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Old 24th August 2008, 14:25 #1 | Link
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Finally handling BD+ (?)
Now that MKBv7 is public I think it's time to concentrate on BD+. I can't imagine that SlySoft is the only one to manage that protection. So how do they do it? Magic? I don't think so! And obviously they didn't reverse engineer PowerDVD - this was the third time that AnyDVD handles BD+ but PowerDVD can't. PowerDVD users had to wait for an update. So, did they kill a player? Could be easier. Did anyone ever tried something like this? What's the current status of BD+?

Let's wind up and find a strategy. How can hardware players help? Has anyone any information about BD+ (beside that marketing crap from Macrovision)?

Only productive posts welcome.
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Old 24th August 2008, 15:15 #2 | Link
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Could be an implementation problem in powerdvd. For example you could accidentally do if (some_array[123] == 0x01) {...} and some_array is an array of integers (32 bit). You were supposed to compare one BYTE of the array and not 4. As long as there are enough zeros following the 01 you will never notice the bug. For some discs that is not true so they fail to playback because of that bug. Normally you will notice such mistakes when you reverse engineer the code.

Is there a list of BD+ discs so i could choose which one to buy?

Edit: here are some:
28 Days Later
28 Weeks Later
August Rush
Cast Away
Dan in Real Life
Die Hard 1-4
Dogma
Fantastic 4 ROSS
From Hell (Region A)
Gattaca
Hitman
I Robot
Independence Day
Man on Fire
Master and Commander
Mr & Mrs Smith
Mr Brooks
No Country For Old Men
Rescue Dawn
Robocop
Ronin
Sleuth
Sunshine
The Day After Tomorrow
The Simpsons Movie

and almost all recent releases: http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/rele...istorical.html
Last edited by Oopho2ei; 24th August 2008 at 15:36.
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Old 24th August 2008, 17:04 #3 | Link
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I doubt that PowerDVD can implement their own BD+ code - they surely get a library from Macrovision. Closed source. Everything else would be extremely stupid. So the bug is in Macrovision's library. That would encourage my opinion that SlySoft has something in the loop with hardware players.
Last edited by gioowe; 24th August 2008 at 17:06.
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Old 24th August 2008, 17:19 #4 | Link
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Quote:
Originally Posted by gioowe View Post
I doubt that PowerDVD can implement their own BD+ code - they surely get a library from Macrovision. Closed source. Everything else would be extremely stupid. So the bug is in Macrovision's library. That would encourage my opinion that SlySoft has something in the loop with hardware players.
I'll just say: due to certain properties of BD+, once you're past a certain point, you can handle it pretty much without reversing - BD+ itself then helps you out - on any player
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Old 24th August 2008, 17:23 #5 | Link
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Quote:
Originally Posted by gioowe View Post
I doubt that PowerDVD can implement their own BD+ code - they surely get a library from Macrovision. Closed source. Everything else would be extremely stupid. So the bug is in Macrovision's library. That would encourage my opinion that SlySoft has something in the loop with hardware players.
What makes you think the bug is inside that "library"? It could even be a mastering problem and powerdvd is simply following the specification too closely. Why do you explicitly point at powerdvd? What about the other software players?
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Old 24th August 2008, 18:07 #6 | Link
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Oopho2ei View Post
What makes you think the bug is inside that "library"? It could even be a mastering problem and powerdvd is simply following the specification too closely. Why do you explicitly point at powerdvd? What about the other software players?
What other players? WinDVD? ArcSoft? Or Nero?

Anyway, if AnyDVD can play all BD+ and PowerDVD requires an update - that's something very, very interesting.
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Old 24th August 2008, 18:10 #7 | Link
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Peer van Heuen View Post
I'll just say: due to certain properties of BD+, once you're past a certain point, you can handle it pretty much without reversing - BD+ itself then helps you out - on any player
That sounds interesting. So do you say that BD+ can "updates" itself or for instance a player helps out?
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Old 24th August 2008, 18:19 #8 | Link
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I am guessing he means that because bd+ enforces a certain memory footprint (e.g. keys, video etc have to be at a certain fix virtual memory address) he can use a memory dump of the virtual machine interpreter and include it in anydvd as precompiled code module. He would only have to make sure the remaining data vm opcode/keys/video content is at the correct address.
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Old 24th August 2008, 19:44 #9 | Link
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Oopho2ei View Post
I am guessing he means that because bd+ enforces a certain memory footprint (e.g. keys, video etc have to be at a certain fix virtual memory address) he can use a memory dump of the virtual machine interpreter and include it in anydvd as precompiled code module. He would only have to make sure the remaining data vm opcode/keys/video content is at the correct address.
No, that's not it (I thought we were past that silly memory dumping era anyway, that only works for badly written security code ). This foot-/fingerprint stuff is only a very minor part of BD+ and what you're saying would be rather trivial.

Actually you'd have to know how BD+ really works, to know what I meant (and even then you probably wouldn't ).
But if I start unraveling that, I'd be finding myself looking for a new job by next week

So, I'll better shut up from this point on - should have done that in the first place, sorry...
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Old 24th August 2008, 19:49 #10 | Link
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Oopho2ei View Post
I am guessing he means that because bd+ enforces a certain memory footprint (e.g. keys, video etc have to be at a certain fix virtual memory address) he can use a memory dump of the virtual machine interpreter and include it in anydvd as precompiled code module. He would only have to make sure the remaining data vm opcode/keys/video content is at the correct address.
I don't think that. Or you can never create new hardware players or software players that can decode the first released BD+ disks. And if e.g. each certain data has to be at a specific location for all known and future player then there's no point. That's not a footprint.
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Old 24th August 2008, 20:16 #11 | Link
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Originally Posted by gioowe View Post
I don't think that. Or you can never create new hardware players or software players that can decode the first released BD+ disks. And if e.g. each certain data has to be at a specific location for all known and future player then there's no point. That's not a footprint.
To be honest i don't understand what you are trying to say. Also i can't follow the way you try to argue that slysoft reverse engineered a hardware player instead of a specific software player to uncover the secrets of BD+. The code which is run on the virtual machine needs to be able to interfere with the decryption process and therefor BD+ imposes some restrictions on the way the memory is organized. But as Peer pointed out in his previous posting those restrictions are rather small.

Quote:
Originally Posted by Peer van Heuen View Post
No, that's not it (I thought we were past that silly memory dumping era anyway, that only works for badly written security code ). This foot-/fingerprint stuff is only a very minor part of BD+ and what you're saying would be rather trivial.
It was the best i could think of with my very limited knowledge about BD+. For an open source implementation the VM would have to be fully reverse engineered anyway. I will get a BD+ movie and see what the players do.

Quote:
Originally Posted by Peer van Heuen View Post
Actually you'd have to know how BD+ really works, to know what I meant (and even then you probably wouldn't ).
But if I start unraveling that, I'd be finding myself looking for a new job by next week

So, I'll better shut up from this point on - should have done that in the first place, sorry...
Thank you for your help.
Last edited by Oopho2ei; 25th August 2008 at 08:13.
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Old 24th August 2008, 20:28 #12 | Link
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I made some notes of what i was able to find out about BD+ browsing the web. Maybe this helps to clear things up and avoid misunderstandings:
Quote:
BD+ involves the player running a small virtual machine whenever a BD+ disc is inserted. The virtual machine is a small BD+ content code interpreter that includes 100 lines of code and 60 different instructions. The VM loads additional code from the Blu-ray disc, which can perform one of three functions:

- Transform code, which is used to correct sections of video data which are deliberately corrupted on the video stream part of the disc. If hackers strip out only the video code itself, it will display corrupted sections without the application of transform code. This code may also be used to add digital watermarks to certain discs, which can then be used for forensic investigations of leaked copyrighted material.
- Basic countermeasures, which can check a player that is known to have had its hardware hacked for example, a patch to the drive's firmware and detect and respond to this hack. This allows new discs to disable playback on standalone players that have been hacked, without having to revoke the license keys of the entire model or line of players.
- Advanced countermeasures, which can load native code that runs directly on the Blu-ray player during the playback process. This code can do any number of things, but is designed to provide additional methods of protection should the basic countermeasures fail.

Once the disc is removed from the player, the virtual machine unloads and is no longer present in memory. This returns the Blu-ray player to its initial state, so that even if a machine fails to play a BD+ title, it should still (again, in theory) play previously-released Blu-ray titles that do not have BD+ protection.

According to the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), for hackers to successfully attack the BD+ system they would have to first extract the AACS keys (which has already been done quite successfully) and then overcome title-specific security code by reverse-engineering the BD+ virtual machine. While this last bit is definitely an additional challenge, it is by no means impossible.

The announcement of the BD+ spec means that some studios that have been holding off on releasing high-definition content may now be more willing to release titles: it was rumored that Fox Studios had been delaying titles because of the previous AACS cracks. The availability of more titles on Blu-ray than HD DVD (since the latter does not support BD+) could swing the format wars even farther in Blu-ray's direction, especially when combined with events such as the Blockbuster announcement.

More worrying than a resolution of the high-definition format wars, however, is what studios might want to do with the additional powers that BD+ provides them. The ability to run any sort of code in the name of "advanced countermeasures" also brings the power to limit content by other means: timed-release and expiring discs are just some of the possibilities.
If you have any further (useful) information please feel free to post them here.
Last edited by Oopho2ei; 24th August 2008 at 20:33.
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Old 25th August 2008, 19:34 #13 | Link
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I have had a look at the difference of the output of dumphd and anydvd for a bd+ movie. Using vbindiff i compared the 00001.m2ts:
Code:
- 072D4764: C3 7C 9C 9C 95 
+ 072D4764: AA 2D 40 8E 4A
 
- 072D85F1: 0A 0E BC E9 99
+ 072D85F1: 4D EF 4B 6B E5
- 0736ED6A: FB 51 33 7A 48
+ 0736ED6A: B6 F7 78 EC CB
- 0736FA18: 2F 03 43 31 2E
+ 0736FA18: 7E 61 A3 C6 C1
- 073C83B4: EC E9 4D A4 39
+ 073C83B4: 06 F3 AA 7C 59
...
It seems to be always 5 bytes which have to been replaced by the virtual machine. Has anyone had a look at this? Please post your findings.
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Old 26th August 2008, 05:42 #14 | Link
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Is there a certain file on bd+ discs that contains the bd+ code? How does the vm in hw/sw player extract the information that the disc requires to play?

Edit:
found better explanations for the vm:

http://securityevaluators.com/pdf/spdc_aacs_2005.pdf
http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-...DN/20070033419

That last one is a gold mine of information about the vm instructions used. Wish I had a bd+ disc to test with.
Last edited by chavonbravo; 26th August 2008 at 06:25.
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Old 26th August 2008, 06:37 #15 | Link
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Peer van Heuen View Post
due to certain properties of BD+, once you're past a certain point, you can handle it pretty much without reversing
Sounds like what I had to go through with my GF.
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Old 26th August 2008, 18:29 #16 | Link
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Quote:
Originally Posted by chavonbravo View Post
found better explanations for the vm:
http://securityevaluators.com/pdf/spdc_aacs_2005.pdf
http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-...DN/20070033419
That last one is a gold mine of information about the vm instructions used.
Thank you! That looks really interesting!

Quote:
Originally Posted by chavonbravo View Post
Is there a certain file on bd+ discs that contains the bd+ code? How does the vm in hw/sw player extract the information that the disc requires to play?
There is a directory "BDSVM" (at the same level as aacs) containing the files "00000.svm, 00001.svm and 00001.svm". In the subdirectory "backup" there is a copy of those files.

Quote:
Originally Posted by chavonbravo View Post
Wish I had a bd+ disc to test with.
After the long header the data looks very random. So it is possibly encrypted (with the media key mabe?). I currently try to figure this out.

Quote:
Originally Posted by Revgen View Post
Sounds like what I had to go through with my GF.
Well if you know the instruction set you can simply attach a compatible debugger to her brain when she misbehaves to see what is going on in her mind. Maybe peer was trying to tell us that the virtual machine is running a well known (extended) instruction set.

Btw the DLX processor architecture is very primitive. Usually it is being used in university to demonstrate some basic principles of processor architecture as vhdl/verilog code.
Last edited by Oopho2ei; 26th August 2008 at 19:00.
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Old 26th August 2008, 21:51 #17 | Link
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A note about the files stored in the BDSVM directory: 00000.svm, 00001.svm and 00002.svm. They all have a size of exactly 20MB and each file consists of exactly 10 sections. Every section has the same size of 2MB.

The first section starts with:
Code:
0000:0000 42 44 53 56 4d 5f 43 43 01 00 00 00 01 07 d7 0b
0000:0010 06 00 00 00 00 07 ec e4
followed by:
Code:
b3 ff ff fc 00 00 ... lots of zeros .. some data ... zeros
Every other section starts with:
Code:
XXX0:0010 42 44 53 56 4d 5f 43 43 01 00 00 00 01 07 d7 0b
XXX0:0010 06 00 00 00 00 1f ff c0
followed by random data.

The beginning of the last file (00002.svm) has a visible pattern (vector table?):
Code:
0000:0000 42 44 53 56 4d 5f 43 43 01 00 00 00 01 07 d7 0b 
0000:0010 06 00 00 00 00 1f ff c0 00 24 00 00 00 01 01 53
0000:0020 00 00 05 54 00 00 05 58 00 00 0f 84 00 00 1f c8
0000:0030 00 00 2e 54 00 00 3c f4 00 00 4b 94 00 00 59 80
0000:0040 00 00 69 4c 00 00 78 c8 00 00 84 ac 00 00 91 1c
0000:0050 00 00 9c ec 00 00 a8 80 00 00 b4 3c 00 00 c0 5c
0000:0060 00 00 cc 40 00 00 d7 20 00 00 e2 b4 00 00 ee 84
0000:0070 00 00 f8 24 00 01 02 28 00 01 0e e8 00 01 1c c0
0000:0080 00 01 29 44 00 01 35 00 00 01 40 bc 00 01 4c c8
0000:0090 00 01 5a 78 00 01 66 48 00 01 72 cc 00 01 7f 28
0000:00a0 00 01 8a 80 00 01 95 38 00 01 a2 0c 00 01 ae 68
0000:00b0 00 01 bc 2c 00 01 ca 68 00 01 d7 dc 00 01 e4 10
0000:00c0 00 01 f1 70 00 01 fe 1c 00 02 0a 78 00 02 17 38
0000:00d0 00 02 24 20 00 02 32 34 00 02 3d 78 00 02 49 fc
0000:00e0 00 02 56 6c 00 02 60 ac 00 02 6b f0 00 02 79 28
0000:00f0 00 02 85 70 00 02 92 6c 00 02 9f 18 00 02 ac f0
0000:0100 00 02 b9 74 00 02 c5 58 00 02 d1 00 00 02 da 14
0000:0110 00 02 e5 bc 00 02 ef c0 00 02 fb 40 00 03 05 08
0000:0120 00 03 13 94 00 03 20 68 00 03 2b ac 00 03 36 8c
0000:0130 00 03 45 7c 00 03 52 14 00 03 5f 24 00 03 6a e0
0000:0140 00 03 77 f0 00 03 86 7c 00 03 93 78 00 03 9f 0c
0000:0150 00 03 ad 34 00 03 b8 3c 00 03 c3 1c 00 03 cc bc
0000:0160 00 03 da a8 00 03 e4 48 00 03 ed e8 00 03 f9 68
0000:0170 00 04 08 d0 00 04 15 04 00 04 20 ac 00 04 2d 30
0000:0180 00 04 37 d4 00 04 44 6c 00 04 50 dc 00 04 5e 28
0000:0190 00 04 6c 8c 00 04 7a dc 00 04 88 c8 00 04 94 5c
0000:01a0 00 04 a0 2c 00 04 ac 24 00 04 b7 f4 00 04 c2 70
0000:01b0 00 04 ce e0 00 04 da d8 00 04 e8 74 00 04 f5 d4
0000:01c0 00 05 01 e0 00 05 0f 40 00 05 1c 28 00 05 26 90
0000:01d0 00 05 31 c0 00 05 3d 7c 00 05 49 c4 00 05 56 c0
0000:01e0 00 05 61 dc 00 05 6d 84 00 05 7b fc 00 05 86 a0
0000:01f0 00 05 93 38 00 05 9d 8c 00 05 a8 e4 00 05 b2 d4
0000:0200 00 05 bf 30 00 05 cb 50 00 05 d6 1c 00 05 df 80
0000:0210 00 05 ea 10 00 05 f7 84 00 06 02 3c 00 06 0f 88
0000:0220 00 06 1c 84 00 06 26 b0 00 06 32 6c 00 06 3e c8
0000:0230 00 06 4d cc 00 06 5b 54 00 06 68 a0 00 06 73 08
0000:0240 00 06 7d c0 00 06 89 18 00 06 94 20 00 06 9d d4
0000:0250 00 06 a9 90 00 06 b3 08 00 06 bd 5c 00 06 c8 78
...
The following section is a copy of this section. All other sections look random. I don't see any pattern. Btw. "42 44 53 56 4d 5f 43 43" = "BDSVM_CC". I have seen a player parsing the first section by first verifying this string and then comparing [section offset+0x14] with 0x001FFFC0. Note that the next section starts at current section offset+0x00200000.

Edit: If your section headers look different please post them!
Last edited by Oopho2ei; 26th August 2008 at 22:17.
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Old 27th August 2008, 16:09 #18 | Link
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Mine look the same. I think I read something about a 2 MB memory address space for the VM.
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Old 27th August 2008, 23:13 #19 | Link
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I have looked at section 2 of 000001.svm. It is decrypted with some sort of stream cipher. I have uploaded the first 64 kb of the decrypted section payload (skipping the 0x17 header bytes): http://uploaded.to/?id=59db0f
Note that the byte order for every dword has be reversed before application (xor) of the bitstream from the stream cipher (big endian <--> little endian conversion). So
Code:
0000:0000 c4 4e e6 65 00 01 00 00 02 00 00 00
is probably
Code:
0000:0000 65 e6 4e c4 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 02
I will look at the decryption algorithm soon.
Last edited by Oopho2ei; 27th August 2008 at 23:16.
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Old 29th August 2008, 20:46 #20 | Link
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The VM is at least involved (if not doing it all alone) in the decryption of those sections.

An typical instruction I (32 bit) is decoded like that:
Code:
Instruction I: C R[X], R[Y], R[Z]
C = I >> 0x1A
X = ((I >> 0x13) & 0x7C) >> 2
Y = ((I >> 0x0E) & 0x7C) >> 2
Z = ((I >> 0x09) & 0x7C) >> 2
C is the command number (6 bit so 64 possible commands) and X,Y,Z are register numbers (in this case). (>> means 'shift right').

The machine:
- 32 registers each 32 bit long
- probably big endian
- 4MB address space (first 128 bytes are register?)

instruction/command decoding:
Code:
cmd00: NOP
cmd01: ADD R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> R[X] = R[Y] + R[Z]
cmd02: SUB R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> R[X] = R[Y] - R[Z]
cmd03: MUL R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> R[X] = R[Y] * R[Z]
cmd04: IDIV R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> R[X] = unsigned(R[Y]) / R[Z]
cmd05: DIV R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> R[X] = signed(R[Y]) / R[Z]
cmd06: SHL R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> R[X] = R[Y] << (R[Z] & 0x1F)
cmd07: SHR R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> R[X] = R[Y] >> (R[Z] & 0x1F)
cmd08: SAR R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> R[X] = signed(R[Y]) >> (R[Z] & 0x1F)
cmd09: AND R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> R[X] = R[Y] & R[Z]
cmd0A: OR R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> R[X] = R[Y] | R[Z]
cmd0B: XOR R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> R[X] = R[Y] ^ R[Z]
cmd0C: EQU R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> if (R[Y] == R[Z]) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd0D: NEQU R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> if (R[Y] != R[Z]) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd0E: LESS R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> if (signed(R[Y]) < signed(R[Z])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd0F: BLW R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> if (unsigned(R[Y]) < unsigned(R[Z])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd10: GRE R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> if (signed(R[Y]) > signed(R[Z])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd11: ABV R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> if (unsigned(R[Y]) > unsigned(R[Z])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd12: LEQ R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> if (signed(R[Y]) <= signed(R[Z])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd13: BEQ R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> if (unsigned(R[Y]) <= unsigned(R[Z])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd14: GEQ R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> if (signed(R[Y]) >= signed(R[Z])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd15: AEQ R[X],R[Y],R[Z] -> if (unsigned(R[Y]) >= unsigned(R[Z])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd16: JMP R[Y] -> PC = R[Y]
cmd17: CALL R[Y] -> R[0x1F] = PC; PC = R[Y]
cmd18: ADDE R[X],R[Y],C -> C = sign_extend(I & 0xFFFF); R[X] := R[Y] + C
cmd19: ADD R[X],R[Y],C -> C = I & 0xFFFF; R[X] := R[Y] + C
cmd1A: SUBE R[X],R[Y],C -> C = sign_extend(I & 0xFFFF); R[X] := R[Y] - C
cmd1B: SUB R[X],R[Y],C -> C = I & 0xFFFF; R[X] := R[Y] - C
cmd1C: SHL R[X],R[Y],C -> C = I & 0x1F; R[X] = unsigned(R[Y]) << C
cmd1D: SHR R[X],R[Y],C -> C = I & 0x1F; R[X] = unsigned(R[Y]) >> C
cmd1E: SAR R[X],R[Y],C -> C = I & 0x1F; R[X] = signed(R[Y]) >> C
cmd1F: AND R[X],R[Y],C -> C = I & 0xFFFF; R[X] = R[Y] & C
cmd20: OR R[X],R[Y],C -> C = I & 0xFFFF; R[X] := R[Y] | C
cmd21: XOR R[X],R[Y],C -> C = I & 0xFFFF; R[X] := R[Y] ^ C
cmd22: EQU R[X],R[Y],C -> C = sign_extend(I & 0xFFFF); if (R[Y] == C) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd23: NEQU R[X],R[Y],C -> C = sign_extend(I & 0xFFFF); if (R[Y] != C) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd24: GRE R[X],R[Y],C -> C = sign_extend(I & 0xFFFF); if (signed(C) > signed(R[Y])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd25: ABV R[X],R[Y],C -> C = I & 0xFFFF; if (unsigned(C) > unsigned(R[Y])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd26: LESS R[X],R[Y],C -> C = sign_extend(I & 0xFFFF); if (signed(C) < signed(R[Y])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd27: BLW R[X],R[Y],C -> C = I & 0xFFFF; if (unsigned(t0) < unsigned(R[Y])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd28: GEQ R[X],R[Y],C -> C = sign_extend(I & 0xFFFF); if (signed(C) >= signed(R[Y])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd29: AEQ R[X],R[Y],C -> C = I & 0xFFFF; if (unsigned(C) >= unsigned(R[Y])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd2A: LEQ R[X],R[Y],C -> C = sign_extend(I & 0xFFFF); if (signed(C) <= signed(R[Y])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd2B: BEQ R[X],R[Y],C -> C = I & 0xFFFF; if (unsigned(C) <= unsigned(R[Y])) R[X] = 1 else R[X] = 0
cmd2C: JMP C -> C = PC + signed(unsigned(I) << 6) >> 6; PC = C
cmd2D: CALL C -> C = PC + signed(unsigned(I) << 6) >> 6; R[0x1F] = PC; PC = C
cmd2E: JZ R[Y], C -> C = PC + sign_extend(I & 0xFFFF); if (R[Y] == 0) PC = C
cmd2F: JNZ R[Y], C -> C = PC + sign_extend(I & 0xFFFF); if (R[Y] != 0) PC = C
cmd30: STR R[X] -> R[X] = I << 0x10
cmd31: LBSE R[X],R[Y] -> R[X] = sign_extended(mem[((R[Y] + sign_extended(I & 0xFFFF)) & 0x3FFFFF) ^ 0x03] & 0xFF)
cmd32: LB R[X],R[Y] -> R[X] = mem[((R[Y] + sign_extended(I & 0xFFFF)) & 0x3FFFFF) ^ 0x03] & 0xFF
cmd33: LWSE R[X],R[Y] -> R[X] = sign_extended(mem[((R[Y] + sign_extended(I & 0xFFFF)) & 0x3FFFFE) ^ 0x02] & 0xFFFF)
cmd34: LW R[X],R[Y] -> R[X] = mem[((R[Y] + sign_extended(I & 0xFFFF)) & 0x3FFFFE) ^ 0x02] & 0xFFFF)
cmd35: LDW R[X],R[Y] -> R[X] = mem[(R[Y] + sign_extended(I & 0xFFFF)) & 0x3FFFFC]
cmd36: MOVB R[X],[R[Y]+C] -> C = sign_extended(I & 0xFFFF); mem[((R[Y]+C) & 0x3FFFFF) ^ 0x03] = (unsigned char) R[X] 
cmd37: MOVW R[X],[R[Y]+C] -> C = sign_extended(I & 0xFFFF); mem[((R[Y]+C) & 0x3FFFFE) ^ 0x02] = (unsigned int16) R[X]
cmd38: MOVDW R[X],[R[Y]+C] -> C = sign_extended(I & 0xFFFF); mem[(R[Y]+C) & 0x3FFFFC] = (unsigned int32) R[X]
cmd39: TRAP C -> trap[immediate]
cmd3A: SWDC R[Y] -> watch_cat_counter = R[Y];
cmd3B-cmd3F: NOP
Notation:
PC = program counter
C = a constant (part of instruction word)
I = the instruction word (uint32)
watchcat_counter = some counter which is set by cmd3A and decremented by every instruction by a command specific value. As long as the counter is > 0 program execution continues.
mem[] = the virtual machine memory
R[X] = register number X (uint32 R[32])
sign_extend(V) = MSB(V) ? 0xFFFF0000 | V : V;
MSB() = get the most significant bit
signed() = make it a signed integer (int32)
unsigned() = make it an unsigned integer (uint32)


Note that by the time the command handler is called the program counter (pc) has already been incremented by 4 (pointing at the next instruction).

It would be great if someone could start implementing the command interpreter (open source please). Please feel free to ask for more details. I will post the purpose of the remaining commands soon.
Last edited by Oopho2ei; 3rd September 2008 at 17:38. Reason: added some commands; fixed some mistakes;
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