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. 2016 Oct;10(10):2419-34.
doi: 10.1038/ismej.2016.38. Epub 2016 Mar 22.

Diversity and oceanic distribution of the Parmales (Bolidophyceae), a picoplanktonic group closely related to diatoms

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Diversity and oceanic distribution of the Parmales (Bolidophyceae), a picoplanktonic group closely related to diatoms

Mutsuo Ichinomiya et al. ISME J. 2016 Oct.

Abstract

Bolidomonas is a genus of picoplanktonic flagellated algae that is closely related to diatoms. Triparma laevis, a species belonging to the Parmales, which are small cells with a siliceous covering, has been shown to form a monophyletic group with Bolidomonas. We isolated several novel strains of Bolidophyceae that have permitted further exploration of the diversity of this group using nuclear, plastidial and mitochondrial genes. The resulting phylogenetic data led us to formally emend the taxonomy of this group to include the Parmales within the Bolidophyceae, to combine Bolidomonas within Triparma and to define a novel species, Triparma eleuthera sp. nov. The global distribution of Bolidophyceae was then assessed using environmental sequences available in public databases, as well as a large 18S rRNA V9 metabarcode data set from the Tara Oceans expedition. Bolidophyceans appear ubiquitous throughout the sampled oceans but always constitute a minor component of the phytoplankton community, corresponding to at most ~4% of the metabarcodes from photosynthetic groups (excluding dinoflagellates). They are ~10 times more abundant in the small size fraction (0.8-5 μm) than in larger size fractions. T. eleuthera sp. nov. constitutes the most abundant and most widespread operational taxonomic unit (OTU) followed by T. pacifica, T. mediterranea and the T. laevis clade. The T. mediterranea OTU is characteristic of Mediterranean Sea surface waters and the T. laevis clade OTU is most prevalent in colder waters, in particular off Antarctica.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM of the novel strains used in this study. (a) T. laevis f. inornata NIES-2565, (b) T. laevis f. longispina NIES-3699, (c) T. strigata NIES-3701, (d) T. aff. verucossa NIES-3700, (e) T. eleuthera sp. nov. RCC2347 and (f) Triparma sp. RCC1657. Scale bar=1 μm.
Figure 2
Figure 2
ML tree inferred from nuclear 18S rRNA sequences belonging to the Bolidophyceae lineage. Only bootstrap and SH-like support values higher than 50 and 0.7, respectively, are shown. Nodes supported by Bayesian posterior probabilities over 0.95 are shown by thick branches. Sequences in bold correspond to novel strains. Sequences in blue and red correspond to non-motile silicified and motile strains, respectively. Symbols represent the origin of the sequences: environmental samples (gray), cultures (black), euphotic zone (square), deep-sea (right-pointing triangle), fish microbiome (left-pointing triangle), sediments (circle) and freshwater (diamond).
Figure 3
Figure 3
ML tree inferred from plastid 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences belonging to the Bolidophyceae lineage. Legend as in Figure 2.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Oceanic distribution of Bolidophyceae. (a) Based on available environmental sequences from GenBank and CAMERA databases (see Supplementary Table S2). (b) Based on Tara Oceans V9 metabarcodes from the 0.8 to 5 μm plankton size fraction from surface waters. (c) Idem but at the DCM. Color indicates for subpanel a, the taxonomic affiliation of the sequences (Supplementary Table S2) and for subpanels b and c, the dominant OTU at each station (OTUs 7–36 have been regrouped in the category ‘B. others'). Surface of the circle is proportional to the number of sequences (a) or to the total contribution of Bolidophyceae OTUs to sequences from photosynthetic groups (b and c). Red crosses correspond to the location of the Tara Oceans stations where no Bolidophyceae metabarcodes have been detected.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Relative contribution of the major groups of Bolidophyceae OTUs in the 0.8–5 μm plankton size fraction at Tara Oceans stations sampled in surface waters (a) and at the DCM (b). OTUs 7–36 (Supplementary Table S4) have been regrouped in the category ‘B. others'.

References

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