Exp [z]
gives the exponential of z.
Exp
Exp [z]
gives the exponential of z.
Details
- Mathematical function, suitable for both symbolic and numerical manipulation.
- For certain special arguments, Exp automatically evaluates to exact values.
- Exp can be evaluated to arbitrary numerical precision.
- Exp automatically threads over lists.
- Exp [z] is converted to E^z.
- Exp can be used with Interval and CenteredInterval objects. »
Examples
open all close allBasic Examples (6)
Evaluate numerically:
Evaluate numerically to any precision:
Plot over a subset of the reals:
Plot over a subset of the complexes:
Series expansion at the origin:
Exponential functions can be entered as ee x:
Scope (55)
Numerical Evaluation (6)
Evaluate numerically:
Evaluate to high precision:
The precision of the output tracks the precision of the input:
Exp can take complex number inputs:
Evaluate Exp efficiently at high precision:
Compute worst-case guaranteed intervals using Interval and CenteredInterval objects:
Or compute average-case statistical intervals using Around :
Compute the elementwise values of an array:
Or compute the matrix Exp function using MatrixFunction :
Specific Values (6)
The value at zero:
Values of Exp at fixed points:
Values at infinity:
Simple exact values are generated automatically:
Some more complicated values can be expanded using ExpToTrig :
Local extrema of Exp along the imaginary axis:
Find a value of for which the using Solve :
Substitute in the result:
Visualize the result:
Visualization (4)
Function Properties (12)
Exp is defined for all real and complex values:
Exp achieves all positive values on the reals:
The range for complex values is the entire plane except for 0:
Exp is a periodic function with period :
Exp has the mirror property exp(TemplateBox[{z}, Conjugate])=TemplateBox[{{exp, (, z, )}}, Conjugate]:
Exp is an analytic function of x:
Exp is non-decreasing:
Exp is injective:
Exp is not surjective:
Exp is non-negative:
Has no singularities or discontinuities:
Exp is convex:
TraditionalForm formatting:
Differentiation (3)
First derivative:
Formula for the ^(th) derivative:
Derivative of a nested exponential function:
Integration (5)
Series Expansions (5)
Integral Transforms (3)
Function Identities and Simplifications (6)
Primary definition:
Euler's formula:
Convert from exponential to hyperbolic functions:
Convert trigonometric and hyperbolic functions into exponentials:
Products are automatically combined:
Expand assuming real variables x and y:
Function Representations (5)
Exp arises from the power function in a limit:
Series representation:
Representation in terms of Bessel functions:
Exp can be represented in terms of MeijerG :
Exp can be represented as a DifferentialRoot :
Applications (15)
Differential Equations (7)
Exponential decay:
Damped harmonic oscillator:
Solution of a boundary‐layer problem using Exp :
Plot various solutions:
Calculate the dispersion relation for the telegrapher's equation using a plane wave ansatz:
Solve the Schrödinger equation for the exponential Liouville potential:
Transmission and reflection coefficient of the Schrödinger equation for a step potential:
Propagator for the free‐particle Schrödinger equation:
Calculate spreading of a Gaussian wave packet:
Visualize the spreading:
Probability, Statistics and Statistical Mechanics (4)
Normal distribution:
Calculate moments:
Define the CDF of the Gumbel distribution through nested exponential functions:
Plot the PDF:
Calculate the first moment symbolically:
Define a Fermi–Dirac, a Bose–Einstein and a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution function:
Plot the distributions:
Calculate the moments of the binomial distribution from the exponential generating function:
Gaussian Functions (2)
Multivariate Gaussian integrals:
Plot Fourier transforms:
Limits and Expansions (2)
Take this multivariate function:
Find series solution up to order three for the following system of equations:
The result satisfies the equations:
Construct a fast growing function using Exp and compute its limit:
Properties & Relations (19)
Convert from exponential to trigonometric and hyperbolic functions:
Convert trigonometric and hyperbolic functions into exponentials:
Calculate special values as radicals:
Extract numerators and denominators:
Reciprocals of the exponential function evaluate to exponential functions:
Exp arises from the power function in a limit:
Compose with inverse functions:
PowerExpand disregards multivaluedness of Log :
Obtain a form correct for all complex ‐values:
Compose with inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions:
Solve transcendental equations involving Exp :
Reduce an exponential equation:
Integrals:
Integral transform:
Sums:
The coefficients of the series of nested exponential functions are multiples of Bell numbers:
Exp is a numeric function:
The generating function for Exp :
FindSequenceFunction can recognize the Exp sequence:
The exponential generating function for Exp :
Possible Issues (7)
Exponentials can be very large:
And can become too large for computer representation of a number:
Literal matchings may fail because exponential functions evaluate to powers with base E :
Use Unevaluated or Hold to avoid evaluation:
Logarithms in exponents are not always automatically resolved:
Use Together to remove logarithms in exponents:
Machine-precision input is insufficient to give a correct answer:
With exact input, the answer is correct:
No power series exists at infinity, where Exp has an essential singularity:
Exp is applied elementwise to matrices; MatrixExp finds matrix exponentials:
In TraditionalForm input, parentheses are needed around the argument:
Neat Examples (5)
Find correction terms to a classic limit:
Closed-form expression for the partial sum of the power series of Exp :
Leading correction for the difference to Exp [z] for large :
Nested exponential functions over the complex plane:
Fractal from iterating Exp :
The almost nowhere differentiable Riemann–Weierstrass function:
Tech Notes
History
Introduced in 1988 (1.0) | Updated in 2021 (13.0)
Text
Wolfram Research (1988), Exp, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Exp.html (updated 2021).
CMS
Wolfram Language. 1988. "Exp." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. Last Modified 2021. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Exp.html.
APA
Wolfram Language. (1988). Exp. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Exp.html
BibTeX
@misc{reference.wolfram_2025_exp, author="Wolfram Research", title="{Exp}", year="2021", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Exp.html}", note=[Accessed: 17-November-2025]}
BibLaTeX
@online{reference.wolfram_2025_exp, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={Exp}, year={2021}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Exp.html}, note=[Accessed: 17-November-2025]}