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| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | t d | ʈ ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | ʔ | ||||
| Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | ||||
| Trill | ʙ | r | ʀ | ||||||||
| Tap or Flap | ⱱ | ɾ | ɽ | ||||||||
| Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ ʁ | ħ ʕ | h ɦ |
| Lateral fricative | ɬ ɮ | ||||||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ | ||||||
| Lateral approximant | l | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ |
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
| Clicks | Voiced implosives | Ejectives | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʘ | Bilabial | ɓ | Bilabial | ʼ | Examples: |
| ǀ | Dental | ɗ | Dental/alveolar | pʼ | Bilabal |
| ǃ | (Post)alveolar | ʄ | Palatal | tʼ | Dental/alveolar |
| ǂ | Palatoalveolar | ɠ | Velar | kʼ | Velar |
| ǁ | Alveolar lateral | ʛ | Uvular | sʼ | Alveolar fricative |
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
| ʍ | Voiceless labial-velar fricative | ɕ | ʑ | Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| w | Voiced labial-velar approximant | ɺ | Alveolar lateral flap | |
| ɥ | Voiced labial-palatal approximant | ɧ | Simultaneous ʃ and x | |
| ʜ | Voiceless epiglottal fricative |
k͡p t͜s ◌͡◌ ◌͜◌ Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. |
||
| ʢ | Voiced epiglottal fricative | |||
| ʡ | Epiglottal plosive | |||
| ˈ | Primary stress | |
|---|---|---|
| ˌ | Secondary stress | |
| ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən | ||
| ː | Long | eː |
| ˑ | Half-long | eˑ |
| ◌̆ | Extra short | ĕ |
| | | Minor (foot) group | |
| ‖ | Major (intonation) group | |
| . | Syllable break | ɹi.ækt |
| ‿ | Linking (absence of a break) | |
Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊
| ◌̥ | Voiceless | n̥ | d̥ | ◌̤ | Breathy voiced | b̤ | a̤ | ◌̪ | Dental | t̪ | d̪ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ◌̬ | Voiced | s̬ | t̬ | ◌̰ | Creaky voiced | b̰ | a̰ | ◌̺ | Apical | t̺ | d̺ |
| h | Aspirated | th | dh | ◌̼ | Linguolabial | t̼ | d̼ | ◌̻ | Laminal | t̻ | d̻ |
| ◌̹ | More rounded | ɔ̹ | w | Labalized | tw | dw | ◌̃ | Nasalized | ẽ | ||
| ◌̜ | Less rounded | ɔ̜ | j | Palatalized | tj | dj | n | Nasal release | dn | ||
| ◌̟ | Advanced | u̟ | ɣ | Velarized | tɣ | dɣ | l | Lateral release | dl | ||
| ◌̠ | Retracted | e̠ | ʕ | Pharyngealized | tʕ | dʕ | ◌̚ | No audible release | d̚ | ||
| ◌̈ | Centralized | ë | ◌̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized | ɫ | ||||||
| ◌̽ | Mid-centralized | e̽ | ◌̝ | Raised | e̝ | (ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative) | |||||
| ◌̩ | Syllabic | n̩ | ◌̞ | Lowered | e̞ | (β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant) | |||||
| ◌̯ | Non-syllabic | e̯ | ◌̘ | Advanced Tongue Root | e̘ | ||||||
| ˞ | Rhoticity | ɚ | a˞ | ◌̙ | Retracted Tongue Root | e̙ | |||||
| Level | Contour | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| e̋ | or | ˥ | Extra high | ě | or | ˩˥ | Rising |
| é | ˦ | High | ê | ˥˩ | Falling | ||
| ē | ˧ | Mid | e᷄ | ˦˥ | High rising | ||
| è | ˨ | Low | e᷅ | ˩˨ | Low rising | ||
| ȅ | ˩ | Extra low | e᷈ | ˧˦˧ | Rising-falling | ||
| ↓ | Downstep | ↗ | Global rise | ||||
| ↑ | Upstep | ↘ | Global fall | ||||