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Higher type primitive recursive definitions (also known as Godel's system T) defining first-order functions can be classified into an infinite syntactic hierarchy. A definition is in the nth level of this hierarchy, a so-called rank-n definition, if and only if n is an upper bound on the levels of the types occurring in it. The author interprets these definitions over finite structures and shows that rank-2 definitions characterize PTIME, rank-3 definitions characterize PSPACE, and rank-4 definitions EXPTIME
@InProceedings{Goerdt-Characterizingcompl,
author = {Andreas Goerdt},
title = {Characterizing complexity classes by higher type primitive recursive definitions },
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS 1989)},
year = {1989},
month = {June},
pages = {364--374},
location = {Pacific Grove, CA, USA},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press}
}