ChartsBin's Latest updates The latest updates from ChartsBin.com, a charting Web site. http://chartsbin.com 2017年9月24日 10:51:37 +0000 en Copyright 2010, ChartsBin.com ChartsBin's Latest updates http://chartsbin.com/images/logo.png http://chartsbin.com Top Gold Production Countries in the World http://chartsbin.com/view/45366 http://chartsbin.com/view/45366?#1506250324 2017年9月24日 10:52:04 +0000 Top Gold Production Countries in the World
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This chart shows Top Gold Production Countries in the world.
Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits.
Gold is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars, and to have been present in the dust from which the Solar System formed. Because the Earth was molten when it was formed, almost all of the gold present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core.
Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia, a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, which forms a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property that has long been used to refine gold and to confirm the presence of gold in metallic objects, giving rise to the term acid test.
Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but this is not a chemical reaction.
A total of 186,700 tonnes of gold exists above ground, as of 2015. The world consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry.Gold's high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, and conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices.
Gold is also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, and tooth restoration. Certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatories in medicine. As of 2014, the world's largest gold producer by far was China with 450 tonnes.
Gold is the most malleable of all metals; a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter, and an avoirdupois ounce into 300 square feet. Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become semi-transparent. The transmitted light appears greenish blue, because gold strongly reflects yellow and red.

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]]> Lubricants Total Energy Supply by Country http://chartsbin.com/view/45361 http://chartsbin.com/view/45361?#1505920914 2017年9月20日 15:21:54 +0000 Lubricants Total Energy Supply by Country
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This chart shows Lubricants Total Energy Supply by Country.
A lubricant is a substance, usually organic, introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity.
In addition to industrial applications, lubricants are used for many other purposes. Other uses include cooking, bio-medical applications on humans, ultrasound examination, medical examinations, and the use of personal lubricant for sexual purposes.
Lubicants have been in some use for thousands of years. Calcium soaps have been identified on the axles of chariots dated to 1400 BC. Building stones were slid on oil-impregrated lumber in the time of the pyramids. In the Roman era, lubricants were based on olive oil and rapeseed oil, and well as animal fats. The growth of lubrication accelerated in the Industrial Revolution with the accompanying use of metal-based machinery.
Relying initially on natural oils, needs for such machinery shifted toward petroleum-based materials early in the 1900s. A breakthrough came with the development of vacuum distillation of petroleum, as described by the Vacuum Oil Company. This technology allowed the purification of very nonvolatile substances, which are common in many lubricants.
lubricants contain 90% base oil and less than 10% additives. Vegetable oils or synthetic liquids such as hydrogenated polyolefins, esters, silicones, fluorocarbons and many others are sometimes used as base oils. Additives deliver reduced friction and wear, increased viscosity, improved viscosity index, resistance to corrosion and oxidation, aging or contamination, etc.
Non-liquid lubricants include grease, powders,PTFE tape used in plumbing, air cushion and others. Dry lubricants such as graphite, molybdenum disulphide and tungsten disulphide also offer lubrication at temperatures (up to 350 °C) higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants are able to operate.
A large number of additives are used to impart performance characteristics to the lubricants. Typical lubicants contain one or more. Automotive lubricants contain as many as ten additives, comprising 20% of the lube.

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]]> Freedom in the World 2017 http://chartsbin.com/view/45353 http://chartsbin.com/view/45353?#1505487925 2017年9月15日 15:05:25 +0000 Freedom in the World 2017
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This chart shows Freedom in the World 2017.
Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based non-governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degree of civil liberties and political rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world.
With populist and nationalist forces making significant gains in democratic states marked the 11th consecutive year of decline in global freedom.
All of these developments point to a growing danger that the international order of the past quarter-century—rooted in the principles of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law—will give way to a world in which individual leaders and nations pursue their own narrow interests without meaningful constraints, and without regard for the shared benefits of global peace, freedom, and prosperity.
The troubling impression created by the year’s headline events is supported by the latest findings of Freedom in the World. A total of 67 countries suffered net declines in political rights and civil liberties , compared with 36 that registered gains. This marked the 11th consecutive year in which declines outnumbered improvements.
While in past years the declines in freedom were generally concentrated among autocracies and dictatorships that simply went from bad to worse it was established democracies—countries rated Free in the report’s ranking system—that dominated the list of countries suffering setbacks.

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]]> Tobacco Production Quantity by Country http://chartsbin.com/view/45331 http://chartsbin.com/view/45331?#1505037418 2017年9月10日 09:56:58 +0000 Tobacco Production Quantity by Country
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This chart shows Tobacco Production Quantity by Country.
Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. The plant is part of the genus Nicotiana and of the Solanaceae family. While more than 70 species of tobacco are known, the chief commercial crop is N. tabacum. The more potent variant N. rustica is also used around the world.
Tobacco contains the alkaloid nicotine, which is a stimulant. Dried tobacco leaves are mainly used for smoking in cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and flavored shisha tobacco. They can be also be consumed as snuff, chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco and snus.
Tobacco use is a risk factor for many diseases, especially those affecting the heart, liver, and lungs, as well as many cancers. In 2008, the World Health Organization named tobacco as the world's single greatest preventable cause of death.
Production of tobacco leaf increased by 40% between 1971, when 4.2 million tons of leaf were produced, and 1997, when 5.9 million tons of leaf were produced.According to the Food and Agriculture organization of the UN, tobacco leaf production was expected to hit 7.1 million tons by 2010.
Every year, about 6.7 million tons of tobacco are produced throughout the world. The top producers of tobacco are China (39.6%), India (8.3%), Brazil (7.0%) and the United States (4.6%).
urrently, only the US is producing GM tobacco. The Chinese virus-resistant tobacco was withdrawn from the market in China in 1997. In the US, cigarettes made with GM tobacco with reduced nicotine content are available under the market name Quest.

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]]> Top 10 Countries by Robot Density http://chartsbin.com/view/45327 http://chartsbin.com/view/45327?#1504890428 2017年9月08日 17:07:08 +0000 Top 10 Countries by Robot Density
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This chart shows Top 10 Countries by Robot Density.
A robot is a machine especially one programmable by a computer capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. Robots can be guided by an external control device or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to take on human form but most robots are machines designed to perform a task with no regard to how they look.
Robots can be autonomous or semi-autonomous and range from humanoids such as Honda's Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility (ASIMO) and TOSY's TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot (TOPIO) to industrial robots, medical operating robots, patient assist robots, dog therapy robots, collectively programmed swarm robots, UAV drones such as General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, and even microscopic nano robots.
The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing is robotics. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in appearance, behavior, and/or cognition.
Many of today's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics. These robots have also created a newer branch of robotics: soft robotics.From the time of ancient civilization there have been many accounts of user-configurable automated devices and even automata resembling animals and humans, designed primarily as entertainment.
Robots have replaced humans in performing repetitive and dangerous tasks which humans prefer not to do, or are unable to do because of size limitations, or which take place in extreme environments such as outer space or the bottom of the sea.
Robotic characters, androids (artificial men/women) or gynoids (artificial women), and cyborgs (also "bionic men/women", or humans with significant mechanical enhancements) have become a staple of science fiction.

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]]> Highest Numbers of Users Attacked with Ransomware http://chartsbin.com/view/45240 http://chartsbin.com/view/45240?#1504424377 2017年9月03日 07:39:37 +0000 Highest Numbers of Users Attacked with Ransomware
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This chart shows Countries with Highest Number of Users Attacked with Ransomware.
Ransomware is a type of malicious software from cryptovirology that threatens to publish the victim's data or perpetually block access to it unless a ransom is paid. While some simple ransomware may lock the system in a way which is not difficult for a knowledgeable person to reverse, more advanced malware uses a technique called cryptoviral extortion, in which it encrypts the victim's files, making them inaccessible, and demands a ransom payment to decrypt them.
In a properly implemented cryptoviral extortion attack, recovering the files without the decryption key is an intractable problem – and difficult to trace digital currencies such as Ukash and Bitcoin are used for the ransoms, making tracing and prosecuting the perpetrators difficult.
Ransomware attacks are typically carried out using a Trojan that is disguised as a legitimate file that the user is tricked into downloading or opening when it arrives as an email attachment. However, one high-profile example, the "WannaCry worm", traveled automatically between computers without user interaction.
Encrypting ransomware returned to prominence in late 2013 with the propagation of CryptoLocker—using the Bitcoin digital currency platform to collect ransom money. In December 2013, ZDNet estimated based on Bitcoin transaction information that between 15 October and 18 December, the operators of CryptoLocker had procured about US27ドル million from infected users.
The Microsoft Malware Protection Center identified a trend away from WSF files in favor of LNK files and PowerShell scripting.These LNK shortcut files install Locky ransomware by automating infection operations rather than relying on traditional user downloads of WSF files—all of which is made possible by the universal PowerShell Windows application.
Unfortunately, cyber criminals have been able to leverage PowerShell for their attacks for years. In a recent report, the application was found to be involved in nearly 40% of endpoint security incidents. While attackers have been finding weaknesses in the Windows operating system for years, it’s clear that there’s something problematic with PowerShell scripting.
Some ransomware strains have used proxies tied to Tor hidden services to connect to their command and control servers, increasing the difficulty of tracing the exact location of the criminals.Furthermore, dark web vendors have increasingly started to offer the technology as a service.

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]]> Events by Country http://chartsbin.com/view/44737 http://chartsbin.com/view/44737?#1494143472 2017年5月07日 07:51:12 +0000 Events by Country
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This chart shows Events by Country.

Event may refer to Gatherings of people,Ceremony, an event of ritual,significance, performed on a special occasion,Convention , a,gathering of individuals engaged in some common interest,Event management, the organization of events,Festival, an event that celebrates some unique aspect of a community,

Events refer Happening, a type of artistic performance,Media event, an event created for publicity,Party, a large social or recreational gathering,Sporting event, at which athletic competition takes place.

Occurrence happening at a determinable time and place, with or without the participation of human agents. It may be a part of a chain of occurrences as an effect of a preceding occurrence and as the cause of a succeeding occurrence.Arrival of a significant point in time. In project management, an event marks the point in time when a task is completed.

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]]> Employment Rate by Country http://chartsbin.com/view/44733 http://chartsbin.com/view/44733?#1494072748 2017年5月06日 12:12:28 +0000 Employment Rate by Country
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This chart shows Employment Rate by Country

Employment is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract where work is paid for, where one party, which may be a corporation, for profit, not-for-profit organization, co-operative or other entity is the employer and the other is the employee.

Employees work in return for payment, which may be in the form of an hourly wage, by piecework or an annual salary, depending on the type of work an employee does or which sector she or he is working in.

Employees in some fields or sectors may receive gratuities, bonus payment or stock options. In some types of employment, employees may receive benefits in addition to payment. Benefits can include health insurance, housing, disability insurance or use of a gym. Employment is typically governed by employment laws or regulations or legal contracts.

An employee contributes labor and expertise to an endeavor of an employer or of a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) and is usually hired to perform specific duties which are packaged into a job.

Employment rates indicate the percentage of persons of working age who are employed. In the short term, these rates are sensitive to economic cycles, but in the longer term they are also affected by government policies that pertain to higher education, income support and measures that facilitate employment of women.

Employment rates for men and women differ both between countries and within individual countries. Employment rates are hence shown for total employment and for men and women separately.

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]]> Cassava Yield by Country http://chartsbin.com/view/44732 http://chartsbin.com/view/44732?#1493982859 2017年5月05日 11:14:19 +0000 Cassava Yield by Country
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This chart shows Cassava Yield by Country.

Manihot esculenta called cassava is a woody shrub native to South America of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. Though it is often called yuca in Spanish and in the United States, it differs from the yucca, an unrelated fruit-bearing shrub in the family Asparagaceae.

Cassava, when dried to a powdery extract, is called tapioca; its fermented, flaky version is named garri. Cassava is the third-largest source of food carbohydrates in the tropics, after rice and maize.Cassava is a major staple food in the developing world, providing a basic diet for over half a billion people.

It is one of the most drought-tolerant crops, capable of growing on marginal soils. Nigeria is the world's largest producer of cassava, while Thailand is the largest exporter of dried cassava.

Cassava is classified as either sweet or bitter. Like other roots and tubers, both bitter and sweet varieties of cassava contain antinutritional factors and toxins, with the bitter varieties containing much larger amounts. The more toxic varieties of cassava are a fall-back resource in times of famine or food insecurity in some places. Farmers often prefer the bitter varieties because they deter pests, animals, and thieves

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]]> Wheat Area Harvested by Country http://chartsbin.com/view/44656 http://chartsbin.com/view/44656?#1493384350 2017年4月28日 12:59:10 +0000 Wheat Area Harvested by Country
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This chart shows Wheat Area Harvested by Country.

Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food.There are many species of wheat which together make up the genus Triticum; the most widely grown is common wheat. The archaeological record suggests that wheat was first cultivated in the regions of the Fertile Crescent around 9600 BCE.

Botanically, the wheat kernel is a type of fruit called a caryopsis. Wheat is grown on more land area than any other food crop.World trade in wheat is greater than for all other crops combined.world production of wheat was 749 million tonnes, making it the second most-produced cereal after maize.

Globally, wheat is the leading source of vegetal protein in human food, having a protein content of about 13%, which is relatively high compared to other major cereals and staple foods.

When eaten as the whole grain, wheat is a source of multiple nutrients and dietary fiber and is associated with lower risk of several diseases, including coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer and type 2 diabetes.In a small part of the general population, gluten – the major part of wheat protein – can trigger coeliac disease, non-coeliac gluten sensitivity, gluten ataxia and dermatitis herpetiformis.

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]]> World Ten Patent Registering Countries http://chartsbin.com/view/44655 http://chartsbin.com/view/44655?#1493360577 2017年4月28日 06:22:57 +0000 World Ten Patent Registering Countries
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This chart shows World Ten Patent egistering Countries.

A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process.17 Patents are a form of intellectual property.

The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a granted patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention.

A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right. These claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others, or at least to try to prevent others, from commercially making, using, selling, importing, or distributing a patented invention without permission.

Under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, patents should be available in WTO member states for any invention, in all fields of technology,and the term of protection available should be a minimum of twenty years.

A patent application is a request pending at a patent office for the grant of a patent for the invention described and claimed by that application. An application consists of a description of the invention , together with official forms and correspondence relating to the application. The term patent application is also used to refer to the process of applying for a patent, or to the patent specification itself (i.e. the content of the document filed with a view to initiating the process of applying for a patent.

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]]> Forest Loss by Country http://chartsbin.com/view/44558 http://chartsbin.com/view/44558?#1493300697 2017年4月27日 13:44:57 +0000 Forest Loss by Country
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This chart shows Forest Loss by Country.

A forest is a large area dominated by trees.Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing and ecological function.According to the widely used Food and Agriculture Organization definition, forests covered four billion hectares or approximately 30 percent of the world's land area.

Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed across the globe.Forests account for 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass.

Forests at different latitudes and elevations form distinctly different ecozones: boreal forests near the poles, tropical forests near the equator and temperate forests at mid-latitudes. Higher elevation areas tend to support forests similar to those at higher latitudes, and amount of precipitation also affects forest composition. Human society and forests influence each other in both positive and negative ways.Forests provide ecosystem services to humans and serve as tourist attractions.

Forests can also affect people's health. Human activities, including harvesting forest resources, can negatively affect forest ecosystems. Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated deforestation occurs in tropical rainforests.About 30% of Earth's land surface is covered by forests.

Deforestation occurs for multiple reasons: trees are cut down to be used for building or sold as fuel, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock and plantation. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

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]]> Kerosene - Type Jet Fuel Final Consumption by Country http://chartsbin.com/view/44542 http://chartsbin.com/view/44542?#1492693158 2017年4月20日 12:59:18 +0000 Kerosene - Type Jet Fuel Final Consumption by Country
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This chart shows Kerosene - Type Jet Fuel Final Consumption by Country.

A kerosene-based product having a maximum distillation temperature of 400 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10-percent recovery point and a final maximum boiling point of 572 degrees Fahrenheit and meeting ASTM Specification D 1655and Military Specifications MIL-T-5624P and MIL-T-83133D (Grades JP-5and JP-8). It is used for commercial and military turbo jet and turbo prop aircraft engines.

Commercial: Kerosene-type jet fuel intended for use in commercial aircraft.Military: Kerosene-type jet fuel intended for use in military aircraft.

Jet fuel, aviation turbine fuel (ATF), or avtur, is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international specification.

Jet fuel is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons. The range of their sizes is defined by the requirements for the product, such as the freezing or smoke point.

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]]> Groceries Imports by Country http://chartsbin.com/view/44482 http://chartsbin.com/view/44482?#1492176301 2017年4月14日 13:25:01 +0000 Groceries Imports by Country
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This chart shows Groceries Imports by Country.

A grocery store is a retail store that primarily sells food. A grocer is a bulk seller of food. Grocery stores often offer non-perishable food that is packaged in cans, bottles and boxes, with some also having fresh produce, butchers, delis, and bakeries.

Large grocery stores that stock significant amounts of non-food products, such as clothing and household items, are called supermarkets. Some large supermarkets also include a pharmacy, and customer service, redemption and electronics sections.

Some grocery stores form the centerpiece of a larger complex that includes other facilities, such as gas stations, which will often operate under the store's name.Some groceries specialize in the foods of a certain nationality or culture, such as Italian, Polish, oriental or Middle-Eastern. These stores are known as ethnic markets and may also serve as gathering places for immigrants.

In many cases, the wide range of products carried by larger supermarkets has reduced the need for such speciality stores. The variety and availability of food is no longer restricted by the diversity of locally grown food or the limitations of the local growing season.

Rocery stores operate in many different styles ranging from rural family-owned operations, such as IGAs, boutique chains, such as Whole Foods Market and Trader Joe's to larger supermarket chain stores.

In some places, food cooperatives or "co-op" markets, owned by their own shoppers, have been popular. However, there has recently been a trend towards larger stores serving larger geographic areas.

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]]> Most Ecologically Diverse Countries on Earth http://chartsbin.com/view/44478 http://chartsbin.com/view/44478?#1491917349 2017年4月11日 13:29:09 +0000 Most Ecologically Diverse Countries on Earth
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This chart shows Most Ecologically Diverse Countries On Earth.

Ecological diversity is a type of biodiversity. It is the variation in the ecosystems found in a region or the variation in ecosystems over the whole planet. Ecological diversity includes the variation in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Ecological diversity can also take into account the variation in the complexity of a biological community, including the number of different niches, the number of trophic levels and other ecological processes. An example of ecological diversity on a global scale would be the variation in ecosystems, such as deserts, forests, grasslands, wetlands and oceans.

Ecological diversity is the largest scale of biodiversity, and within each ecosystem, there is a great deal of both species and genetic diversity. Diversity in the ecosystem is significant to human existence for a variety of reasons. Ecosystem diversity boosts the availability of oxygen via the process of photosynthesis amongst plant organisms domiciled in the habitat.

Diversity In an aquatic environment helps in the purification of water by plant varieties for use by humans. Diversity increases plant varieties which serves as a good source for medicines and herbs for human use. A lack of diversity in the ecosystem produces an opposite result.

Understanding megadiversity starts with understanding biodiversity. Biodiversity includes all of the plant and animal species on the planet, their genetic differences, and the ecosystems where they form interconnected communities.

The criteria for a megadiverse classification is two-fold: (1) Have at least 5,000 endemic plants and (2) Have a marine ecosystem within the borders. According to Conservation International, an environmental non-profit, 70% of the world’s flora and fauna exist in only 17 countries. These nations comprise just under 10% of the surface of the earth. This article will list those countries and examples of their megadiversity.

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]]> Vegetal Waste - Final Consumption by Country http://chartsbin.com/view/44477 http://chartsbin.com/view/44477?#1491906289 2017年4月11日 10:24:49 +0000 Vegetal Waste - Final Consumption by Country
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This chart shows Vegetal Waste - Final Consumption by Country.

The vegetal wastes are secondary products from agricultural activities which mostly remain chaotically into the soil. As result vegetal waste disrupts technological process. Generally, the secondary products are unvalued because of lack of financial resources or means work of farmers.

Many farmers have this behavior, especially they who own small agricultural areas. Cellulosic content of waste i.e. straws, corncobs represents an important source of energy which must be used.

Referring to this noted that exist an energetic rich from cereals grains and from the ratio of main production and secondary ones. The issue of unused wastes is neglect for this resource. These aspects characterizes as we said smaller farms which are the numerous.

The loss is magnified even more with how these products can be obtained from ethanol, butanol or other compounds that may be fuel or raw materials for chemical industry. Worldwide, specialist research has shown that the use of bioethanol instead of fossil fuel can reduce CO2 emanations, which is the cause of global warming. In this context, it is indicated release of processes for the implementation of measures to combat climate change.

In this order until 2020 European Union propose all the states members that 20% of energy used to be ensured by renewable including secondary products from agriculture. This paper emphasizes the relevance of vegetal wastes as significant resource for risk mitigation in agriculture from global warming point of view.

To that evaluation of vegetal waste was studied. Also, the paper aim are to s ow how can be make conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol and how can e combated the greenhouse effect.

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]]> Domestic Water Use by Country http://chartsbin.com/view/44463 http://chartsbin.com/view/44463?#1491723196 2017年4月09日 07:33:16 +0000 Domestic Water Use by Country
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This chart shows Domestic Water Use by Country.

Domestic water use is water used for indoor and outdoor household purposes— all the things you do at home: drinking, preparing food, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, brushing your teeth, watering the yard and garden, and even washing the dog.

Water generally gets to our homes in one of two ways. Either it is delivered by a city/county water department , or people supply their own water, normally from a well. Water delivered to homes is called "public-supplied deliveries" and water that people supply themselves is called "self supplied", and is almost always from groundwater.

Water use can mean the amount of water used by a household or a country, or the amount used for a given task or for the production of a given quantity of some product or crop, or the amount allocated for a particular purpose.Globally, of precipitation falling on land each year,about 4 percent is used by rainfed agriculture and about half is subject to evaporation and transpiration in forests and other natural or quasi-natural landscapes.

There are numerous measures of water use, including total water use, drinking water consumption, non-consumptive use, withdrawn water use , instream use, water footprint, etc. Each of these measures of water use is appropriate for some purposes and inappropriate for others. Water “footprints” have become popular measures of use, e.g. in relation to personal consumption.

Water resources are sources of water that are potentially useful. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. The majority of human uses require fresh water. 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.

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]]> Self Inflicted Deaths by Country http://chartsbin.com/view/44462 http://chartsbin.com/view/44462?#1491659092 2017年4月08日 13:44:52 +0000 Self Inflicted Deaths by Country
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This chart shows Self Inflicted Deaths by Country.

A self-inflicted wound (SIW), is the act of harming oneself where there are no underlying psychological problems related to the self-injury, but where the injurer wanted to take advantage of being injured.

Most self-inflicted wounds occur during wartime, for various possible reasons.Potential draftees may self-injure in order to avoid being drafted for health reasons. This was practiced as Abstinence by some Jewish conscripts in the Russian Empire.

The most common reason enlisted soldiers self-wound is to render themselves unable to continue serving in combat, thus resulting in their removal from the combat line to a hospital. Thus, self-injury can be used to avoid a more serious combat injury or a combat death.In prisons and forced labour camps people sometimes self-injure so that they will not be forced to work and could spend some time in the more comfortable conditions of the infirmary barracks.

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Risk factors include mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, personality disorders, alcoholism, or substance misuse. Others are impulsive acts due to stress such as from financial difficulties, troubles with relationships, or from bullying.Those who have previously attempted suicide are at higher risk for future attempts.

The most commonly used method of suicide varies between countries, and is partly related to the availability of effective means.Common methods include hanging, pesticide poisoning, and firearms.

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]]> Hard Coal -- Final Energy Consumption by Country http://chartsbin.com/view/44458 http://chartsbin.com/view/44458?#1491572874 2017年4月07日 13:47:54 +0000 Hard Coal -- Final Energy Consumption by Country
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This chart shows Hard Coal -- Final Energy Consumption by Country.

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon, along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.

A fossil fuel, coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time.

Coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as refining metals. Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide releases.

Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce electricity and heat through combustion. World coal consumption was about 7.25 billion tonnes. and is expected to increase 48% to 9.05 billion tonnes by 2030.Efforts around the world to reduce the use of coal has led some regions to switch to natural gas.

Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal , from which the volatile constituents are driven off by baking in an oven without oxygen at temperatures as high as 1,000 °C , so the fixed carbon and residual ash are fused together. Metallurgical coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace.The result is pig iron, and is too rich in dissolved carbon, so it must be treated further to make steel.

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]]> Top Ten Countries by Forest Area http://chartsbin.com/view/44442 http://chartsbin.com/view/44442?#1491486525 2017年4月06日 13:48:45 +0000 Top Ten Countries by Forest Area
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This chart shows Top Ten Countries by Forest Area.

A forest is a large area dominated by trees. Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing and ecological function. According to the widely used Food and Agriculture Organization definition, forests covered four billion hectares.

Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed across the globe.Forests account for 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass.

Forests at different latitudes and elevations form distinctly different ecozones: boreal forests near the poles, tropical forests near the equator and temperate forests at mid-latitudes. Higher elevation areas tend to support forests similar to those at higher latitudes, and amount of precipitation also affects forest composition.

Human society and forests influence each other in both positive and negative ways.[8] Forests provide ecosystem services to humans and serve as tourist attractions. Forests can also affect people's health. Human activities, including harvesting forest resources, can negatively affect forest ecosystems.

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