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Index Entry Section

#
# preprocessing operator:Stringification
## preprocessing operator:Concatenation

?
?: side effect:Conditional Branches

\
\a:Character Constants
\b:Character Constants
\e:Character Constants
\f:Character Constants
\n:Character Constants
\r:Character Constants
\t:Character Constants
\v:Character Constants

_
_’ in variables in macros:Macros and Auto Type
_Complex keyword:Complex Data Types
_Complex_I:Imaginary Constants
__attribute__((packed)):Packed Structures
__complex__ keyword:Complex Data Types

A
accessing array elements:Accessing Array Elements
addition operator:Basic Arithmetic
address of a label:Labels as Values
address-of operator:Address of Data
aliasing (of storage):Aliasing
alignment of structures:Structure Layout
alignment of type:Type Alignment
allocating memory dynamically:Dynamic Memory Allocation
allocation file-scope variables:Allocating File-Scope
argument promotions:Argument Promotions
arguments:Macro Arguments
arguments in macro definitions:Macro Arguments
arithmetic operators:Arithmetic
arithmetic, pointer:Pointer Arithmetic
array:Arrays
array elements, accessing:Accessing Array Elements
array example:Array Example
array fields, flexible:Flexible Array Fields
array of length zero:Zero Length
array of variable length:Arrays of Variable Length
array parameters, variable-length:Variable-Length Array Parameters
array types, incomplete:Incomplete Array Types
array values, constructing:Constructing Array Values
array, declaring:Declaring an Array
array, declaring:Declaring Arrays and Pointers
array, layout in memory:Multidimensional Arrays
array, multidimensional:Multidimensional Arrays
arrays and pointers:Pointers and Arrays
arrays as parameters:Arrays as Parameters
assigning function pointers:Assigning Function Pointers
assigning structures:Structure Assignment
assignment expressions:Assignment Expressions
assignment in subexpressions:Assignment in Subexpressions
assignment type conversions:Assignment Type Conversions
assignment, modifying:Modifying Assignment
assignment, simple:Simple Assignment
associativity and ordering:Associativity and Ordering
attributes:Attributes
auto declarations:auto and register

B
backspace:Character Constants
base conversion (floating point):Round-Trip Base Conversion
bell character:Character Constants
binary integer constants:Integer Constants
binary operator grammar:Binary Operator Grammar
bit fields:Bit Fields
bitwise operators:Bitwise Operations
block:Blocks
block scope:Scope
boolean type:Boolean Type
branch cuts:Complex Arithmetic
branches of conditional expression:Conditional Branches
break statement:break Statement
bytes:Storage

C
call-by-value:Function Call Semantics
calling function pointers:Calling Function Pointers
calling functions:Function Calls
carriage return in source:Whitespace
case labels in initializers:Designated Inits
case of letters in identifiers:Identifiers
case ranges:Case Ranges
cast:Explicit Type Conversion
cast to a union:Cast to Union
character constants:Character Constants
character set:Characters
CHAR_BIT:Integer Representations
cloning:Label Value Caveats
code point:Unicode Character Codes
combining variable declarations:Combining Variable Declarations
comma operator:Comma Operator
command-line parameters:Command-Line Parameters
commenting out code:Deleted Code
comments:Comments
common type:Common Type
comparison, pointer:Pointer Comparison
comparisons:Numeric Comparisons
compatible types:Compatible Types
compilation module:Compilation
compiler options for integer overflow:Signed Overflow
compiling:Compile Example
complete example program:Complete Program
complex arithmetic in floating-point calculations:Complex Arithmetic
complex conjugation:Complex Data Types
complex constants:Imaginary Constants
complex numbers:Complex Data Types
compound statement:Blocks
compound type:Structures
computed gotos:Labels as Values
computed includes:Computed Includes
concatenation:Concatenation
conditional expression:Conditional Expression
conditional group:ifdef
conditionals:Conditionals
conjunction operator:Logical Operators
conjunction, bitwise:Bitwise Operations
const fields:const Fields
const variables and fields:const
constant data types, integer:Integer Const Type
constants:Constants
constants, character:Character Constants
constants, floating-point:Floating Constants
constants, imaginary:Imaginary Constants
constants, integer:Integer Constants
constants, string:String Constants
constants, wide character:Wide Character Constants
constants, wide string:Wide String Constants
constructing array values:Constructing Array Values
constructors, structure:Structure Constructors
continuation of lines:Line Continuation
continue statement:continue Statement
controlling macro:Once-Only Headers
conversion between pointers and integers:Pointer-Integer Conversion
conversions, type:Type Conversions
counting vowels and punctuation:switch Example
crash:Stack

D
declararing functions:Function Declarations
declaration of variables:Variable Declarations
declarations inside expressions:Statement Exprs
declarations, combining:Combining Variable Declarations
declarations, extern:Extern Declarations
declaring an array:Declaring an Array
declaring arrays and pointers:Declaring Arrays and Pointers
declaring function pointers:Declaring Function Pointers
decrement operator:Increment/Decrement
decrementing pointers:Pointer Increment/Decrement
defined:defined
defining functions:Function Definitions
dereferencing pointers:Pointer Dereference
designated initializers:Designated Inits
diagnostic:Diagnostics
digraphs:Digraphs
directive line:Directives
directive name:Directives
directives:Directives
disjunction operator:Logical Operators
disjunction, bitwise:Bitwise Operations
division by zero:Division and Remainder
division operator:Basic Arithmetic
dowhile statement:do-while Statement
downward funargs:Nested Functions
drawbacks of pointer arithmetic:Pointer Arithmetic Drawbacks
Duff’s device:Duffs Device
dynamic memory allocation:Dynamic Memory Allocation

E
elements of arrays:Arrays
empty macro arguments:Macro Arguments
enumeration types:Enumeration Types
enumerator:Enumeration Types
environment variables:Environment Variables
equal operator:Numeric Comparisons
error recovery (floating point):Error Recovery
escape (ASCII character):Character Constants
escape sequence:Character Constants
exact floating-point arithmetic:Exact Floating-Point
exact specification of floating-point constants:Exact Floating Constants
example program, complete:Complete Program
exception flags (floating point):Exception Flags
executable file:Compile Example
execution control expressions:Execution Control Expressions
exit status:Values from main
EXIT_FAILURE:Values from main
EXIT_SUCCESS:Values from main
expansion of arguments:Argument Prescan
explicit type conversion:Explicit Type Conversion
expression statement:Expression Statement
expression, conditional:Conditional Expression
expressions containing statements:Statement Exprs
expressions, execution control:Execution Control Expressions
extern declarations:Extern Declarations
extern inline function:Inline Function Definitions

F
failure:Values from main
Fibonacci function, iterative:Iterative Fibonacci
Fibonacci function, recursive:Recursive Fibonacci
field offset:Field Offset
fields in structures:Structures
file-scope variables:File-Scope Variables
file-scope variables, allocating:Allocating File-Scope
first-class object:Limitations of C Arrays
flexible array fields:Flexible Array Fields
floating arithmetic exception flags:Exception Flags
floating overflow:Exception Flags
floating point example:Float Example
floating underflow:Special Float Values
floating underflow:Exception Flags
floating-point arithmetic invalid optimizations:Invalid Optimizations
floating-point arithmetic with complex numbers:Complex Arithmetic
floating-point arithmetic, exact:Exact Floating-Point
floating-point constants:Floating Constants
floating-point constants, exact specification of:Exact Floating Constants
floating-point error recovery:Error Recovery
floating-point fused multiply-add:Fused Multiply-Add
floating-point infinity:Handling Infinity
floating-point machine epsilon:Machine Epsilon
floating-point NaN:Handling NaN
floating-point representations:Floating Representations
floating-point round-trip base conversion:Round-Trip Base Conversion
floating-point rounding control:Rounding Control
floating-point rounding issues:Rounding Issues
floating-point scaling by powers of the base:Scaling by the Base
floating-point signed zeros:Signed Zeros
floating-point significance loss:Significance Loss
floating-point types:Floating-Point Data Types
floating-point values, special:Special Float Values
for statement:for Statement
formfeed:Character Constants
formfeed in source:Whitespace
forward declaration:Static Functions
forward function declarations:Forward Function Declarations
full expression:Sequence Points
function body:Function Body
function call semantics:Function Call Semantics
function calls:Function Calls
function declarations:Function Declarations
function declarations, forward:Forward Function Declarations
function definitions:Function Definitions
function definitions, inline:Inline Function Definitions
function definitions, old-style:Old-Style Function Definitions
function header:Function Header
function parameter lists, variable length:Variable Number of Arguments
function parameter variables:Function Parameter Variables
function pointers:Function Pointers
function pointers, assigning:Assigning Function Pointers
function pointers, calling:Calling Function Pointers
function pointers, declaring:Declaring Function Pointers
function prototype:Function Declarations
function prototype scope:Scope
function scope:Scope
function-like macros:Function-like Macros
functions:Functions
functions that accept variable-length arrays:Variable-Length Array Parameters
functions with array parameters:Arrays as Parameters
functions, nested:Nested Functions
functions, static:Static Functions
fused multiply-add in floating-point computations:Fused Multiply-Add

G
global variables:File-Scope Variables
goto statement:goto Statement
goto with computed label:Labels as Values
grammar, binary operator:Binary Operator Grammar
greater-or-equal operator:Numeric Comparisons
greater-than operator:Numeric Comparisons
guard macro:Once-Only Headers

H
handler (for signal):Signals
header file:Header Files
hexadecimal floating constants:Floating Constants
hexadecimal floating-point constants:Exact Floating Constants

I
identifiers:Identifiers
identifiers:Preprocessing Tokens
IEEE 754-2008 Standard:Floating Representations
if statement:if Statement
ifelse statement:if-else Statement
imaginary constants:Imaginary Constants
including just once:Once-Only Headers
incomplete array types:Incomplete Array Types
incomplete types:Incomplete Types
increment operator:Increment/Decrement
incrementing pointers:Pointer Increment/Decrement
infinity in floating-point arithmetic:Handling Infinity
initializers:Initializers
initializers with labeled elements:Designated Inits
inline function definitions:Inline Function Definitions
inline functions, omission of:Inline Function Definitions
integer arithmetic:Integer Arithmetic
integer constant data types:Integer Const Type
integer constants:Integer Constants
integer overflow:Integer Overflow
integer overflow, compiler options:Signed Overflow
integer ranges:Maximum and Minimum Values
integer representations:Integer Representations
integer types:Integer Types
internal block:Blocks
intptr_t:Low-Level Pointer Arithmetic
invalid optimizations in floating-point arithmetic:Invalid Optimizations
iteration:Loop Statements
iterative Fibonacci function:Iterative Fibonacci

K
K&R-style function definitions:Old-Style Function Definitions
keyword:Identifiers

L
label:goto Statement
labeled elements in initializers:Designated Inits
labels as values:Labels as Values
layout of structures:Structure Layout
left-associative:Binary Operator Grammar
length-zero arrays:Zero Length
less-or-equal operator:Numeric Comparisons
less-than operator:Numeric Comparisons
lexical syntax:Lexical Syntax
limitations of C arrays:Limitations of C Arrays
line continuation:Line Continuation
line control:Line Control
linefeed in source:Whitespace
link:Compilation
linking object files:Compilation
local labels:Local Labels
local variables:Local Variables
local variables in macros:Macros and Auto Type
logical operators:Logical Operators
loop statements:Loop Statements
low level pointer arithmetic:Low-Level Pointer Arithmetic
lvalues:Lvalues

M
machine epsilon (floating point):Machine Epsilon
macro argument expansion:Argument Prescan
macro arguments and directives:Directives Within Macro Arguments
macros:Macros
macros in include:Computed Includes
macros with arguments:Macro Arguments
macros with variable arguments:Variadic Macros
macros, local labels:Local Labels
macros, local variables in:Macros and Auto Type
macros, types of arguments:Auto Type
main function:The main Function
make rules:Compilation
manifest constants:Object-like Macros
maximum integer values:Maximum and Minimum Values
memory allocation, dynamic:Dynamic Memory Allocation
memory organization:Storage
minimum integer values:Maximum and Minimum Values
modifying assignment:Modifying Assignment
modulus:Division and Remainder
multidimensional arrays:Multidimensional Arrays
multiplication operator:Basic Arithmetic

N
NaN in floating-point arithmetic:Handling NaN
NaNs-always-propagate rule:Handling NaN
negation operator:Basic Arithmetic
negation operator, logical:Logical Operators
negation, bitwise:Bitwise Operations
nested block:Blocks
nested functions:Nested Functions
newline:Character Constants
newline in source:Whitespace
not a number:Handling NaN
not-equal operator:Numeric Comparisons
null directive:Null Directive
null pointers:Null Pointers
null statement:Null Statement
numbers, preprocessing:Preprocessing Tokens
numeric comparisons:Numeric Comparisons

O
object file:Compilation
object-like macro:Object-like Macros
offset of structure fields:Field Offset
old-style function definitions:Old-Style Function Definitions
omitting types in declarations:Omitting Types
operand execution ordering:Reordering of Operands
operand ordering:Ordering of Operands
operand promotions:Operand Promotions
operator precedence:Binary Operator Grammar
operator, addition:Basic Arithmetic
operator, comma:Comma Operator
operator, decrement:Increment/Decrement
operator, division:Basic Arithmetic
operator, equal:Numeric Comparisons
operator, greater-or-equal:Numeric Comparisons
operator, greater-than:Numeric Comparisons
operator, increment:Increment/Decrement
operator, less-or-equal:Numeric Comparisons
operator, less-than:Numeric Comparisons
operator, multiplication:Basic Arithmetic
operator, negation:Basic Arithmetic
operator, not-equal:Numeric Comparisons
operator, postdecrement:Postincrement/Postdecrement
operator, postincrement:Postincrement/Postdecrement
operator, remainder:Division and Remainder
operator, subtraction:Basic Arithmetic
operators:Operators/Punctuation
operators, arithmetic:Arithmetic
operators, assignment:Assignment Expressions
operators, bitwise:Bitwise Operations
operators, comparison:Numeric Comparisons
operators, logical:Logical Operators
operators, shift:Shift Operations
operators, shift:Shift Operations
optimization and ordering:Optimization and Ordering
order of execution:Order of Execution
ordering and optimization:Optimization and Ordering
ordering and postincrement:Postincrement and Ordering
ordering of operands:Reordering of Operands
ordering of operands:Ordering of Operands
overflow, compiler options:Signed Overflow
overflow, floating:Exception Flags
overflow, integer:Integer Overflow
overlaying structures:Overlaying Structures

P
packed structures:Packed Structures
parameter forward declaration:Variable-Length Array Parameters
parameter list:Function Parameter Variables
parameter variables in functions:Function Parameter Variables
parameters lists, variable length:Variable Number of Arguments
parameters, command-line:Command-Line Parameters
parentheses in macro bodies:Operator Precedence Problems
pitfalls of macros:Macro Pitfalls
pointer arithmetic:Pointer Arithmetic
pointer arithmetic, drawbacks:Pointer Arithmetic Drawbacks
pointer arithmetic, low-level:Low-Level Pointer Arithmetic
pointer comparison:Pointer Comparison
pointer dereferencing:Pointer Dereference
pointer increment and decrement:Pointer Increment/Decrement
pointer type conversion:Aliasing
pointer-integer conversion:Pointer-Integer Conversion
pointers:Pointers
pointers and arrays:Pointers and Arrays
pointers to functions:Function Pointers
pointers, declaring:Declaring Arrays and Pointers
pointers, null:Null Pointers
pointers, restrict-qualified:restrict Pointers
pointers, void:Void Pointers
postdecrement expression:Postincrement/Postdecrement
postincrement and ordering:Postincrement and Ordering
postincrement expression:Postincrement/Postdecrement
precedence, operator:Binary Operator Grammar
predecrement expression:Increment/Decrement
predefined macros:Predefined Macros
preincrement expression:Increment/Decrement
preprocessing:Preprocessing
preprocessing directives:Directives
preprocessing numbers:Preprocessing Tokens
preprocessing operators:Preproc Overview
preprocessing tokens:Preprocessing Tokens
prescan of macro arguments:Argument Prescan
primitive types:Primitive Types
printf:Complete Explanation
problems with macros:Macro Pitfalls
promotion of arguments:Argument Promotions
prototype of a function:Function Declarations
punctuation:Operators/Punctuation

Q
QNaN:Special Float Values
quote directories:Search Path

R
ranges in case statements:Case Ranges
ranges of integer types:Maximum and Minimum Values
recursion:Function Body
recursion, drawbacks of:Stack
recursive Fibonacci function:Recursive Fibonacci
redefining macros:Undefining and Redefining Macros
referencing structure fields:Referencing Fields
register declarations:auto and register
remainder operator:Division and Remainder
reordering of operands:Reordering of Operands
repeated inclusion:Once-Only Headers
reporting errors:Diagnostics
reporting warnings:Diagnostics
representation of floating-point numbers:Floating Representations
representation of integers:Integer Representations
reserved words:Identifiers
restrict pointers:restrict Pointers
return (ASCII character):Character Constants
return statement:return Statement
returning values from main:Values from main
round-trip base conversion:Round-Trip Base Conversion
rounding:Rounding
rounding control (floating point):Rounding Control
rounding issues (floating point):Rounding Issues

S
scaling floating point by powers of the base:Scaling by the Base
scope:Scope
segmentation fault:Stack
self-reference:Self-Referential Macros
semantics of function calls:Function Call Semantics
semicolons (after macro calls):Swallowing the Semicolon
sequence points:Sequence Points
shift count:Shift Operations
shift operators:Shift Operations
side effect in ?::Conditional Branches
side effects (in macro arguments):Duplication of Side Effects
SIGBUS:Signals
SIGFPE:Signals
signal:Signals
signed types:Signed and Unsigned Types
signed zeros in floating-point arithmetic:Signed Zeros
significance loss (floating point):Significance Loss
SIGSEGV:Signals
simple assignment:Simple Assignment
size of type:Type Size
SNaN:Special Float Values
space character in source:Whitespace
special floating-point values:Special Float Values
stack:Stack
stack frame:Stack
stack frame:Stack
stack overflow:Stack
standard output:Complete Explanation
statement, break:break Statement
statement, continue:continue Statement
statement, dowhile:do-while Statement
statement, expression:Expression Statement
statement, for:for Statement
statement, goto:goto Statement
statement, if:if Statement
statement, ifelse:if-else Statement
statement, null:Null Statement
statement, return:return Statement
statement, switch:switch Statement
statement, while:while Statement
statements:Statements
statements inside expressions:Statement Exprs
statements, loop:Loop Statements
static assertions:Static Assertions
static function, declaration:Static Functions
static functions:Static Functions
static local variables:Static Local Variables
sticky exception flags (floating point):Exception Flags
storage organization:Storage
string:Strings
string constants:String Constants
stringification:Stringification
structure alignment:Structure Layout
structure assignment:Structure Assignment
structure constructors:Structure Constructors
structure field offset:Field Offset
structure fields, constant:const Fields
structure fields, referencing:Referencing Fields
structure layout:Structure Layout
structures:Structures
structures, overlaying:Overlaying Structures
structures, unnamed:Unnamed Types as Fields
subexpressions, assignment in:Assignment in Subexpressions
subnormal numbers:Special Float Values
subtraction operator:Basic Arithmetic
success:Values from main
switch statement:switch Statement
symbolic constants:Object-like Macros
system header files:Header Files

T
tab (ASCII character):Character Constants
tab character in source:Whitespace
tentative definition:Allocating File-Scope
thunks:Nested Functions
token:Lexical Syntax
token concatenation:Concatenation
token pasting:Concatenation
truncation:Integer Conversion
truth value:Numeric Comparisons
two’s-complement representation:Integer Representations
twosum:Error Recovery
type alignment:Type Alignment
type conversion, pointer:Aliasing
type conversions:Type Conversions
type designator:Type Designators
type size:Type Size
type tags:Type Tags
type, boolean:Boolean Type
type, void:The Void Type
typedef names:Defining Typedef Names
types of integer constants:Integer Const Type
types, compatible:Compatible Types
types, complex:Complex Data Types
types, enumeration:Enumeration Types
types, floating-point:Floating-Point Data Types
types, incomplete:Incomplete Types
types, integer:Integer Types
types, primitive:Primitive Types
types, signed:Signed and Unsigned Types
types, unsigned:Signed and Unsigned Types

U
uintptr_t:Pointer-Integer Conversion
undefining macros:Undefining and Redefining Macros
underflow, floating:Special Float Values
underflow, floating:Exception Flags
underscores in variables in macros:Macros and Auto Type
Unicode:Characters
Unicode character codes:Unicode Character Codes
union, casting to a:Cast to Union
unions:Unions
unions, unnamed:Unnamed Types as Fields
universal character names:Unicode Character Codes
unnamed structures:Unnamed Types as Fields
unnamed unions:Unnamed Types as Fields
unsafe macros:Duplication of Side Effects
unsigned types:Signed and Unsigned Types
UTF-8 String Constants:UTF-8 String Constants

V
variable declarations:Variable Declarations
variable declarations, combining:Combining Variable Declarations
variable number of arguments:Variadic Macros
variable-length array parameters:Variable-Length Array Parameters
variable-length arrays:Arrays of Variable Length
variable-length parameter lists:Variable Number of Arguments
variables:Variables
variables, const:const
variables, file-scope:File-Scope Variables
variables, global:File-Scope Variables
variables, local:Local Variables
variables, local, in macros:Macros and Auto Type
variables, static local:Static Local Variables
variables, volatile:volatile
variadic function:Variable Number of Arguments
variadic macros:Variadic Macros
va_copy:Variable Number of Arguments
va_end:Variable Number of Arguments
va_list:Variable Number of Arguments
va_start:Variable Number of Arguments
vertical tab:Character Constants
vertical tab in source:Whitespace
void pointers:Void Pointers
void type:The Void Type
volatile variables and fields:volatile

W
while statement:while Statement
whitespace characters in source files:Whitespace
wide character constants:Wide Character Constants
wide string constants:Wide String Constants
wrapper #ifndef:Once-Only Headers

Z
zero, division by:Division and Remainder
zero-length arrays:Zero Length
zero-origin indexing:Array Example

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