Chronology of events: 1673--1702

For some events, the year is certain but the month and day are not. Example: We know only the year for the collections of Leeuwenhoek's letters published in Dutch during his lifetime.

For other events, the season or month are certain but the day is not. Example: Leeuwenhoek mentions that someone visited him "last month".

On the other hand, many events did indeed happen on the first day of a month. Example: public appointments to Delft's city offices took effect on January 1 of each year. Thus:

  • A date of January 1 in a given year may indicate that the year is certain but the month and day are not.
  • A date of 1 in a given month may indicate that the year and month are certain but the day is not.

Unless otherwise indicated, for events in England, the date given is Old Style, 10 days behind the Dutch Republic's New Style until 1700 and then 11 days behind.

Date
August 20, 1695 Wrote Letter L-268 of 1695年08月20日 to Frederik Adriaan van Reede about again about oysters and their sperm and aphids and other parasites
September 1, 1695 A certain gentleman, Angelus van Wijkhuysen, wrote Letter L-269 before September 1695 to inform Leeuwenhoek about mussel gatherers and a minister who believed that mussels are formed by spontaneous generation
September 10, 1695 Wrote Letter L-270 of 1695年09月10日 to Pieter Rabus about his attempt to breed maggots with his own ear-wax as food and a movement in his ear due to the vibration of a little hair against the ear-drum
September 18, 1695 Wrote Letter L-271 of 1695年09月18日 to Johann Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg about swan mussel sperm, eggs, embryos, and locomotion, small animals as food for larger ones and oysters and their larvae; he again refutes spontaneous generation
October 12, 1695 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-272 of 1695年10月12日 to thank Leeuwenhoek for dedicating Arcana Natura Detecta to him and to report on several recent books written in Latin and Italian by Italians that he thought might be of interest
October 14, 1695 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-273 to praise Leeuwenhoek
October 18, 1695 Wrote Letter L-274 of 1695年10月18日 to Antonio Magliabechi to accompany a parcel of books, which Leeuwenhoek gave to Baron Bettino Riasoli for delivery
October 23, 1695 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-275 of 1695年10月23日 to Leeuwenhoek about recent books in Latin and Italian by Italians that he thought might be of interest
October 31, 1695 Wrote Letter L-276 of 1695年10月31日 to Magliabechi to acknowledge the receipt of Magliabechi's Letter L-272, to report on the books he sent and on his recent Letter L-271 to Johann Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg
October 31, 1695 Wrote Letter L-277 of 1695年10月31日 to Jacob Calckberner to request that he forward a package of books to Magliabechi
November 1, 1695 His Excellency Mr.... wrote Letter L-278 of sometime before November 1695 on the day he left Düsseldorf, a lost letter
November 3, 1695 Wrote Letter L-279 of 1695年11月03日 to Johann Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg about larvae from swan mussels, little animals in water taken out of swan mussels, and extracts from letters to Oldenburg and Brouncker about the quantity of little animals
November 5, 1695 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-280 to again praise Leeuwenhoek
December 1, 1695 Wrote Letter L-281 of 1695年12月01日 to Frederik Adriaan van Reede, the dedication of the Fifth Continuation of the Letters (Vijfde Vervolg der Brieven)
December 19, 1695 Received an honorarium from the city for the Fifth Continuation of the Letters (Vijfde Vervolg der Brieven)
December 22, 1695 Wrote Letter L-282 of 1695年12月22日 to acknowledge the receipt of two letters by Magliabechi and to tell him once again that the books have been forwarded to him
December 28, 1695 Wrote Letter L-283 of 1695年12月28日 to Hendrik van Bleyswijk about herring, their stomach worms, the food in herring stomachs, and how small fish like herring catch food
January 1, 1696 Published Antony van Leeuwenhoeks 37ste Missive, Geschreven aan (Written to) de Heer Cristopher Wren
January 1, 1696 Published Antony van Leeuwenhoeks 40ste Missive, Geschreven aan (Written to) de Heer Francois Aston
January 1, 1696 Published Arcana Naturae Microscopiorum (Nature's Mcroscopical Mysteries), 19 Letters from 28 - 52 (2nd)
January 1, 1696 Published Continuatio Epistolarum (Continuation of the Letters), Letters 53-60 (2nd)
January 1, 1696 Published Levende Dierkens (Living Animals), Letters 28 - 31, 34 - 36 (2nd)
January 1, 1696 Published Sout-figuren (Salt figures), Letters 44, 45 (2nd)
January 1, 1696 Published Vijfde Vervolg der Brieven (Fifth Continuation of the Letters), Letters 84 - 96
February 17, 1696 Hans Sloane wrote Letter L-284 of 17 February 1696 on behalf of the Royal Society to encourage Leeuwenhoek
February 20, 1696 Wrote Letter L-285 of 1696年02月20日 to Frederik Adriaan van Reede about the anatomy of the body louse, especially the sexual organs and the louse's rapid reproduction, and his opposition to Jonston's and Kircher's observations on lice
March 6, 1696 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-286 to Leeuwenhoek, reporting that he finally received the copies of Arcana Naturae Detecta, one for Grand Duke Cosima III
March 8, 1696 Wrote Letter L-287 of 1696年03月08日 to Nicolaas Witsen about white mace caused by vermin, a moth from a larva taken from mace, larvae and wings of the merchant grain beetle, and nutmeg; warehouses should be painted to protect spices from vermin
May 2, 1696 The Royal Society decided to resume correspondence with Leeuwenhoek
May 16, 1696 Pieter Rabus wrote Letter L-288 to Leeuwenhoek about dowsing rods
June 1, 1696 Wrote Letter L-289 of 1696年06月01日 to Pieter Rabus about dowsing rods and the hazel branches used to make them, iron, and loadstone
June 5, 1696 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-290 to Leeuwenhoek about the book dedicated to him
June 9, 1696 Asked to keep safe disputed sacks of buckwheat while the magistrates heard the case
June 27, 1696 Named as renter of a garden outside the Schoolpoort
July 1, 1696 Nicolaas Witsen wrote Letter L-291 of sometime before July 1696 to Leeuwenhoek about an enclosed mineral, map, and letter
July 6, 1696 Wrote Letter L-292 of 1696年07月06日 to Nicolaas Witsen about his analysis of the mineral that Witsen sent with Letter L-291, ant stings, and lacquer particles on a tree that originate from the tree itself, not from ants
July 8, 1696 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-293 to Leeuwenhoek about a packet of books that had arrived
July 10, 1696 Wrote Letter L-294 of 1696年07月10日 to Nicolaas Witsen about demonstrating the rotation of the earth with the aid of a glass globe filled with water in which wax particles are floating.
July 10, 1696 Wrote Letter L-295 of 1696年07月10日 to the members of the Royal Society about the circulation of blood in eels; mites, figs, strawberries, and a lobster's leg; a transcription of Christiaan Huygens's Letter L-223 about the reproduction of eels
July 16, 1696 Wrote Letter L-296 of 1696年07月16日 to Frederik Adriaan van Reede about the male and female sexual organs of oysters and their larvae
July 23, 1696 Wrote Letter L-297 of 1696年07月23日 to Pieter Rabus honey-dew on lime-trees; moisture from vine tendrils leads to a theory on the production of lacquer in tropical trees; his Delft friend has lost the capacity to handle the dowsing-rod
July 30, 1696 Pieter Rabus wrote Letter L-298 to Leeuwenhoek, more about honey-dew and dowsing rods
August 18, 1696 Traveled to Zeeland to visit friends in Zierikzee
August 23, 1696 Frederick Adriaan van Reede wrote Letter L-299 of 1696年08月23日, a "welcome letter"
August 26, 1696 Wrote Letter L-300 of 1696年08月26日 to Frederik Adriaan van Reede about plant-lice, its embryos and parasitization, black flies and their caterpillars on apple-trees, and English oysters from Zierikzee
August 28, 1696 Wrote Letter L-301 of 1696年08月28日 to Antonio Magliabechi to acknowledge receipt of Letter L-293, to inquire about the reaction of the grand duke to his work, and to thank Magliabechi for sending printed matter and book news from Italy
August 29, 1696 Wrote Letter L-302 of 1696年08月29日 to Hendrik van Bleyswijk about oak-wood containing beetle larvae, which appeared to be able to feed on wood, and the cause of the differences in quality of oak-wood
September 7, 1696 Wrote Letter L-303 of 1696年09月07日 to thank Magliabechi for Letter L-290 of 5 June and Letter L-293 of 8 July 1696 and to request that Magliabechi spare him exaggerated praise henceforth
September 12, 1696 Wrote Letter L-304 of 1696年09月12日 to Anthonie Heinsius about rennet and curd, chalk and crab's-eyes in vinegar, smoking tobacco to cure toothache, the gall-bladder and omasum of a calf, milk-clotting, and his contradiction of a physician
September 27, 1696 Wrote Letter L-305 of 1696年09月27日 to Hendrik van Bleyswijk about the age of fishes, especially herring, using scales and the structure of greater weever's spine and the painfulness of its sting
October 26, 1696 Wrote Letter L-306 of 1696年10月26日 to Maarten Etienne van Velden to accompany a presentation copy of his printed letters, Sesde Vervolg Der Brieven (Sixth Continuation of the Letters)
October 30, 1696 Wrote Letter L-307 of 1696年10月30日 to a "gentleman in Brabant", a cover letter accompanying a copy of Sesde Vervolg der Brieven
November 6, 1696 Received an honorarium from the city for the Sixth Continuation of the Letters
November 10, 1696 A gentleman in Brabant wrote Letter L-308 of sometime in November 1696 to Leeuwenhoek about his long-held Copernican ideas
November 15, 1696 Wrote Letter L-309 of "latter part" of 1696 to Harmen van Zoelen about what I had learned from an East India Trader
December 18, 1696 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-310 to Leeuwenhoek with reports on several recent books that he thought might be of interest written in Latin by Italians
December 18, 1696 Hans Sloane wrote Letter L-311 of 1696年12月18日, as instructed by the Royal Society
January 1, 1697 Gottfried Leibniz wrote Letter L-312 to Leeuwenhoek about magnets and the magnetic power of the earth
January 1, 1697 Published Continuatio Arcanorum Naturae detectorum (Continuation of Nature's Mysteries Disclosed), Letters 93 - 107
January 1, 1697 Published Sesde Vervolg der Brieven (Sixth Continuation of the Letters), Letters 97 - 107
January 1, 1697 Published Tweede Vervolg der Brieven (Second Continuation of the Letters), Letters 61 - 67 (2nd)
January 1, 1697 Published Zaden van Boomen (Seeds of Trees), Letters 46, 47 (2nd)
January 1, 1697 Received fees from new citizens in the name of the city's camerbewaarders and messengers
February 4, 1697 Maarten Etienne van Velden wrote Letter L-313 to Leeuwenhoek about receiving Sesde Vervolg der Brieven
February 12, 1697 Wrote Letter L-314 of 1697年02月12日 to Maarten Etienne van Velden, regretting Van Velden's difficulties caused by his defence of Copernicus and in support, enclosing a copy of a letter from a gentleman in Brabant
February 19, 1697 Wrote Letter L-315 of 1697年02月19日 to Hans Sloane about sending Sesde Vervolg der Brieven and wanting to receive the latest Philosophical Transactions and the works of Malpighi
March 13, 1697 Royal Society read Letter L-315 of 19 February 1697 and agreed to send Philosophical Transactions
March 25, 1697 Wrote Letter L-316 of 1697年03月25日 to the members of the Royal Society as a cover letter to Continuatio Arcanorum Naturae
April 1, 1697 Pieter vander Slaart wrote Letter L-317 some months before April 1697 about visiting Leeuwenhoek with a German doctor
April 1, 1697 Visited by Johann Anderson, a German lawyer and natural scientist
April 5, 1697 Wrote Letter L-318 of 1697年04月05日 to the members of the Royal Society about experiments with magnets, a meniscus in a glass, and patients given 'sympathetic' powder as a medicine by a German quack doctor
May 1, 1697 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-319 in spring 1697 with a booklet by Dr. Scaramucci about elephant bones found in Saxony
May 7, 1697 Gottfried Leibniz wrote to Hendrik van Bleyswijk about the need for Leeuwenhoek to train students in order to render "even greater services to the human race"
May 15, 1697 Wrote Letter L-320 of May 1697 to Victor van Beughem about how to distribute the enclosed copies of Continuatio Arcanorum Naturae
May 17, 1697 John Harwood wrote Letter L-321 of 1697年05月17日 to Leeuwenhoek about enclosed issues of Philosophical Transactions
June 1, 1697 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-322 with more news of recently published books in Italian and Latin by Italians; sent gift book to Leeuwenhoek
June 1, 1697 Visited by Sir Francis Child, an English banker and politician
June 6, 1697 Wrote Letter L-323 of 1697年06月06日 to Antonio Magliabechi about marine fossils found in mountain rocks and the present of copies of Continuatio Arcanorum Naturae sent to Florence
July 1, 1697 Wrote Letter L-324 of 1697年07月01日 to Luca Giamberti to request that he send Magliabechi's gift book by a freighter from Cologne via Düsseldorf to Dordrecht
July 3, 1697 Royal Society read Letter L-316 of 25 March 1697, and asked Robert Hooke to review the enclosed Continuatio Arcanorum Naturae
July 19, 1697 Luca Giamberti wrote Letter L-325 to Leeuwenhoek about a gift book from Magliabechi
August 1, 1697 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-326 in August 1697 with more news of recently published books in Italian and Latin by Italians that he thought might be of interest
August 18, 1697 Jan van Leeuwen wrote Letter L-327 of 1697年08月18日 to Leeuwenhoek, sending a box of straw and wheat ears said to have been ruined by honey-dew falling from the sky
September 3, 1697 Visited neice Rijcke van Leeuwen in Rotterdam
September 3, 1697 Wrote Letter L-328 of 1697年09月03日 to Jan van Leeuwen about ears of wheat with smut and a theory of fungous disease in grain; refutes the notion that honey-dew causes smut ears
September 10, 1697 Wrote Letter L-329 of 1697年09月10日 to the members of the Royal Society about small white eggs mixed with earth, a pulsating pulmonary vein in an egg, Roman snails, the rootlets of a wheat grain, one of his own teeth, and young oysters
October 12, 1697 cousin Jannetje Maertens (Johanna) Leeuwenhoek married Frans van Trigt
October 15, 1697 Visited by Tsar Peter the Great of Russia
November 2, 1697 Wrote Letter L-330 of 1697年11月02日 to Antonio Magliabechi to thank him for two of his letters and to complain that the book sent to him has not yet arrived
November 7, 1697 Hendrik van Bleyswijk wrote to Gottfried Leibniz about encouraging Leeuwenhoek to take on students
December 10, 1697 aunt Anna Verloo left coins to Maria Thonis and her cousin Magdaleentje
January 1, 1698 Published A. van Leeuwenhoeks 41ste Missive, Geschreven aen (written to) de Koninklijke Societeit tot Londen
January 1, 1698 Published Onsigtbare Verborgentheden (Invisible Mysteries), Letters 38, 42, 43 (3rd)
January 1, 1698 Wrote Letter L-331 of sometime between late December 1697 and mid-January to Johan Arnoldi about the book that Magliabechi had sent
January 3, 1698 Gottfried Leibniz wrote to Hendrik van Bleyswijk about encouraging Leeuwenhoek to train students
January 10, 1698 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-332 to Leeuwenhoek in early 1698 with reports on several recent books that he thought might be of interest written by Italians and a German
January 15, 1698 Johan Arnoldi wrote Letter L-333 to Leeuwenhoek about problems delivering Magliabechi's gift book
January 19, 1698 Wrote Letter L-334 of 1698年01月19日 to Govert Bidloo about how little animals get into the human body through canal water and food preparation
February 10, 1698 Wrote Letter L-335 in February 1698 to Johan Arnoldi that he should do whatever it takes to get the book that Magliabechi sent and that he will reimburse whatever it costs
February 17, 1698 Hendrik van Bleyswijk wrote to Gottfried Leibniz about encouraging Leeuwenhoek to take on students and teach them his "secret methods"
February 20, 1698 Wrote Letter L-336 of 1698年02月20日 to Antonio Magliabechi about problems during the transport of the book that Magliabechi had sent to Leeuwenhoek as a present
March 1, 1698 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-337 to honor Leeuwenhoek with a poem in praise of great erudition
March 21, 1698 Govert Bidloo wrote Letter L-338 to Leeuwenhoek about little animals in sheep's livers
April 1, 1698 Johan Arnoldi wrote Letter L-339 to Leeuwenhoek that he had to spend a pistole to get the book that Magliabechi had sent to Leeuwenhoek the previous year
April 1, 1698 Wrote Letter L-340 to Johan Arnoldi that he will reimburse him for his expenses in getting the book
April 15, 1698 Wrote Letter L-341 around April 1698 to Harmen van Zoelen about using plaster to whitewash wooden storage containers to prevent damage from worms
April 17, 1698 Wrote Letter L-342 of 1698年04月17日 to Antonio Magliabechi that the book had at last arrived and received a place of honour in his house
May 9, 1698 Wrote Letter L-343 of 1698年05月09日 to the members of the Royal Society about the compound eye of a beetle and the number of facets, the human cornea, drone flies, and gnat brains and leg muscles
June 1, 1698 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-344 to Leeuwenhoek with reports on several recent books that he thought might be of interest written in Latin and Italian by Italians
June 9, 1698 Robert Hooke wrote Letter L-345 of 1698年06月09日 to Leeuwenhoek recent letters and sending copies of Leeuwenhoek’s missing numbers of Philosophical Transactions; he encourages Leeuwenhoek’s continuing research
July 1, 1698 Traveled to Antwerp, visited Daniël Papenbroek
July 5, 1698 Appointed curator of the insolvent estate of Hendrick van Tol
August 14, 1698 Wrote Letter L-346 of 1698年08月14日 to Antonio Magliabechi about payment for and arrival of a book sent by Magliabechi as a present as well as an enclosed catalogue of an art collection of the Mennonite minister A. van Beusecom
September 20, 1698 Wrote Letter L-347 of 1698年09月20日 to Anthonie Heinsius about blood circulation in an eel's tail, the transition of arterial into venous capillaries, and the connection between the thickness of the wall of the blood vessels and the viscosity of the blood
November 27, 1698 Fortunato Vinacessi wrote Letter L-348 of 1698年11月27日 to Leeuwenhoek, enclosing letters from Italy about protecting gunpowder from the effects of water
December 17, 1698 Wrote Letter L-349 of 1698年12月17日 to Harmen van Zoelen to defend himself against Hartsoeker's claim to have been the first to discover sperm
December 20, 1698 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-350 to Leeuwenhoek in late 1698 with reports on several recent books that he thought might be of interest written in Latin by Italians
February 1, 1699 Johan Arnoldi wrote Letter L-351 to Leeuwenhoek about the pistolet that he was returning
February 1, 1699 Wrote Letter L-352 of 1699年02月01日 to a "right honorable sir" about his inspection of a mineral containing gold and silver from the Salida mine in Sumatra; his theory about the formation of gold and silver ores
February 15, 1699 Wrote Letter L-353 of February 1699 to Johan Arnoldi about how he can repay Leeuwenhoek
February 28, 1699 Wrote Letter L-354 of 1699年02月28日 to Antonio Magliabechi about reimbursement for Arnoldi's expenses for the book that Leeuwenhoek finally received
March 4, 1699 Listed as a correspondent of Claude Burlet by the Académie des Sciences of Paris
March 29, 1699 At Leeuwenhoek's request, the mayors relieved him of his duties as camerbewaarder, appointed Arnold Ramp in his place, and appointed Christiaen Drom to replace Ramp as travelling messsenger
April 26, 1699 Wrote Letter L-355 of 1699年04月26日 to Harmen van Zoelen about the damage caused to mace by insects and their larvae, damage to bamboo, and the biting and stinging of noxious white ants and the struggle against them by chalking of wood
June 9, 1699 Wrote Letter L-356 of 1699年06月09日 to the members of the Royal Society to dispute Dalenpatius's 'Nouvelles de la Republique des lettres', in which sperm are described as having the shape of the human body
June 23, 1699 Wrote Letter L-357 of 1699年06月23日 to the members of the Royal Society in response to Martin Lister's objections against his theory of generation; his opposition to the theory of spontaneous generation; the assumption of male and female spermatozoa
August 5, 1699 Wrote Letter L-358 of 1699年08月05日 to the directors of the United East India Company in Delft about circulation of the blood in the leg of a scorpion from India that they had sent to him; a description of the eight eyes and the pincers
September 8, 1699 Antonio Magliabechi wrote Letter L-359 to Leeuwenhoek with reports on several recent books written in Latin by Italians that he thought might be of interest
September 25, 1699 Wrote Letter L-360 of 1699年09月25日 to Hans Sloane to request a reaction to previously sent letters and as cover letter for Letter L-361 of the same day to the Royal Society
September 25, 1699 Wrote Letter L-361 of 1699年09月25日 to the members of the Royal Society about the circulation of blood in tadpole capillaries, the transition from arteries to veins, blood clotting, the dissolution of clotted blood, and the origin of the name thunder-pad
October 1, 1699 Wrote Letter L-362 of sometime in October 1699 to Ehrenfried von Tschirnhaus about medicines, his aversion to bleeding and purging, and his preference for tea and coffee as medicine; credulity of people who trust impostors and poorly trained physicians
October 16, 1699 Wrote Letter L-363 of 1699年10月16日 to Antonio Magliabechi about tiny animalcules from ditchwater, his opposition to spontaneous generation, and how animals serve as food for each other
December 1, 1699 Received payment from city for duties with magistrate's court
December 12, 1699 City set salaries for camerbewaarders serving as inspectors
January 1, 1700 Visited (possibly) by Hans Sloane, his editor at Philosophical Transactions
January 2, 1700 Wrote Letter L-364 of 1700年01月02日 to Hans Sloane about liver fluke, gnat larvae, circulation of blood in a frog, and little animals in its feces
January 14, 1700 Wrote Letter L-365 of 1700年01月14日 to Nicolaes Boogaert van Belois about blood circulation in lizard legs, the way a lizard and a scorpion react to one another, the scorpion's eyes, pincers, and sting and the muscle fibres in that sting
May 20, 1700 Wrote Letter L-366 of 1700年05月20日 to Hendrik van Bleyswijk about the eyes and the sting of a centipede and the reactions of a fly and a lizard to a centipede
May 20, 1700 Wrote Letter L-367 of 1700年05月20日 to Anthonie Heinsius about peat, its composition and origin, how much soil washed into the sea by rivers and effect on sea level compared to amount of soil lost through peat cutting
June 2, 1700 Royal Society discussed Letter L-364 and wanted Leeuwenhoek to try to find worms in other animals

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