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9780521804219

Grammaticalization

by Paul J. Hopper , Elizabeth Closs Traugott
  • ISBN13:

    9780521804219

  • ISBN10:

    0521804213

  • eBook ISBN(s):

    9781139929660

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2003年08月25日
  • Publisher: Cambridge University Press

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Summary

This is a general introduction to grammaticalization, the change whereby lexical terms and constructions come in certain linguistic contexts to serve grammatical functions, and, once grammaticalized, continue to develop new grammatical functions. The authors synthesize work from several areas of linguistics, including historical linguistics, discourse analysis, and pragmatics. Data are drawn from many languages including Ewe, Finnish, French, Hindi, Hittite, Japanese, Malay, and especially English. This second edition has been thoroughly revised with substantial updates on theoretical and methodological issues that have arisen in the decade since the first edition, and includes a significantly expanded bibliography. Particular attention is paid to recent debates over directionality in change and the role of grammaticalization in creolization. Grammaticalization will be a valuable and stimulating textbook for all linguists interested in the development of grammatical forms and will also be of interest to readers in anthropology and psychology.

Table of Contents

List of figures xiii
List of tables xiv
Preface and acknowledgments xv
List of abbreviations xviii
1 Some preliminaries 1 (18)
1.1 Introduction
1 (3)
1.2 What is a grammaticalized form?
4 (5)
1.2.1 A preliminary classification of grammatical forms
4 (2)
1.2.2 Clines
6 (1)
1.2.3 Periphrasis versus affixation
7 (2)
1.3 Some further examples of grammaticalization
9 (7)
1.3.1 Lets
10 (3)
1.3.2 A West African complementizer
13 (2)
1.3.3 Agreement markers
15 (1)
1.4 Grammaticalization and language structure
16 (1)
1.5 Grammaticalization and the directionality of language change
16 (1)
1.6 Conclusion
17 (2)
2 The history of grammaticalization 19 (20)
2.1 Introduction
19 (1)
2.2 Earlier research on grammaticalization
19 (6)
2.3 Research on grammaticalization from the 1960's to the 1990's
25 (5)
2.4 Recent trends in research on grammaticalization
30 (9)
3 Mechanisms: reanalysis and analogy 39 (32)
3.1 Introduction
39 (1)
3.2 Some background assumptions about change
40 (10)
3.2.1 Induction, deduction, abduction
41 (2)
3.2.2 Who is the language learner?
43 (2)
3.2.3 The question of genetic endowment
45 (1)
3.2.4 Innovation versus spread
46 (4)
3.3 Reanalysis
50 (8)
3.3.1 The French inflectional future
52 (3)
3.3.2 The English modal auxiliaries
55 (3)
3.4 The independence of reanalysis and grammaticalization
58 (5)
3.4.1 Word-order change
59 (4)
3.5 Analogy/rule generalization
63 (5)
3.6 The differential effects of reanalysis and analogy
68 (1)
3.7 Conclusion
69 (2)
4 Pragmatic factors 71 (28)
4.1 Introduction
71 (3)
4.2 Inferencing and meaning change
74 (7)
4.2.1 Semantics and pragmatics
76 (1)
4.2.2 Relationships between senses of a form: homonymy and polysemy
77 (1)
4.2.3 Conversational and conventional inferencing
78 (3)
4.3 The role of pragmatic inferencing in grammaticalization
81 (11)
4.3.1 Metaphorical processes
84 (3)
4.3.2 Metonymic processes
87 (5)
4.4 Metaphor and metonymy as problem solving
92 (2)
4.5 Pragmatic enrichment versus "bleaching"
94 (4)
4.6 Conclusion
98 (1)
5 The hypothesis of unidirectionality 99 (41)
5.1 Introduction
99 (1)
5.2 Generalization
100 (6)
5.2.1 Generalization of meaning
101 (3)
5.2.2 Generalization of grammatical function
104 (2)
5.3 Decategorialization
106 (9)
5.3.1 A noun-to-affix cline
110 (1)
5.3.2 A verb-to-affix cline
111 (3)
5.3.3 Multiple paths
114 (1)
5.4 Some processes participating in unidirectionality
115 (9)
5.4.1 Specialization
116 (2)
5.4.2 Divergence
118 (4)
5.4.3 Renewal
122 (2)
5.5 A synchronic result of unidirectionality: layering
124 (2)
5.6 Frequency
126 (4)
5.6.1 Frequency effects
127 (1)
5.6.2 Synchronic studies of frequency
128 (1)
5.6.3 Diachronic studies of frequency
129 (1)
5.7 Counterexamples to unidirectionality
130 (8)
5.8 The uses of unidirectionality in reconstruction
138 (1)
5.9 Conclusion
139 (1)
6 Clause-internal morphological changes 140 (35)
6.1 Introduction
140 (1)
6.2 Morphologization
140 (19)
6.2.1 Some characteristics of clitics
142 (1)
6.2.2 Positions of clitics
143 (8)
6.2.3 Semantic "relevance" as a factor in fusion and morpheme order
151 (3)
6.2.4 Phonological concomitants of morphologization
154 (5)
6.3 The development of paradigms
159 (6)
6.4 Argument-structure marking: functional-semantic hierarchies and morphological generalization
165 (7)
6.4.1 Object marking in Persian
165 (3)
6.4.2 Ergative case marking: a statistical perspective
168 (4)
6.5 Loss
172 (2)
6.6 Conclusion
174 (1)
7 Grammaticalization across clauses 175 (37)
7.1 Introduction
175 (1)
7.2 A cline of clause-combining constructions
176 (8)
7.2.1 Parataxis
179 (2)
7.2.2 Hypotaxis
181 (2)
7.2.3 Subordination
183 (1)
7.3 The grammaticalization of clause linkers
184 (6)
7.4 Examples of the development of complex sentence constructions
190 (14)
7.4.1 That-complementation in English
190 (4)
7.4.2 Quotative say-constructions in Akkadian
194 (2)
7.4.3 Relative clauses in English and Hittite
196 (8)
7.5 From complex to simple clauses
204 (5)
7.5.1 From clause chaining to verb inflection in Lhasa
204 (2)
7.5.2 Two conjoined clauses reanalyzed as a single clause
206 (1)
7.5.3 From main clause construction to sentential adverb in contemporary English
207 (2)
7.6 Some counterexamples to unidirectionality in clause combining
209 (2)
7.7 Conclusion
211 (1)
8 Grammaticalization in situations of extreme language contact 212 (19)
8.1 Introduction
212 (1)
8.2 Basic characteristics of pidgins and creoles
213 (6)
8.2.1 Some characteristics of pidgins
214 (2)
8.2.2 Some characteristics of creoles
216 (3)
8.3 Implications of pidgins and creoles for language change
219 (5)
8.3.1 Child versus adult language acquisition
219 (3)
8.3.2 Simplification and elaboration
222 (2)
8.4 Specific implications of pidgins and creoles for grammaticalization
224 (7)
9 Summary and suggestions for further work 231 (3)
Notes 234 (3)
References 237 (28)
Index of names 265 (5)
Index of languages 270 (2)
General index 272

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