ||||||
| DEBUG-ITEM | ||||||
| DEBUG-LINE | ||||||
| DEBUG-NAME | ||||||
| DEBUG-SUB-1 | ||||||
| DEBUG-SUB-2 | ||||||
| DEBUG-SUB-3 | ||||||
| DEBUGGING | ||||||
| DECIMAL DEC attribute, built-in function |
||||||
| DECIMAL-POINT | ||||||
| DECLARATIVES | ||||||
| declare | DECLARE statement PL/C reserved word DCL statement PL/C reserved word |
|||||
| %DECLARE %DCL preprocessor statement |
||||||
| deepcopy copy module |
||||||
| DEF | ||||||
| default | DEFAULT DEF statement |
|||||
| DEFDBL | ||||||
| DEFINED DEF attribute |
def | |||||
| DEFINT | ||||||
| DEFSNG | ||||||
| DEFSTR | ||||||
| DEG | ||||||
| delattr function |
||||||
| delay | DELAY statement |
|||||
| DELETE DEL |
DELETE | DELETE statement PL/C reserved word |
del | |||
| DELIMITED | ||||||
| DELIMITER | ||||||
| DEPENDING | ||||||
| deque collections type |
||||||
| DESCENDING | ||||||
| DESCRIPTORS option of DEFAULT statement |
||||||
| DESTINATION | ||||||
| DET | ||||||
| DETAIL | ||||||
| delta | ||||||
| dict type |
||||||
| digits | DIGITS | |||||
| DIM | DIM built-in function |
|||||
| dir function |
||||||
| DIRECT attribute |
||||||
| DISABLE | ||||||
| DISPLAY | DISPLAY statement |
|||||
| displayhook sys attribute |
||||||
| dispose | FREE PL/C reserved word |
|||||
| / | / | / | DIVIDE | div | / DIVIDE built-in function |
/ |
| DIVISION | ||||||
| divmod function |
||||||
| do | do | do | DO statement PL/C reserved word |
|||
| %DO preprocessor statement |
||||||
| DOT | ||||||
| double | ||||||
| dowith | ||||||
| DOWN | ||||||
| downto | ||||||
| DRAW | ||||||
| DSP | ||||||
| DUPLICATES | ||||||
| DYNAMIC | ||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| E | E format item |
|||||
| EDIT | EDIT STREAM I/O transmission mode |
|||||
| EGI | ||||||
| else | ELSE | else | ELSE | else | ELSE clause of IF statement PL/C reserved word |
else |
| %ELSE clause of %IF statement |
||||||
| elsif | elif | |||||
| EMI | ||||||
| EMPTY built-in function |
||||||
| ENABLE | ||||||
| end | END | } | END | end | END statement PL/C reserved word |
|
| %END preprocessor statement |
||||||
| eof | ENDFILE condition |
|||||
| ENDING | ||||||
| eoln | ||||||
| END-OF-PAGE | ENDPAGE condition |
|||||
| ENTER | ||||||
| entry | entry | ENTRY statement, attribute PL/C reserved word |
||||
| enum | enumerate type |
|||||
| ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENT ENV attribute |
|||||
| EOF | eof | ENDFILE condition |
||||
| EQ | EQUAL | |||||
| ERASE | ||||||
| ERF built-in function |
||||||
| ERFC built-in function |
||||||
| ERL ERRL |
||||||
| ERR ERRN |
||||||
| ERROR | ERROR | ERROR condition |
||||
| ESI | ||||||
| eval function |
||||||
| EVENT option of CALL, READ, WRITE, REWRITE, and DELETE statements, attribute |
||||||
| EVERY | ||||||
| EXAM | EXAMINE | |||||
| exception | EXCEPTION | except | ||||
| excepthook sys attribute |
||||||
| EXCHANGE | ||||||
| exc_info sys attribute |
||||||
| EXCLUSIVE EXCL attribute |
||||||
| exec | ||||||
| execfile function |
||||||
| exit | EXIT | exit | EXIT | EXIT statement PL/C reserved word |
exit sys attribute |
|
| _exit | ||||||
| EXP | exp | exp | EXP built-in function |
pow function |
||
| EXTEND | extend collections module |
|||||
| extendleft collections module |
||||||
| EXTENTNUMBER option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| extern | EXTERNAL EXT attribute |
|||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| F option of ENVIRONMENT attribute, format item |
||||||
| fabs | ||||||
| FB option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| FBS option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| fclose | ||||||
| FD | ||||||
| feof | ||||||
| ferror | ||||||
| FETCH | FETCH statement |
|||||
| fflush | ||||||
| fgetc | ||||||
| fgets | ||||||
| FILE | file | FILE attribute, OPTION of GET, PUT, READ, WRITE, OPEN, DELETE, and CLOSE statements, specification of RECORD I/O statements |
file type |
|||
| FILE-CONTROL | ||||||
| FILE-LIMIT | ||||||
| FILE-LIMITS | ||||||
| FILESEC option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| FILL | ||||||
| FILLER | ||||||
| filter function |
||||||
| FINAL | ||||||
| finally | ||||||
| FINISH condition |
||||||
| FIRST | ||||||
| FIX | ||||||
| FIXED attribute, built-in function |
||||||
| FIXEDOVERFLOW FOFL condition |
||||||
| FLASH | ||||||
| float | FLOAT attribute |
float type |
||||
| FLOAT built-in function |
||||||
| flor | FLOOR built-in function |
|||||
| FLOW | FLOW statement PL/C reserved word |
|||||
| FMT | ||||||
| FN | ||||||
| FNEND | ||||||
| FOOTING | ||||||
| fopen | open | |||||
| for | FOR F. |
for | FOR | for | DO | for |
| FORMAT statement PL/C reserved word |
||||||
| fortran | FORTRAN option of OPTIONS attribute/option |
|||||
| forward | ||||||
| fprintf | ||||||
| fputc | ||||||
| fputs | ||||||
| FRAC | ||||||
| FRE FREE |
||||||
| free | dispose | FREE statement |
||||
| fread | ||||||
| FROM | FROM option of WRITE or REWRITE statements |
from | ||||
| frozenset type |
||||||
| FS option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| fscanf | ||||||
| fseek | ||||||
| ftell | ||||||
| function | function | FUNCTION option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||
| fwrite | ||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| G option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| GE | ||||||
| GENERATE | ||||||
| generic | GENERIC attribute |
|||||
| GENKEY option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| GET | get | GET statement PL/C reserved word |
||||
| getattr function |
||||||
| getc | ||||||
| getchar | ||||||
| getdefaultencoding sys attribute |
||||||
| getrefcount sys attribute |
||||||
| getrecursionlimit sys attribute |
||||||
| _getframe sys attribute |
||||||
| GIVING | ||||||
| global | ||||||
| globals function |
||||||
| GO | GO statement PL/C reserved word |
|||||
| GOSUB GOS. |
||||||
| GOSUB-OF | ||||||
| goto | GOTO GO TO GOT G. |
goto | GO | goto | GO TO GOTO statement PL/C reserved word |
|
| %Go TO %GOTO preprocessor statement |
||||||
| GOTO-OF | ||||||
| GR | ||||||
| GRAD | ||||||
| GREATER | ||||||
| GROUP | ||||||
| GT | ||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| HALT statement |
||||||
| hasattr function |
||||||
| hash function |
||||||
| HBOUND built-in function |
||||||
| HEADING | ||||||
| hex function |
||||||
| HIGH built-in function |
||||||
| HIGHINDEX option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| HIGH-VALUE | ||||||
| HIGH-VALUES | ||||||
| HLIN-AT | ||||||
| HOME | ||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| IDENTIFICATION | id function |
|||||
| if | IF | if | IF | if | IF statement PL/C reserved word |
if |
| %IF preprocessor statement |
||||||
| IF-GOTO IF-G. IF-GOT |
||||||
| IF-LET | ||||||
| IF-THEN IF-THE IF-T. |
||||||
| IGNORE option of READ statement |
||||||
| IMAG built-in function, pseudo-variable |
||||||
| IMAGE | ||||||
| #import | import reserved __import__ function |
|||||
| in | IN | in | IN option of ALLOCATE and FREE statements |
in | ||
| %INCLUDE preprocessor statement |
||||||
| INDEX | index | INDEX | INDEX built-in function |
|||
| INDEXAREA option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| INDEXED | INDEXED option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
|||||
| INDEXMULTIPLE option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| INDICATE | ||||||
| INITIAL INIT attribute |
||||||
| INITIATE | ||||||
| INKEY$ | ||||||
| INP | ||||||
| INPUT IN. I. |
INPUT | input | INPUT attribute, option of OPEN statement |
input function |
||
| INPUTLINE | ||||||
| INPUT-OUTPUT | ||||||
| INPUT$ | ||||||
| INPUT1 | ||||||
| INSPECT | ||||||
| INSTALLATION | ||||||
| INSTR | ||||||
| INT I. |
int | integer | int type |
|||
| INTER option of OPTIONS attribute |
||||||
| interface | ||||||
| INTERNAL INT attribute |
intern function |
|||||
| INTO | INTO option of READ statement |
|||||
| INVALID | ||||||
| INVERSE | ||||||
| I-O | ||||||
| I-O-CONTROL | ||||||
| IRREDUCIBLE IRRED attribute |
||||||
| is | IS | is | ||||
| isalnum | ||||||
| isalpha | ||||||
| isascii | ||||||
| iscntrl | ||||||
| isdigit | ||||||
| isinstance function |
||||||
| islower | ||||||
| isprint | ||||||
| ispunct | ||||||
| isspace | ||||||
| iSUB dummy variable of DEFINED attribute |
||||||
| issubclass function |
||||||
| isupper | ||||||
| itoa | ||||||
| iter function |
||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| JUST | ||||||
| JUSTIFIED | ||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| KEY | KEY condition, option of READ, DELETE, and REWRITE statements |
|||||
| KEYED attribute, option of OPEN statement |
||||||
| KEYFROM option of WRITE and LOCATE statement |
||||||
| KEYLENGTH option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| KEYLOC option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| KEYS | ||||||
| KEY$ KEY |
||||||
| KEYTO option of READ statement |
||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| LABEL | label | LABEL attribute |
||||
| lambda | ||||||
| LAST | ||||||
| LBOUND built-in function |
||||||
| LE | ||||||
| LEADING | ||||||
| LEAVE statement, option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| LEFT | ||||||
| LEFT$ LEFT |
||||||
| LEN L. |
LENGTH | LENGTH built-in function |
len function |
|||
| LESS | ||||||
| LET | ||||||
| LIKE attribute |
||||||
| LIMIT | ||||||
| LIMITS | ||||||
| limited | ||||||
| LIN | ||||||
| LINAGE | ||||||
| LINAGE-COUNTER | ||||||
| LINE | LINE format item, option of PUT statement |
|||||
| LINE-COUNTER | ||||||
| LINEINPUT LINPUT |
||||||
| LINENO built-in function |
||||||
| LINES | ||||||
| LINESIZE option of OPEN statement |
||||||
| LINKAGE | ||||||
| list type |
||||||
| LIST LIS LI L. |
LIST STREAM I/O transmission mode |
|||||
| LLIST | ||||||
| LOAD | ||||||
| locals function |
||||||
| LOCATE statement |
||||||
| LOCK | ||||||
| LOG LOGE LN |
log | ln | LOG built-in function |
|||
| LOG2 built-in function |
||||||
| LOG10 LGT |
LOG10 built-in function |
|||||
| long | long type |
|||||
| loop | ||||||
| LOW built-in function |
||||||
| LOW-VALUE | ||||||
| LOW-VALUES | ||||||
| LPRINT | ||||||
| LT | ||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| main | MAIN option of PROCEDURE staatement, option of OPTIONS attribute/option |
|||||
| malloc | ||||||
| MAN | ||||||
| map function |
||||||
| MAT CON | ||||||
| MAT IDN | ||||||
| MAT INPUT | ||||||
| MAT INV | ||||||
| MAT PRINT | ||||||
| MAT READ | ||||||
| MAT TRN | ||||||
| MAT ZER | ||||||
| MAT = | ||||||
| MAT + | ||||||
| MAT - | ||||||
| MAT * | ||||||
| MAX | MAX built-in function |
max function |
||||
| maxint sys attribute |
||||||
| MEDIUM option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| MEM M. |
MEMORY | |||||
| MERGE | ||||||
| MESSAGE | ||||||
| MID$ MID |
||||||
| MIN | MIN built-in function |
min function |
||||
| mod | MOD | % | mod | MOD built-in function |
||
| MODE | ||||||
| MODULES | modules sys attribute |
|||||
| MOVE | ||||||
| MULTIPLE | ||||||
| * | * | * | MULTIPLY | * | * MULTIPLY built-in function |
* |
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| NAME condition |
||||||
| NATIVE | ||||||
| NCP option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| NE | ||||||
| NEGATIVE | ||||||
| new | NEW NE N. |
new | ||||
| NEXT NEX N. |
NEXT | |||||
| nil | ||||||
| NO | NO PL/C reserved word |
|||||
| NOCHECK condition prefix identifier, PL/C reserved word statement |
||||||
| NOCONVERSION NOCONV condition prefix identifier |
||||||
| NOFEED option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| NOFIXEDOVERFLOW NOFOFL condition prefix identifier |
||||||
| NOFLOW | NOFLOW statement PL/C reserved word |
|||||
| NOFORMAT option of %CONTROL statement |
||||||
| NOLABEL option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| NOLOCK option of READ statement |
||||||
| NOMAP option of OPTIONS attribute/option |
||||||
| NOMAPIN option of OPTIONS attribute/option |
||||||
| NOMPAOUT option of OPTIONS attribute/option |
||||||
| NOOPTIMIZE complier option |
||||||
| NOOVERFLOW NOOFL condition prefix identifier |
||||||
| %NOPRINT preprocessor listing control statement |
||||||
| NORESCAN option of %ACTIVATE statement |
||||||
| NORMAL | ||||||
| NOSIZE condition prefix condition prefix identifier |
||||||
| NOSTRINGRANGE NOSTRG condition prefix identifier |
||||||
| NOSTRINGSIZE NOSTRZ condition prefix |
||||||
| NOSUBSCRIPTRANGE NOSUBRG condition prefix identifier |
||||||
| not | NOT | NOT | not | ¬ | not | |
| NOTAPEMK option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| NOTE | ||||||
| %NOTE preprocessor statement |
||||||
| NOTRACE | ||||||
| NOUNDERFLOW NOUFL condition prefix identifier |
||||||
| NOWRITE option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| NOZERODIVIDE NOZDIV condition prefix identifier |
||||||
| null | nil | NULL built-in function |
||||
| NULLo built-in function |
||||||
| NUM | ||||||
| NUM$ | ||||||
| NUMBER | ||||||
| NUMERIC | ||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| object type |
||||||
| OBJECT-COMPUTER | ||||||
| OCCURS | ||||||
| oct function |
||||||
| odd | ||||||
| of | OF | of | ||||
| OFF | ||||||
| OFFSET attribute, built-in function |
||||||
| OFLTRACKS option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| OMITTED | ||||||
| OMR option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| ON | ON statement PL/C reserved word |
|||||
| ONCHAR built-in function, pseudo-variable |
||||||
| ONCODE built-in function |
||||||
| ONCOUNT built-in function |
||||||
| ON ERROR GOTO ON ERR GOTO |
||||||
| ONFILE built-in function |
||||||
| ON-GOSUB ON-GOS. |
||||||
| ON-GOTO ON-GOT ON-G. |
||||||
| ONKEY built-in function |
||||||
| ONLOC built-in function |
||||||
| ONSOURCE built-in function, pseudo-variable |
||||||
| ONSYSLOG option of OPTIONS option of PROCEDURE statement |
||||||
| OPEN | OPEN statement PL/C reserved word |
open type |
||||
| OPTION | ||||||
| OPTIONAL | ||||||
| OPTIONS option of PROCEDURE statement, option of ENTRY statement, attribute |
||||||
| or | OR | || | OR | or | | | or |
| ord | ord function |
|||||
| ORDER option of PROCEDURE and BEGIN statements |
||||||
| ORGANIZATION | ||||||
| others | ||||||
| OTHERWISE OTHER clause of SELECT group |
||||||
| out | OUT | |||||
| OUTPUT | output | OUTPUT attribute, option of OPEN statement |
||||
| OVERFLOW | OVERFLOW OFL condition |
|||||
| overriding | ||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| P format item |
||||||
| pack | ||||||
| package | ||||||
| packed | ||||||
| PAGE | page | PAGE format item, option of PUT statement |
||||
| %PAGE preprocessor listing control statement |
||||||
| PAGE-COUNTER | ||||||
| PAGESIZE option of OPEN statement |
||||||
| PARMSET built-in function |
||||||
| pass | ||||||
| PASSWORD option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| path sys attribute |
||||||
| PAUSE | ||||||
| PDL | ||||||
| PEEK | ||||||
| PENDING condition |
||||||
| PERFORM | ||||||
| PF | ||||||
| PH | ||||||
| PI | ||||||
| PIC PICTURE |
PICTURE PIC attribute |
|||||
| PIN | ||||||
| platform sys attribute |
||||||
| PLIRETV built-in function |
||||||
| PLOT | ||||||
| PLUS | ||||||
| POINT | ||||||
| POINTER | POINTER PTR attribute, built-in function |
|||||
| POKE | ||||||
| POLY built-in function |
||||||
| POP | pop collections module |
|||||
| popleft collections module |
||||||
| POS | POSITION | POSITION POS attribute |
||||
| POSITIVE | ||||||
| pow | pow function |
|||||
| power | ||||||
| pragma | ||||||
| PRECISION | PRECISION PREC built-in function |
|||||
| pred | ||||||
| PRINT PRI P. |
PRINT attribute, option of OPEN statement |
|||||
| %PRINT preprocessor listing control statement |
||||||
| PRINT AT PRINT @ P.A. |
||||||
| printf | ||||||
| PRINTING | ||||||
| PRINT USING | ||||||
| PRIORITY option of CALL statement |
||||||
| PRIORITY built-in function, pseudo-variable |
||||||
| private | ||||||
| procedure | PROCEDURE | procedure | PROCEDURE statement PL/C reserved word PROC statement PL/C reserved word |
|||
| %PROCEDURE %PROC preprocessor statement |
||||||
| PROCEDURES | ||||||
| PROCEED | ||||||
| PROCESSING | ||||||
| PROD built-in function |
||||||
| PROGRAM | program | |||||
| property type |
||||||
| PROGRAM-ID | ||||||
| protected | ||||||
| ps1 sys attribute |
||||||
| ps2 sys attribute |
||||||
| put | PUT statement PL/C reserved word |
|||||
| putc | ||||||
| putchar | ||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| QUEUE | ||||||
| QUOTE | ||||||
| QUOTES | ||||||
| qsort | ||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| R format item, option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| RAD RADIAN |
||||||
| raise | raise | |||||
| RND | rand | RANDOM | ||||
| RANDOMIZE RANDOM RAN |
||||||
| range | RANGE option of DEFAULT statement |
range function |
||||
| raw_input function |
||||||
| RCE option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| RD | ||||||
| READ REA. REA |
READ | read | READ statement PL/C reserved word |
|||
| readln | ||||||
| real | REAL attribute |
|||||
| REAL built-in function, pseudo-variable |
||||||
| realloc | ||||||
| RECALL | ||||||
| RECEIVE | ||||||
| record | struct | RECORD | record | RECORD attribute, condition, option of OPEN statement, condition |
||
| RECORDS | ||||||
| RECSIZE option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| RECURSIVE option of PROCEDURE statement |
||||||
| REDEFINES | ||||||
| reduce function |
||||||
| REDUCIBLE RED attribute |
||||||
| REEL | ||||||
| REENTRANT option of OPTIONS option of PROCEDURE statement/small> |
||||||
| REFER option of BASED attribute |
||||||
| REFERENCES | ||||||
| REGIONAL option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| register | ||||||
| RELATIVE | ||||||
| RELEASE | RELEASE statement |
|||||
| reload function |
||||||
| rem | ||||||
| REM REMARK |
||||||
| REMAINDER | ||||||
| REMARKS | ||||||
| REMOVAL | ||||||
| renames | RENAMES | |||||
| RENUMBER RENUM REN |
||||||
| REORDER option of PROCEDURE and BEGIN statements |
||||||
| repeat | REPEAT built-in function, option of DO statement |
|||||
| REPEAT$ | ||||||
| REPLACING | ||||||
| REPLY option of DISPLAY statement |
||||||
| REPORT | ||||||
| REPORTING | ||||||
| REPORTS | ||||||
| repr function |
||||||
| requeue | ||||||
| reset | REREAD option of ENVIRONMENT attribute and CLOSE statement |
|||||
| RERUN | ||||||
| RESCAN preprocessor option of %ACTIVATE statement |
||||||
| RESERVE | ||||||
| RESET R. |
RESET | reset | REREAD option of ENVIRONMENT attribute and CLOSE statement |
|||
| RESTORE REST. RES |
||||||
| RESUME | ||||||
| RETCODE option of OPTIONS attribute |
||||||
| return | RETURN RET. RET R. |
return | RETURN | RETURN statement PL/C reserved word |
return | |
| RETURNS attribute, option of PROCEDURE and ENTRY and %PROCEDURE statements |
||||||
| REUSE option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| reverse | ||||||
| REVERSED | reversed type |
|||||
| REVERT statement PL/C reserved word |
||||||
| REWIND | REWIND option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
|||||
| rewrite | REWRITE statement PL/C reserved word |
|||||
| RF | ||||||
| RH | ||||||
| RIGHT | ||||||
| RIGHT$ RIGHT |
||||||
| rindex | ||||||
| RND | ||||||
| rotate collections module |
||||||
| ROUNDED | round | ROUND built-in function |
round function |
|||
| RUN RU R. |
RUN | |||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| SAME | ||||||
| SAMEKEY built-in function |
||||||
| SAVE | ||||||
| SCALARVARYING option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| scanf | ||||||
| SCRATCH SCR |
||||||
| SCRN | ||||||
| SD | ||||||
| SEARCH | ||||||
| SECTION | ||||||
| SECURITY | ||||||
| SEEK | ||||||
| SEG$ SEG |
||||||
| SEGMENT | ||||||
| SEGMENT-LIMIT | ||||||
| select | SELECT | SELECT statement |
||||
| SEND | ||||||
| SENTENCE | ||||||
| separate | SEPARATE | |||||
| SEQUENCE | ||||||
| SEQUENTIAL | SEQUENTIAL SEQL attribute |
|||||
| SET S. |
SET | set | SET option of ALLOCATE, LOCATE, and READ statements |
set type |
||
| setattr function |
||||||
| SETDOT | ||||||
| setdefaultencoding sys attribute |
||||||
| setprofile sys attribute |
||||||
| setrecursionlimit sys attribute |
||||||
| setrace sys attribute |
||||||
| SGN | ||||||
| short | ||||||
| SGN | SIGN | SIGN built-in function |
||||
| SIGNAL statement PL/C reserved word |
||||||
| SIN | sin | sin | SIN built-in function |
|||
| SIND | SIND built-in function |
|||||
| SING | ||||||
| SINH | sinh | SINH built-in function |
||||
| SIS option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| SIZE | SIZE condition |
|||||
| sizeof | ||||||
| SKIP format item, option of GET and PUT statements, option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| %SKIP preprocessor statement |
||||||
| SKIPF | ||||||
| SLEEP | ||||||
| slice type |
||||||
| SNAP option of ON statement, option of PUT statement |
||||||
| SORT | SORT built-in function |
sorted function |
||||
| SORT-MERGE | ||||||
| SOURCE | ||||||
| SOURCE-COMPUTER | ||||||
| SPACES SPACE SPA SPC |
SPACE SPACES |
|||||
| SPECIAL-NAMES | ||||||
| sprintf | ||||||
| sqr | sqr | |||||
| SQR SQRT |
sqrt | sqrt | ||||
| srand | ||||||
| sscanf | ||||||
| STACKER option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| STANDARD | ||||||
| STANDARD-1 | ||||||
| START | ||||||
| STATEMENT option of %PROCEDURE statement |
||||||
| static | STATIC attribute |
staticmethod type |
||||
| STATUS | STATUS built-in function, pseudo-variable |
|||||
| stderr | stderr sys attribute |
|||||
| stdin | stdin sys attribute |
|||||
| stdout | stdout sys attribute |
|||||
| STEP STE ST S. |
||||||
| STOP STO ST. S. |
STOP | STOP statement PL/C reserved word |
||||
| STORAGE STG built-in function |
||||||
| STORE | ||||||
| STR$ | str type |
|||||
| strcat | || | |||||
| strcmp | ||||||
| strcpy | ||||||
| STREAM attribute, option of OPEN statement |
||||||
| STRING built-in function, pseudo-variable |
str type |
|||||
| STRING option of GET and PUT statements |
||||||
| STRING$ STRING STR |
str | |||||
| STRINGRANGE STRG condition |
||||||
| STRINGSIZE STRZ condition |
||||||
| strlen | ||||||
| strncmp | ||||||
| strncpy | ||||||
| struct | ||||||
| STUFF | ||||||
| iSUB dummy variable of DEFINED attribute |
||||||
| SUBSCRIPTRANGE SUBRG condition |
||||||
| SUB-QUEUE-1 | ||||||
| SUB-QUEUE-2 | ||||||
| SUB-QUEUE-3 | ||||||
| SUBSTR built-in function, pseudo-variable |
||||||
| - | - | - | SUBTRACT | - | - | - |
| subtype | ||||||
| succ | ||||||
| SUM | SUM built-in function |
sum function |
||||
| super type |
||||||
| SUPPRESS | ||||||
| SWAP | ||||||
| switch | ||||||
| SYMBOLIC | ||||||
| SYNC | ||||||
| synchronized | SYNCHRONIZED | |||||
| SYSIN name of standard system input file |
||||||
| SYSIPT name of standard DOS system input logical unit name |
||||||
| SYSLST name of standard DOS system output logical unit name |
||||||
| SYSTEM SYS |
SYSPCH name of standard DOS system output logical unit name |
|||||
| SYSPRINT name of standard system output file |
||||||
| SYSTEM option of ON statement, option of DEFAULT statement |
||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| TAB T. |
||||||
| TABLE | ||||||
| tagged | ||||||
| TALLY | ||||||
| TALLYING | ||||||
| TAN | tan | TAN built-in function |
||||
| TAND | TAND built-in function |
|||||
| TANG | ||||||
| TANH | tanh | TANH built-in function |
||||
| TAPPEND | ||||||
| TAPE | ||||||
| task | TASK attribute, option of PROCEDURE statement |
|||||
| TASK option of CALL statement |
||||||
| TERMINAL | ||||||
| terminate | TERMINATE | |||||
| test | ||||||
| TEXT | TEXT | |||||
| THAN | ||||||
| then | THEN THE T. |
then | THEN clause of IF statement PL/C reserved word |
|||
| %THEN clause of |
||||||
| THROUGH | ||||||
| THRU | ||||||
| TIME TIM TI |
TIME | TIME built-in function |
||||
| TIMES | ||||||
| TIMES$ IT$ |
||||||
| TITLE option of OPEN statement |
||||||
| TLOAD | ||||||
| TO | to | TO clause of DO statement PL/C reserved word |
||||
| tolower | ||||||
| TOP | TOP | |||||
| TOTAL option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| toupper | ||||||
| TP option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| TRACE | ||||||
| tracebacklimit sys attribute |
||||||
| TRACE OFF | ||||||
| TRACE ON | ||||||
| TRAILING | ||||||
| TRANSIENT attribute |
||||||
| TRANSLATE built-in function |
||||||
| TRANSMIT condition |
||||||
| TRKOFL option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| TROFF | ||||||
| TRON | ||||||
| trunc | TRUNC built-in function |
|||||
| try | ||||||
| TSAVE | ||||||
| tuple type |
||||||
| type | typedef | TYPE | type | type type |
||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| U option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| UNALIGNED UNAL attribute |
||||||
| UNBUFFERED UNBUF attribute, option of OPEN statement |
||||||
| UNDEFINEDFILE UNDF condition |
||||||
| UNDERFLOW UFL condition |
||||||
| ungetc | ||||||
| unichr function |
||||||
| unicode type |
||||||
| union | ||||||
| UNIT | ||||||
| unlink | ||||||
| UNLOAD option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| UNLOCK statement |
||||||
| unpack | ||||||
| unsigned | ||||||
| UNSPEC built-in function, pseudo-variable |
||||||
| UNSTRING | ||||||
| until | UNTIL | UNTIL | until | UNTIL option of DO statement |
||
| UP | ||||||
| UPDATE attribute, option of OPEN statement |
||||||
| UPON | ||||||
| USAGE | ||||||
| use | USE | |||||
| USING | ||||||
| USR USER |
||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| V option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| VAL | ||||||
| VALUE | VALUE option of DEFAULT statement |
|||||
| VALUES | ||||||
| var | ||||||
| VARIABLE attribute |
||||||
| VARPTR | ||||||
| vars function |
||||||
| VARYING | VARYING VAR attribute |
|||||
| VB option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| VBS option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| VERIFY built-in function, option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| version sys attribute |
||||||
| VLIN-AT | ||||||
| VTAB | ||||||
| void | ||||||
| VOLSEQ option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| VS option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| VSAM option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| WAIT | WAIT statement |
|||||
| when | WHEN | WHEN clause of SELECT group, used with GENERIC attribute |
||||
| while | WHILE | while | while | WHILE clause of DO statement PL/C reserved word |
while | |
| with | WITH | with | with 2.5 or later |
|||
| WORDS | ||||||
| WORKING-STORAGE | ||||||
| WRITE | write | WRITE statement PL/C reserved word |
||||
| writeln | ||||||
| WRTPROT option of ENVIRONMENT attribute |
||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| X format item |
||||||
| XDRAW | ||||||
| xor | XOR XRA |
|||||
| xrange type |
||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| yield | ||||||
| Ada | BASIC | C | COBOL | Pascal | PL/I | Python |
| ZERO | ||||||
| ZEROES ZEROS |
||||||
| ZERODIVIDE ZDIV condition |
||||||
| zip function |
Python programs are divided into tokens, which includes delimters, identifiers, keywords, literals, and operators.
Coding example: I am making heavily documented and explained open source code for a method to play music for free — almost any song, no subscription fees, no download costs, no advertisements, all completely legal. This is done by building a front-end to YouTube (which checks the copyright permissions for you).
View music player in action: www.musicinpublic.com/.
Create your own copy from the original source code/ (presented for learning programming).
return to table of contents
free downloadable college text book
Because I no longer have the computer and software to make PDFs, the book is available as an HTML file, which you can convert into a PDF.
Building a free downloadable text book on computer programming for university, college, community college, and high school classes in computer programming.
If you like the idea of this project,
then please donate some money.
send donations to:
Milo
PO Box 1361
Tustin, California 92781
Supporting the entire project:
If you have a business or organization that can support the entire cost of this project, please contact Pr Ntr Kmt (my church)
This web site handcrafted on Macintosh computers using Tom Bender’s Tex-Edit Plus and served using FreeBSD .
†UNIX used as a generic term unless specifically used as a trademark (such as in the phrase “UNIX certified”). UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company Ltd.
Names and logos of various OSs are trademarks of their respective owners.
Copyright © 2010, 2011 Milo
Created: November 17, 2010
Last Updated: March 21, 2011
return to table of contents
free downloadable college text book
