The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) - Ontology Portal

Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO)

The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) and its domain ontologies form the largest formal public ontology in existence today. They are being used for research and applications in search, linguistics and reasoning. SUMO is the only formal ontology that has been mapped to all of the WordNet lexicon. SUMO is written in the SUO-KIF language. SUMO is free and owned by the IEEE. The ontologies that extend SUMO are available under GNU General Public License. Adam Pease is the Technical Editor of SUMO.

Find an English word and its corresponding formal term in SUMO:

Features

Mappings to all of WordNet
Language generation templates for Hindi, Chinese, Italian, German, Czech and English
Tools for browsing, editing, inferencing and NLP with SUMO are found in the SigmaKEE (source, api, docker image), SUMOjEdit(source) and SigmaNLP (source, api, docker image) systems
Largest free, formal ontology available, with ~25,000 terms and ~80,000 axioms when all domain ontologies are combined. These consist of SUMO itself, the MId-Level Ontology (MILO), and ontologies of Communications, Countries and regions, Distributed computing and User interfaces, Economy, Finance, Automobiles and Engineering components, Food, Dining, Sports, Shopping catalogs and Hotels, Geography, Government and Justice, Language taxonomy, Law, Media, Medicine (and Anatomy), Music, Military (General, Devices, Processes, People), North American Industrial Classification System, People and their Emotions, Physical elements, Transnational issues, Transportation and its Details, Viruses, Weather, world airports, and weapons of mass destruction. See also a large amount of instance content from DBPedia about people and the YAGO, project which includes millions of facts from Wikipedia merged with SUMO, and an initial merge of the Mondial geographical data with SUMO. The Open Biomedical Ontologies are lightly mapped to SUMO.
Richly axiomatized, not just a taxonomy. All terms are formally defined. Meanings are not dependent on a particular inference implementation.

Documentation and other resources

An introductory talk, YouTube Channel, podcasts and a blog about SUMO and Sigma
Some good examples that show why simple search isn't enough and that we need inference to synthesize information from multiple sources
look at historical versions of SUMO
static documentation pages
We ask that people working with SUMO cite our primary paper and book in any publications
Conformance testing for SUMO
SUMO in TPTP for use with provers such as E prover and Vampire - TPTP FOF (SUMO upper level only, SUMO+MILO, all) and Typed First-order form with Arithmetic (SUMO upper level only, SUMO+MILO, all)
Translation of the upper level of SUMO into a Neo4J graph, and all of SUMO and its domain ontologies into a Neo4j graph. Translation of SUMO into OWL and WordNet 3.0 in OWL
WordNet in TPTP format
Some thoughts on an ontology development process and ontology development pitfalls
An introduction to resolution theorem proving
Frequently asked questions
A word sense frequency analysis based on WordNet SemCor that can be used for simple word sense disambiguation. This was done on WN 1.6 but could be rerun with the automatic remappings to 2.0
A very big graph of the taxonomy in SUMO v 1.75 (too big to display in a browser, download and view in a drawing application)

Order a copy of the book "Ontology: A Practical Guide" for 25ドル+tax/domestic US shipping (international customers should email me first to get shipping costs)

International or multiple book order:

Webmaster