GNU GRUB Manual 2.12

1 Introduction to GRUB
- 1.1 Overview
- 1.2 History of GRUB
- 1.3 Differences from previous versions
- 1.4 GRUB features
- 1.5 The role of a boot loader
2 Naming convention
3 OS-specific notes about grub tools
4 Installation
- 4.1 Installing GRUB using grub-install
- 4.2 Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM
- 4.3 The map between BIOS drives and OS devices
- 4.4 BIOS installation
5 Booting
- 5.1 How to boot operating systems
- 5.2 Loopback booting
- 5.3 Booting from LVM cache logical volume
- 5.4 Some caveats on OS-specific issues
6 Writing your own configuration file
- 6.1 Simple configuration handling
- 6.2 Root Identifcation Heuristics
- 6.3 Writing full configuration files directly
- 6.4 Multi-boot manual config
- 6.5 Embedding a configuration file into GRUB
7 Theme file format
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Theme Elements
- 7.3 Theme File Manual
8 Booting GRUB from the network
9 Using GRUB via a serial line
10 Using GRUB with vendor power-on keys
11 GRUB image files
12 Core image size limitation
13 Filesystem syntax and semantics
- 13.1 How to specify devices
- 13.2 How to specify files
- 13.3 How to specify block lists
14 GRUB’s user interface
- 14.1 The flexible command-line interface
- 14.2 The simple menu interface
- 14.3 Editing a menu entry
15 GRUB environment variables
- 15.1 Special environment variables
- 15.2 The GRUB environment block
16 Modules
- 16.1 bli
17 Available commands
- 17.1 Commands for the menu only
  - 17.1.1 menuentry
  - 17.1.2 submenu
- 17.2 Various loader commands
- 17.3 General commands
- 17.4 Command-line commands
- 17.5 Networking commands
- 17.6 Commands currently undocumented
18 Internationalisation
- 18.1 Charset
- 18.2 Filesystems
- 18.3 Output terminal
- 18.4 Input terminal
- 18.5 Gettext
- 18.6 Regexp
- 18.7 Other
19 Security
- 19.1 Authentication and authorisation in GRUB
- 19.2 Using digital signatures in GRUB
- 19.3 UEFI secure boot and shim support
- 19.4 Embedded information for generation number based revocation
- 19.5 Measuring boot components
- 19.6 Lockdown when booting on a secure setup
20 Platform limitations
21 Outline
22 Supported boot targets
- 22.1 Boot tests
23 Error messages produced by GRUB
- 23.1 GRUB only offers a rescue shell
- 23.2 Firmware stalls instead of booting GRUB
24 User-space utilities
- 24.1 Invoking grub-install
- 24.2 Invoking grub-mkconfig
- 24.3 Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
- 24.4 Invoking grub-mkrelpath
- 24.5 Invoking grub-mkrescue
- 24.6 Invoking grub-mount
- 24.7 Invoking grub-probe
- 24.8 Invoking grub-script-check
Appendix A How to obtain and build GRUB
Appendix B Reporting bugs
Appendix C Where GRUB will go
Appendix D Copying This Manual
- D.1 GNU Free Documentation License
  - D.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
Index

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GNU GRUB manual

This is the documentation of GNU GRUB, the GRand Unified Bootloader, a flexible and powerful boot loader program for a wide range of architectures.

This edition documents version 2.12.

This manual is for GNU GRUB (version 2.12, 5 December 2023).

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections.

• Introduction: Capturing the spirit of GRUB

• Naming convention: Names of your drives in GRUB

• OS-specific notes about grub tools: Some notes about OS-specific behaviour of GRUB tools

• Installation: Installing GRUB on your drive

• Booting: How to boot different operating systems

• Configuration: Writing your own configuration file

• Theme file format: Format of GRUB theme files

• Network: Downloading OS images from a network

• Serial terminal: Using GRUB via a serial line

• Vendor power-on keys: Changing GRUB behaviour on vendor power-on keys

• Images: GRUB image files

• Core image size limitation: GRUB image files size limitations

• Filesystem: Filesystem syntax and semantics

• Interface: The menu and the command-line

• Environment: GRUB environment variables

• Modules: Available modules

• Commands: Available builtin commands

• Internationalisation: Topics relating to language support

• Security: Authentication, authorisation, and signatures

• Platform limitations: Platform-specific limitations

• Platform-specific operations: Platform-specific operations

• Supported kernels: Supported kernels

• Troubleshooting: Error messages produced by GRUB

• User-space utilities: Usage of user-space utilities

• Obtaining and Building GRUB: How to obtain and build GRUB

• Reporting bugs: Where you should send a bug report

• Future: Some future plans on GRUB

• Copying This Manual: Copying This Manual

• Index:

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GNU GRUB Manual 2.12

Table of Contents

GNU GRUB manual