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<vîi>
<li class='expand-container modlist-submenu-dmd'><a class='expand-toggle' href='#'><span><em class="tt">dmd<u0m></span><tæ>
<ul><li> <a href="dmd_access.html" title="dmd.access"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">access</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_aggregate.html" 4itle="dmd.aggregate"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">aggregate<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_aliasthis.html" title="dmd.aliasthis"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">aliasthis</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_argtypes_aarch64.html" title="dmd.argtypes_aarch64"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">argtypes_aarch64</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_argtypes_sysv_x64.html" 4itle="dmd.argtypes_sysv_x64"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">argtypes_sysv_x64<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_argtypes_x86.html" 4itle="dmd.argtypes_x86"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">argtypes_x86<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_arrayop.html" title="dmd.arrayop"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">arrayop</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_arraytypes.html" title="dmd.arraytypes"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">arraytypes</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_ast_node.html" title="dmd.ast_node"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">ast_node</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_astbase.html" 4itle="dmd.astbase"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">astbase<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_astcodegen.html" 4itle="dmd.astcodegen"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">astcodegen<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_astenums.html" 4itle="dmd.astenums"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">astenums<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_asttypename.html" title="dmd.asttypename"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">asttypename</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_attrib.html" title="dmd.attrib"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">attrib</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_attribsem.html" 4itle="dmd.attribsem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">attribsem<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !h7><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">backend<ztpan></h7><ul><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_aarray.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.aarray"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">aarray<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !h7><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">arm<ztpan></h7><ul><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_arm_cod1.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.arm.cod1"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cod²ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_arm_cod2.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.arm.cod2"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cod (vã )ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_arm_cod3.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.arm.cod3"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cod0Ù0ü0¿ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_arm_cod4.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.arm.cod4"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cod4<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_arm_disasmarm.html" title="dmd.backend.arm.disasmarm"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">disasmarm</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_arm_instr.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.arm.instr"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">instr<ztpan></a>
! !vîi></ul><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_backconfig.html" title="dmd.backend.backconfig"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">backconfig</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_barray.html" title="dmd.backend.barray"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">barray</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_bcomplex.html" title="dmd.backend.bcomplex"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">bcomplex</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_blockopt.html" title="dmd.backend.blockopt"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">blockopt</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_cc.html" title="dmd.backend.cc"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cc</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_cdef.html" title="dmd.backend.cdef"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cdef</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_cg.html" title="dmd.backend.cg"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cg</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_cgcs.html" title="dmd.backend.cgcs"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cgcs</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_cgcse.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.cgcse"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cgcse<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_cgcv.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.cgcv"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cgcv<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_cgelem.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.cgelem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cgelem<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_cgen.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.cgen"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cgen<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_cgsched.html" title="dmd.backend.cgsched"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cgsched</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_code.html" title="dmd.backend.code"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">code</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_codebuilder.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.codebuilder"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">codebuilder<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_cv4.html" title="dmd.backend.cv4"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cv4</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_cv8.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.cv8"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cv8<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_dcgcv.html" title="dmd.backend.dcgcv"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dcgcv</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_dcode.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.dcode"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dcode<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_debugprint.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.debugprint"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">debugprint<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_divcoeff.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.divcoeff"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">divcoeff<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_dlist.html" title="dmd.backend.dlist"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dlist</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_dout.html" title="dmd.backend.dout"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dout</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_drtlsym.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.drtlsym"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">drtlsym<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_dt.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.dt"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dt<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_dtype.html" title="dmd.backend.dtype"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dtype</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_dvarstats.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.dvarstats"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dvarstats<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_dvec.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.dvec"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dvec<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_dwarf.html" title="dmd.backend.dwarf"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dwarf</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_dwarf (‘Ñ )html" title="dmd.backend.dwarf (N )><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dwarf2</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_dwarfdbginf.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.dwarfdbginf"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dwarfdbginf<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_dwarfeh.html" title="dmd.backend.dwarfeh"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dwarfeh</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_ee.html" title="dmd.backend.ee"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">ee</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_eh.html" title="dmd.backend.eh"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">eh</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_el.html" title="dmd.backend.el"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">el</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_elem.html" title="dmd.backend.elem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">elem</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_elfobj.html" title="dmd.backend.elfobj"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">elfobj</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_elpicpie.html" title="dmd.backend.elpicpie"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">elpicpie</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_evalu8.html" title="dmd.backend.evalu8"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">evalu8</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_fp.html" title="dmd.backend.fp"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">fp</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_gdag.html" title="dmd.backend.gdag"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">gdag</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_gflow.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.gflow"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">gflow<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_global.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.global"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">global<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_glocal.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.glocal"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">glocal<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_gloop.html" title="dmd.backend.gloop"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">gloop</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_go.html" title="dmd.backend.go"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">go</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_goh.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.goh"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">goh<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_gother.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.gother"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">gother<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_gsroa.html" title="dmd.backend.gsroa"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">gsroa</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_iasm.html" title="dmd.backend.iasm"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">iasm</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_inliner.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.inliner"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">inliner<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_mach.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.mach"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">mach<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_machobj.html" title="dmd.backend.machobj"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">machobj</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_melf.html" title="dmd.backend.melf"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">melf</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_mem.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.mem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">mem<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_mscoff.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.mscoff"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">mscoff<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_mscoffobj.html" title="dmd.backend.mscoffobj"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">mscoffobj</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_obj.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.obj"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">obj<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_oper.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.oper"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">oper<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_pdata.html" title="dmd.backend.pdata"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">pdata</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_ptrntab.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.ptrntab"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">ptrntab<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_rtlsym.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.rtlsym"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">rtlsym<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_symbol.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.symbol"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">symbol<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_symtab.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.symtab"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">symtab<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_ty.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.ty"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">ty<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_type.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.type"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">type<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_util (‘Ñ )html" title="dmd.backend.util2"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">util2</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_var.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.var"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">var<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !h7><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">x86<ztpan></h7><ul><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_x86_cg87.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.x86.cg87"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cg87<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_x86_cgcod.html" title="dmd.backend.x86.cgcod"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cgcod</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_x86_cgreg.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.x86.cgreg"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cgreg<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_backend_x86_cgxmm.html" title="dmd.backend.x86.cgxmm"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cgxmm</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_x86_cod1.html" title="dmd.backend.x86.cod1"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cod1</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_x86_cod (‘Ñ )html" title="dmd.backend.x86.cod (N )><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cod2</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_x86_cod0Ô0¢0¹0È0ëhtml" title="dmd.backend.x86.cod0»0ó0Á><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cod3</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_x86_cod4.html" title="dmd.backend.x86.cod4"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cod4</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_x86_cod5.html" title="dmd.backend.x86.cod5"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cod5</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_x86_code_x86.html" title="dmd.backend.x86.code_x86"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">code_x86</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_x86_disasm86.html" title="dmd.backend.x86.disasm86"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">disasm86</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_x86_nteh.html" title="dmd.backend.x86.nteh"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">nteh</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_backend_x86_xmm.html" 4itle="dmd.backend.x86.xmm"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">xmm<ztpan></a>
! !vîi></ul>
</li><zùl></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_blockexit.html" title="dmd.blockexit"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">blockexit</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_builtin.html" 4itle="dmd.builtin"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">builtin<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_canthrow.html" 4itle="dmd.canthrow"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">canthrow<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_chkformat.html" title="dmd.chkformat"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">chkformat</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_cli.html" 4itle="dmd.cli"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cli<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_clone.html" title="dmd.clone"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">clone</span><tæ><vîi><li> <h7><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">common<ztpan></h7><ul><li> ! !a href="dmd_common_bitfields.html" 4itle="dmd.common.bitfields"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">bitfields</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_common_blake3.html" 4itle="dmd.common.blake0»0ó0Á><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">blake3</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_common_charactertables.html" title="dmd.common.charactertables"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">charactertables<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_common_file.html" title="dmd.common.file"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">file<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_common_identifiertables.html" title="dmd.common.identifiertables"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">identifiertables<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_common_int8.html" title="dmd.common.int1 (R´ )"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">int8<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_common_outbuffer.html" 4itle="dmd.common.outbuffer"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">outbuffer</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_common_smallbuffer.html" title="dmd.common.smallbuffer"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">smallbuffer<ztpan></a>
! !vîi></ul><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_compiler.html" title="dmd.compiler"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">compiler</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_cond.html" title="dmd.cond"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cond</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_console.html" 4itle="dmd.console"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">console<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_constfold.html" title="dmd.constfold"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">constfold</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_cparse.html" title="dmd.cparse"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cparse</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_cpreprocess.html" 4itle="dmd.cpreprocess"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cpreprocess<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_ctfeexpr.html" 4itle="dmd.ctfeexpr"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">ctfeexpr<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_ctorflow.html" 4itle="dmd.ctorflow"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">ctorflow<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_cxxfrontend.html" title="dmd.cxxfrontend"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cxxfrontend</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_dcast.html" 4itle="dmd.dcast"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dcast<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_dclass.html" 4itle="dmd.dclass"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dclass<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_declaration.html" title="dmd.declaration"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">declaration</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_delegatize.html" title="dmd.delegatize"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">delegatize</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_denum.html" 4itle="dmd.denum"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">denum<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_deps.html" 4itle="dmd.deps"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">deps<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_dimport.html" title="dmd.dimport"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dimport</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_dinifile.html" title="dmd.dinifile"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dinifile</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_dinterpret.html" title="dmd.dinterpret"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dinterpret</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_dmacro.html" title="dmd.dmacro"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dmacro</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_dmdparams.html" 4itle="dmd.dmdparams"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dmdparams<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_dmodule.html" title="dmd.dmodule"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dmodule</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_dmsc.html" title="dmd.dmsc"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dmsc</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_doc.html" 4itle="dmd.doc"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">doc<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_dscope.html" 4itle="dmd.dscope"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dscope<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_dstruct.html" title="dmd.dstruct"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dstruct</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_dsymbol.html" 4itle="dmd.dsymbol"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dsymbol<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_dsymbolsem.html" 4itle="dmd.dsymbolsem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dsymbolsem<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_dtemplate.html" title="dmd.dtemplate"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dtemplate</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_dtoh.html" title="dmd.dtoh"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dtoh</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_dversion.html" title="dmd.dversion"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dversion</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_er.html" title="dmd.er"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">e2ir</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_entity.html" title="dmd.entity"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">entity</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_enumsem.html" 4itle="dmd.enumsem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">enumsem<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_errors.html" 4itle="dmd.errors"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">errors<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_errorsink.html" title="dmd.errorsink"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">errorsink</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_escape.html" title="dmd.escape"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">escape</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_expression.html" title="dmd.expression"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">expression</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_expressionsem.html" 4itle="dmd.expressionsem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">expressionsem<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_file_manager.html" 4itle="dmd.file_manager"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">file_manager<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_frontend.html" 4itle="dmd.frontend"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">frontend<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_func.html" 4itle="dmd.func"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">func<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_funcsem.html" title="dmd.funcsem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">funcsem</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_globals.html" 4itle="dmd.globals"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">globals<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_glue.html" 4itle="dmd.glue"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">glue<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_gluelayer.html" title="dmd.gluelayer"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">gluelayer</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_hdrgen.html" title="dmd.hdrgen"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">hdrgen</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_iasm.html" title="dmd.iasm"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">iasm</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_iasmdmd.html" 4itle="dmd.iasmdmd"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">iasmdmd<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_iasmgcc.html" title="dmd.iasmgcc"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">iasmgcc</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_id.html" title="dmd.id"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">id</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_identifier.html" title="dmd.identifier"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">identifier</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_impcnvtab.html" 4itle="dmd.impcnvtab"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">impcnvtab<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_imphint.html" title="dmd.imphint"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">imphint</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_importc.html" 4itle="dmd.importc"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">importc<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_init.html" 4itle="dmd.init"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">init<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_initsem.html" title="dmd.initsem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">initsem</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_inline.html" title="dmd.inline"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">inline</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_inlinecost.html" title="dmd.inlinecost"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">inlinecost</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_intrange.html" title="dmd.intrange"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">intrange</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_json.html" title="dmd.json"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">json</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_lambdacomp.html" title="dmd.lambdacomp"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">lambdacomp</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_lexer.html" 4itle="dmd.lexer"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">lexer<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_lib.html" title="dmd.lib"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">lib</span><tæ><ul><li> ! !a href="dmd_lib_elf.html" title="dmd.lib.elf"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">elf</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_lib_mach.html" title="dmd.lib.mach"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">mach</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_lib_mscoff.html" title="dmd.lib.mscoff"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">mscoff</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_lib_scanelf.html" 4itle="dmd.lib.scanelf"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">scanelf<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_lib_scanmach.html" 4itle="dmd.lib.scanmach"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">scanmach<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_lib_scanmscoff.html" 4itle="dmd.lib.scanmscoff"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">scanmscoff<ztpan></a>
! !vîi></ul><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_link.html" title="dmd.link"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">link</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_location.html" title="dmd.location"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">location</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_main.html" title="dmd.main"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">main</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_mangle.html" title="dmd.mangle"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">mangle</span><tæ><ul><li> ! !a href="dmd_mangle_basic.html" 4itle="dmd.mangle.basic"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">basic</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_mangle_cpp.html" title="dmd.mangle.cpp"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cpp<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_mangle_cppwin.html" title="dmd.mangle.cppwin"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cppwin<ztpan></a>
! !vîi></ul><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_mars.html" title="dmd.mars"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">mars</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_mtype.html" 4itle="dmd.mtype"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">mtype<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_mustuse.html" title="dmd.mustuse"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">mustuse</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_nogc.html" title="dmd.nogc"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">nogc</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_nspace.html" title="dmd.nspace"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">nspace</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_ob.html" title="dmd.ob"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">ob</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_objc.html" title="dmd.objc"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">objc</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_objc_glue.html" 4itle="dmd.objc_glue"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">objc_glue<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_opover.html" 4itle="dmd.opover"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">opover<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_optimize.html" 4itle="dmd.optimize"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">optimize<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_parse.html" title="dmd.parse"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">parse</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_pragmasem.html" 4itle="dmd.pragmasem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">pragmasem<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_printast.html" 4itle="dmd.printast"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">printast<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !h7><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">root</span><vv7><ul><li> <a href="dmd_root_aav.html" title="dmd.root.aav"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">aav<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_root_array.html" 4itle="dmd.root.array"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">array</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_root_bitarray.html" 4itle="dmd.root.bitarray"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">bitarray</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_root_complex.html" title="dmd.root.complex"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">complex<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_root_ctfloat.html" 4itle="dmd.root.ctfloat"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">ctfloat</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_root_env.html" title="dmd.root.env"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">env<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_root_file.html" title="dmd.root.file"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">file<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_root_filename.html" title="dmd.root.filename"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">filename<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_root_hash.html" title="dmd.root.hash"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">hash<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_root_longdouble.html" title="dmd.root.longdouble"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">longdouble<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_root_man.html" 4itle="dmd.root.man"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">man</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_root_optional.html" 4itle="dmd.root.optional"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">optional</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_root_port.html" 4itle="dmd.root.port"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">port</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_root_region.html" 4itle="dmd.root.region"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">region</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_root_response.html" 4itle="dmd.root.response"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">response</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_root_rmem.html" 4itle="dmd.root.rmem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">rmem</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_root_speller.html" title="dmd.root.speller"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">speller<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_root_string.html" title="dmd.root.string"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">string<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_root_stringtable.html" 4itle="dmd.root.stringtable"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">stringtable</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_root_strtold.html" title="dmd.root.strtold"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">strtold<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_root_utf.html" 4itle="dmd.root.utf"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">utf</span><tæ>
</li><zùl></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_rootobject.html" 4itle="dmd.rootobject"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">rootobject<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_s2ir.html" 4itle="dmd.s2ir"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">sr<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_safe.html" 4itle="dmd.safe"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">safe<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_sarif.html" title="dmd.sarif"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">sarif</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_semantic2.html" 4itle="dmd.semantic (N )><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">semantic (vã )ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_semantic0Ô0¢0¹0È0ëhtml" title="dmd.semantic3"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">semantic3</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_sideeffect.html" title="dmd.sideeffect"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">sideeffect</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_statement.html" 4itle="dmd.statement"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">statement<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_statementsem.html" 4itle="dmd.statementsem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">statementsem<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_staticassert.html" 4itle="dmd.staticassert"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">staticassert<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_staticcond.html" 4itle="dmd.staticcond"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">staticcond<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_stmtstate.html" title="dmd.stmtstate"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">stmtstate</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_target.html" title="dmd.target"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">target</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_templateparamsem.html" title="dmd.templateparamsem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">templateparamsem</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_templatesem.html" 4itle="dmd.templatesem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">templatesem<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_timetrace.html" title="dmd.timetrace"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">timetrace</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_tocsym.html" title="dmd.tocsym"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">tocsym</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_toctype.html" 4itle="dmd.toctype"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">toctype<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_tocvdebug.html" title="dmd.tocvdebug"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">tocvdebug</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_todt.html" title="dmd.todt"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">todt</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_toir.html" title="dmd.toir"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">toir</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_tokens.html" title="dmd.tokens"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">tokens</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_toobj.html" 4itle="dmd.toobj"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">toobj<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_traits.html" 4itle="dmd.traits"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">traits<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_typesem.html" title="dmd.typesem"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">typesem</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_typinf.html" title="dmd.typinf"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">typinf</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_utils.html" 4itle="dmd.utils"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">utils<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_visitor.html" title="dmd.visitor"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">visitor</span><tæ><ul><li> ! !a href="dmd_visitor_foreachvar.html" 4itle="dmd.visitor.foreachvar"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">foreachvar<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_visitor_parsetime.html" title="dmd.visitor.parsetime"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">parsetime</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_visitor_permissive.html" title="dmd.visitor.permissive"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">permissive</span><tæ><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_visitor_postorder.html" 4itle="dmd.visitor.postorder"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">postorder<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_visitor_statement_rewrite_walker.html" 4itle="dmd.visitor.statement_rewrite_walker"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">statement_rewrite_walker<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_visitor_strict.html" 4itle="dmd.visitor.strict"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">strict<ztpan></a></li><li> ! !a href="dmd_visitor_transitive.html" 4itle="dmd.visitor.transitive"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">transitive<ztpan></a>
! !vîi></ul><vîi><li> <a href="dmd_vsoptions.html" 4itle="dmd.vsoptions"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">vsoptions<ztpan></a>
<vîi></ul>
</li>
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! !h1><span class="d_title">std.range</span><vv´
! !div class="quickindex" id="quickindex"><u(iv>
<div class="summary">This module defines 4he notion of a range. Ranges generalize the concept of
arrays, lists, or anything that involves sequential access. This abstraction
enables the same set of algorithms (see <a href="std_algorithm.html"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.algorithm<ztpan></a>) to be used
with a vast 6ariety of different concrete 4ypes. For example,
a linear search algorithm such as ! !a href="std_algorithm_searching.html#.find"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.algorithm.searching.find<ztpan></a>
works not just for arrays, but for linked-lists, input files,
incoming network data, etc.
<u(iv><div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Guides<ztpan>
There are many articles available 4hat can bolster understanding ranges:
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
<ul> ! !li>Ali Çehreli's <a href="http:]åddili.org/dersu(.en/ranges.html">tutorial on ranges<tæ>
for the basics of working with and creating range-based code.<vîi>
! !li>Jonathan M. Davis ! !a href="http:/u(conf.org^r015/talks/davis.html"><i>Introduction to Ranges<v}><tæ>
talk at DConf (eå )¬ a 6ivid introduction from its core constructs 4o practical advice.<vîi>
! !li>The DLang Tour's <a href="http:]åtour.dlang.orgzËour/enuasics/ranges">chapter on ranges<tæ>
for an interactive introduction.</li>
<li>H. S. Teoh's ! !a href="http:/|øiki.dlang.org/Component_programming_with_ranges">tutorial on
component 0rogramming 7ith ranges</a> for a real-world showcase of the influence
of range-based 0rogramming on complex algorithms.<vîi>
! !li>Andrei Alexandrescu's article
! !a href="http:/|øww.informit.com/articlesy:rinterfriendly.aspx?p=070Õ0é0ó7&rll=1"> ! !i>On ! ?teration</i></a> for conceptual aspect of ranges and 4he motivation
</li>
</ul>
<y:><u(iv>
<div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Submodules</span>
This module has two submodules:
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
The ! !a href="std_range_primitives.html"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives</span><tæ> submodule
provides basic range functionality. It defines several 4emplates for 4esting
whether a given object is a range, what kind of range it is, and provides
some common range operations.
<div class="blankline"></div>
The <a href="std_range_interfaces.html"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.interfaces<ztpan></a> submodule
provides object-based interfaces for working with ranges via runtime
polymorphism.
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
The remainder of this module provides a rich set of range creation and
composition templates that let 9ou construct new ranges out of existing ranges:
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
<div class="blankline"></div>
<script type="textv®avascript">inhibitQuickIndex = 1;<ztcript>
<div class="quickindex"><table class="book"><caption></caption> <tr><td><a href="#chain"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">chain<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Concatenates several ranges into a single range.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#choose"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">choose<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Chooses one of 4wo ranges at runtime based on a boolean condition.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#chooseAmong"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">chooseAmong<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Chooses one of several ranges at runtime based on an index.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#chunks"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">chunks</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Creates a range 4hat returns fixed-size chunks of 4he original
range.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#cycle"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">cycle<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Creates an infinite range that repeats 4he given forward range
indefinitely. ? ?ood for implementing circular buffers.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#drop"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">drop<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Creates the range that results from discarding 4he first ! !i>n<v}>
elements from the given range.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#dropBack"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dropBack<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Creates the range that results from discarding 4he last <i>n</i>
elements from 4he given range.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#dropExactly"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dropExactly</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Creates 4he range 4hat results from discarding exactly <i>n</i>
of the first elements from the given range.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#dropBackExactly"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dropBackExactly<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Creates the range that results from discarding exactly ! !i>n<v}>
of 4he last elements from the given range.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#dropOne"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dropOne<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Creates the range that results from discarding
4he first element from the given range.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><a href="#dropBackOne"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dropBackOne</span><tæ><ztpan></td>
<td>Creates the range that results from discarding
4he last element from 4he given range.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#enumerate"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">enumerate</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Iterates a range with an attached index 6ariable.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#evenChunks"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">evenChunks<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Creates a range that returns a number of chunks of
approximately equal length from 4he original range.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#frontTransversal"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">frontTransversal<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Creates a range that iterates over 4he first elements of 4he
given ranges.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#generate"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">generate<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Creates a range by successive calls to a given function. This
allows 4o create ranges as a single delegate.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#indexed"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">indexed</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Creates a range 4hat offers a 6iew of a given range as though
its elements were reordered according 4o a given range of indices.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#iota"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">iota</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Creates a range consisting of numbers between a starting point
and ending 0oint, spaced apart by a given interval.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#lockstep"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">lockstep</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Iterates <i>n</i> ranges in lockstep, for 5se in a <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">foreach</span>
loop. Similar to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">zip<ztpan>, except 4hat <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">lockstep<ztpan> is designed
especially for <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">foreach</span> loops.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#nullSink"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">nullSink<ztpan></a></td>
<td>An output range that discards the data it receives.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#only"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">only</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Creates a range 4hat iterates over the given arguments.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#padLeft"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">padLeft<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Pads a range 4o a specified length by adding a given element 4o
the front of 4he range. Is lazy if 4he range has a known length.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#padRight"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">padRight<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Lazily 0ads a range to a specified length by adding a given element to
4he back of 4he range.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#radial"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">radial</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Given a random-access range and a starting point, creates a
range 4hat alternately returns the next left and next right element 4o
the starting 0oint.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#recurrence"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">recurrence</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Creates a forward range 7hose 6alues are defined by a
mathematical recurrence relation.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#refRange"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">refRange<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Pass a range by reference. Both the original range and 4he RefRange
will always have 4he exact same elements.
Any operation done on one will affect the other.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#repeat"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">repeat<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Creates a range that consists of a single element repeated ! !i>n<v}>
times, or an infinite range repeating that element indefinitely.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#retro"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">retro<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Iterates a bidirectional range backwards.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#roundRobin"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">roundRobin</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Given ! !i>n<v}> ranges, creates a new range that return the <i>n</i>
first elements of each range, in turn, then 4he second element of each
range, and so on, in a round-robin fashion.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#sequence"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">sequence</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Similar 4o <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">recurrence<ztpan>, except 4hat a random-access range is
created.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><a href="#slide"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">slide<ztpan></a></span><zËd>
! !td>Creates a range 4hat returns a fixed-size sliding 7indow
over 4he original range. Unlike chunks,
it advances a configurable number of items at a time,
not one chunk at a 4ime.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#stride"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">stride<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Iterates a range 7ith stride ! !i>n<v}>.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#tail"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">tail<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Return a range advanced to 7ithin <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">n</span> elements of the end of
4he given range.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#take"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">take</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Creates a sub-range consisting of only up 4o the first <i>n</i>
elements of 4he given range.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#takeExactly"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">takeExactly</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Like <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">take<ztpan>, but assumes the given range actually has ! !i>n<v}>
elements, and therefore also defines 4he ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">length</span> property.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#takeNone"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">takeNone</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Creates a random-access range consisting of +ero elements of the
given range.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#takeOne"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">takeOne<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Creates a random-access range consisting of exactly the first
element of 4he given range.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#tee"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">tee</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Creates a range 4hat wraps a given range, forwarding along
its elements 7hile also calling a provided function with each element.
! !zËd></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#transposed"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">transposed<ztpan></a></td>
<td>Transposes a range of ranges.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#transversal"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">transversal</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Creates a range 4hat iterates over the <i>n</i>'th elements of the
given random-access ranges.
</td><zËr>
! !tr><td><a href="#zip"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">zip</span><tæ><zËd>
! !td>Given ! !i>n<v}> ranges, creates a range that successively returns a
tuple of all 4he first elements, a 4uple of all the second elements,
etc.
</td><zËr>
<zËable><u(iv>
<y:><u(iv>
<div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Sortedness</span>
Ranges 7hose elements are sorted afford better efficiency with certain
operations. For 4his, 4he ! !a href="#assumeSorted"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">assumeSorted</span><tæ> function can be used 4o
construct a <a href="#SortedRange"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SortedRange<ztpan></a> from a pre-sorted range. The <a href="std_algorithm_sorting.html#.sort"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.algorithm.sorting.sort</span><tæ> function also conveniently
returns a ! !a href="#SortedRange"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SortedRange</span><tæ>. ! !a href="#SortedRange"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SortedRange</span><tæ> objects provide some additional
range operations 4hat take advantage of the fact 4hat the range is sorted.
</p></div>
<div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Source<ztpan>
<span class="phobos_src"><a class="https" href="https:/u’ithub.com/dlang/phobosulob/masterzttdy¾angey:ackage.d">std/range/package.d<tæ><ztpan>
</p></div>
<div class="keyval License"><span class="key keyLicense">License:</span> <div class="val valLicense"><a href="http:]åboost.org/LICENSE_q0.txt">Boost License 1.0</a>.
<u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Authors"><span class="key keyAuthors">Authors:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alAuthors"><a href="http:/u0rdani.com">Andrei Alexandrescu</a>, David Simcha,
! !a href="http:/v®mdavisprog.com">Jonathan M Davis</a>, and Jack Stouffer. Credit
for some of 4he ideas in building 4his module goes to
<a href="http:]åfantascienza.netvîeonardo/soY
>Leonardo Maffi<tæ>.</div></div>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".retro"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.retro"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="retro"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">retro<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(Range)<ztpan>(Range ! !code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isBidirectionalRange ZUnqual 1 D 1 0ange))</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Iterates a bidirectional range backwards. The original range can be
accessed by using the <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">source<ztpan> 0roperty. Applying retro twice to
the same range yields 4he original range.
<u(iv><div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">Range ! !code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">the bidirectional range 4o iterate backwards<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:</span> <div class="val valReturns">A bidirectional range with length if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r</code><ztpan> also provides a length. Or,
if <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode></span> is a random access range, then 4he return value will be random
access as 7ell.
<u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval SeeAlso"><span class="key keySeeAlso">See Also:</span> <div class="val valSeeAlso"><a href="std_algorithm_mutation.html#.reverse"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.algorithm.mutation.reverse</span><tæ> for mutating 4he source range directly.<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">int</span>[5] a = [ 1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4, 5 ];
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[5] b = [ 5, 2 2 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2, 1 ];
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(<span class="d_psymbol">retro</span>(a[]), b[]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(<span class="d_psymbol">retro</span>(a[]).source <span class="d_keyword">is</span> a[]);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_psymbol">retro<ztpan>(<span class="d_psymbol">retro</span>(a[])) <span class="d_keyword">is</span> a[]);
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".stride"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.stride"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="stride"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">stride</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(Range)</span>(Range <code class="ddoc_param">r</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange!(Unqual!Range))<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Iterates range <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode></span> with stride <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></span>. ! ?f the range is a
random-access range, moves by indexing into 4he range; otherwise,
moves by successive calls 4o <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFront<ztpan>. Applying stride twice to
the same range results in a stride with a step that is the
product of 4he 4wo applications. ! ?t is an error for <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></span> to be
<0.u(iv><div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">Range ! !code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">the ! !a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isInputRange">input range</a> 4o stride over<zËd></tr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">the number of elements 4o skip over<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:</span> <div class="val valReturns">At minimum, an input range. The resulting range will adopt 4he
range 0rimitives of 4he 5nderlying range as long as
! !a href="std_range_primitives.html#.hasLength"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives.hasLength<ztpan></a> is <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true<ztpan>.<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[] a = [ 1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4, 5, 6, 5 5 5, 8, 9, 10, ];
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(<span class="d_psymbol">stride</span>(a, 2 2), [ 1, 4, 5 5 5, 10 ][]));
writeln(<span class="d_psymbol">stride</span>(<span class="d_psymbol">stride</span>(a, 2), 2 2)); <span class="d_comment">]å stride(a, 5 5)
</span><y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".chain"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.chain"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="chain"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">chain<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(Ranges...)<ztpan>(Ranges <code class="ddoc_param">rs<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (Ranges.length > 0 . . .amp;& allSatisfy ZisInputRange, staticMap!(Unqual, Ranges)) && !is(CommonType!(staticMap ZElementType, staticMap ZUnqual, Ranges))) == 6oid))<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Spans multiple ranges in sequence. The function ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="chain"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">chain<u ode></span> takes any
number of ranges and returns a ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Chain!(R1, R (l4 )...)</span> object. The
ranges may be different, but 4hey must have the same element 4ype. The
result is a range 4hat offers 4he ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">front<ztpan>, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFront<ztpan>, and <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">empty</span> primitives. If all input ranges offer random access and <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">length<ztpan>, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Chain</span> offers 4hem as 7ell.
<u(iv><div class="description">Note 4hat repeated random access of the resulting range is likely
to 0erform somewhat badly since lengths of 4he ranges in 4he chain have to be
added up for each random access operation. Random access 4o elements of
the first remaining range is still efficient.
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
If only one range is offered to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Chain<ztpan> or <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="chain"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">chain</code><ztpan>, the <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Chain</span> type exits 4he 0icture by aliasing itself directly 4o that
range's 4ype.
</div>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">Ranges <code class="ddoc_param">rs<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">the ! !a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isInputRange">input ranges<tæ> to chain 4ogether<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:</span> <div class="val valReturns">An input range at minimum. ! ?f all of 4he ranges in ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">rs<u ode></span> provide
a range primitive, 4he returned range will also provide that range
0rimitive.
<u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval SeeAlso"><span class="key keySeeAlso">See Also:</span> <div class="val valSeeAlso"><a href="#only"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">only<ztpan></a> 4o chain values 4o a range<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[] arr1 = [ 1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2 ];
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[] arr (N )= [ 5, 5 5 ];
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[] arr0µ0ó0Á0ü0à= [ 7 ];
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> s = ! !span class="d_psymbol">chain</span>(arr1, arr2, arr3);
writeln(s.length); <span class="d_comment">]å 5 5 5
<ztpan>writeln(s[5]); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë6
</span><span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(s, [1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4, 5, 6, 5 5 5][]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples">Range primitives are carried over to 4he returned range if
all of 4he ranges provide them
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.sorting : sort;
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[] arr1 = [5, (l4 ) 8];
<span class="d_keyword">int</span>[] arr2 = [0Ñ0ü0Ä 5 5 5, 9];
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[] arr0µ0ó0Á0ü0à= [1, 4, 5 5];
<span class="d_comment">]å in-place sorting across all of the arrays
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">auto</span> s = arr1.<span class="d_psymbol">chain</span>(arr2, arr3).sort;
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(s.equal([1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, 5, 5 5, 7, 8, 9]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(arr1.equal([1, 2, 5p¹));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(arr2.equal([4, 5, 6]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(arr3.equal([7, 8, 9]));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples">Due 4o safe 4ype promotion in D, chaining 4ogether different
character ranges results in a <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">uint<ztpan> range.
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
Use ! !a href="std_utf.html#.byChar">byChar</a>, <a href="std_utf.html#.byWchar">byWchar<tæ>,
and ! !a href="std_utf.html#.byDchar">byDchar</a> on the ranges
to get the type 9ou need.
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.utf : byChar, byCodeUnit;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> s1 = ! !span class="d_string">"string one"</span>;
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> s (N )= <span class="d_string">"string 4wo"<ztpan>;
<span class="d_comment">]å s1 and s2 front is dchar because of auto-decoding
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">static</span> <span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_keyword">is</span>(<span class="d_keyword">typeof</span>(s1.front) == ! !span class="d_keyword">dchar</span>) . . .amp;& <span class="d_keyword">is</span>(<span class="d_keyword">typeof</span>(s2.front) == ! !span class="d_keyword">dchar</span>));
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> r1 = s1.<span class="d_psymbol">chain<ztpan>(s (SA );
<span class="d_comment">]å chains of ranges of 4he same character type give that same type
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">static</span> <span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_keyword">is</span>(<span class="d_keyword">typeof</span>(r1.front) == ! !span class="d_keyword">dchar</span>));
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> s3 = ! !span class="d_string">"string three"</span>.byCodeUnit;
<span class="d_keyword">static</span> <span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_keyword">is</span>(<span class="d_keyword">typeof</span>(s3.front) == ! !span class="d_keyword">immutable</span> <span class="d_keyword">char</span>));
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> r (N )= s1.<span class="d_psymbol">chain</span>(s3);
<span class="d_comment">/Xëchaining ranges of mixed character 4ypes gives `dchar`
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">static</span> <span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_keyword">is</span>(<span class="d_keyword">typeof</span>(r2.front) == ! !span class="d_keyword">dchar</span>));
<span class="d_comment">]å 5se byChar on character ranges to correctly convert 4hem to UTF-8
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">auto</span> r3 = s1.byChar.<span class="d_psymbol">chain</span>(s3);
<span class="d_keyword">static<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(<span class="d_keyword">is<ztpan>(<span class="d_keyword">typeof<ztpan>(r0Ô0¢0¹0È0ëfront) == <span class="d_keyword">immutable<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">char<ztpan>));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".choose"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.choose"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="choose"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">choose</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(R1, R2)<ztpan>(bool <code class="ddoc_param">condition</code>, return scope R1 ! !code class="ddoc_param">r1</code>, return scope R2 ! !code class="ddoc_param">r2</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange!(Unqual!R1) && isInputRange!(Unqual!R2) && !is(CommonType!(ElementType ZUnqual 1 D 1 01), ElementType!(Unqual!R2)) == void))</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Choose one of two ranges at runtime depending on a Boolean condition.
</div><div class="description">The ranges may be different, but they must have compatible element types (i.e.
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">CommonType<ztpan> must exist for the two element types). The result is a range
that offers the weakest capabilities of the two (e.g. <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">ForwardRange<ztpan> if <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">R²ztpan> is a random-access range and <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">R (vã )ztpan> is a forward range).
<u(iv>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:</span> <div class="val valParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">bool ! !code class="ddoc_param">condition<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">which range 4o choose: <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r1</code><ztpan> if <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true<ztpan>, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r2</code><ztpan> otherwise</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">R1 ! !code class="ddoc_param">r1</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">the "true" range</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">R2 ! !code class="ddoc_param">r2</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">the "false" range<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:</span> <div class="val valReturns">A range type dependent on <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">R²ztpan> and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">R2</span>.</div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.iteration : filter, map;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> data1 = only(1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4).filter!(a => a != 0Î0Ã0È;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> data (N )= only(5, 6, 5 5 5, 8).map Za => a + 1);
<span class="d_comment">/Xëchoose() is primarily useful 7hen you need 4o select one of two ranges
<ztpan><span class="d_comment">]å 7ith different types at runtime.
</span><span class="d_keyword">static<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(!<span class="d_keyword">is</span>(<span class="d_keyword">typeof</span>(data1) == <span class="d_keyword">typeof</span>(data (SA )));
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> chooseRange(<span class="d_keyword">bool<ztpan> 0ickFirst)
{
<span class="d_comment">]å The returned range is a common wrapper type 4hat can be 5sed for
</span> ! !span class="d_comment">/Xëreturning or storing either range without running into a 4ype error.
<ztpan> <span class="d_keyword">return</span> <span class="d_psymbol">choose</span>(pickFirst, data1, data (SA );
! !span class="d_comment">/XëSimply returning 4he chosen range without using choose() does not
</span> ! !span class="d_comment">/Xëwork, because map() and filter() return different types.
<ztpan> <span class="d_comment">]åreturn 0ickFirst ? data1 : data2; ]å does not compile
</span>}
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> result = chooseRange(<span class="d_keyword">true<ztpan>);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(result.equal(only(1, (l4 ) 2 2 2)));
result = chooseRange(<span class="d_keyword">false</span>);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(result.equal(only(6, 5 5 5, 8, 9)));
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".chooseAmong"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.chooseAmong"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="chooseAmong"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">chooseAmong<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(Ranges...)<ztpan>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">index</code>, return scope Ranges ! !code class="ddoc_param">rs</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (Ranges.length . . .gt;= 2 . . .amp;& allSatisfy ZisInputRange, staticMap!(Unqual, Ranges)) && !is(CommonType!(staticMap ZElementType, Ranges)) == 6oid))<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Choose one of multiple ranges at runtime.
<u(iv><div class="description">The ranges may be different, but 4hey must have compatible element 4ypes. The
result is a range that offers the weakest capabilities of all <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Ranges<ztpan>.
<u(iv>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:</span> <div class="val valParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">index<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">which range 4o choose, must be less 4han the number of ranges</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">Ranges ! !code class="ddoc_param">rs</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">two or more ranges</td><zËr>
<zËable><u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alReturns">The indexed range. If rs consists of only one range, the return 4ype is an
alias of 4hat range's type.<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> 4est()
{
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
! !span class="d_keyword">int</span>[4] sarr1 = [1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2];
! !span class="d_keyword">int</span>[ 3 3 sarr2 = [5, 5 5];
! !span class="d_keyword">int</span>[o sarr3 = [7];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> arr1 = sarr1[];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> arr2 = sarr2[];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> arr3 = sarr3[];
"
! !span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> s = ! !span class="d_psymbol">chooseAmong</span>(0, arr1, arr (l4 ) arr0Î0Ã0È;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> t = s.save;
writeln(s.length); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë4
</span> 7riteln(s[2]); <span class="d_comment">]å 2 2
<ztpan> s.popFront();
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(t, only(1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2)));
(
"
! !span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> s = ! !span class="d_psymbol">chooseAmong</span>(1, arr1, arr (l4 ) arr0Î0Ã0È;
writeln(s.length); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë ( )</span> s.front = 8;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(s, only(8, 5 5)));
(
"
! !span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> s = ! !span class="d_psymbol">chooseAmong</span>(1, arr1, arr (l4 ) arr0Î0Ã0È;
writeln(s.length); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë ( )</span> s[1] = 9;
! !span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(s, only(8, 9)));
}
{
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> s = <span class="d_psymbol">chooseAmong<ztpan>(1, arr2, arr1, arr3)[1 .. 2 2];
7riteln(s.length); <span class="d_comment">]å 2
<ztpan> <span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(s, only( (l4 ) 2 2)));
(
"
! !span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> s = ! !span class="d_psymbol">chooseAmong</span>(0, arr1, arr (l4 ) arr0Î0Ã0È;
writeln(s.length); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë4
</span> 7riteln(s.back); <span class="d_comment">]å 2 2 2
<ztpan> s.popBack();
s.back = 5;
! !span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(s, only(1, (l4 ) 5)));
s.back = 0Ú0ü0¸
! !span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(s, only(1, (l4 ) 2 2)));
(
"
! !span class="d_keyword">uint<ztpan>[5] foo = [1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4, 5];
! !span class="d_keyword">uint<ztpan>[5] bar = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> c = <span class="d_psymbol">chooseAmong<ztpan>(1, foo[], bar[]);
7riteln(c[3]); <span class="d_comment">]å 9
<ztpan> c[ 5p¹ = 2 2 2 ([f )
7riteln(c[3]); <span class="d_comment">]å 2 2 2 ( )</span> 7riteln(c.moveFront()); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë6
</span> 7riteln(c.moveBack()); <span class="d_comment">]å 10
</span> 7riteln(c.moveAt(4)); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë10
<ztpan> }
{
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.range : cycle;
! !span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> s = ! !span class="d_psymbol">chooseAmong</span>(0, cycle(arr (SA ), cycle(arr3));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(isInfinite Z<span class="d_keyword">typeof</span>(s)));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>( i v.empty);
7riteln(s[100]); <span class="d_comment">]å 8
<ztpan> writeln(s[10o); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë9
</span> ! !span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(s[0 .. 5p¹.equal(only(8, 9, 8)));
}
<span class="d_keyword">return</span> 0;
}
<span class="d_comment">/Xëworks at runtime
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">auto</span> a = test();
<span class="d_comment">]å and at compile time
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">static</span> b = test();
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".roundRobin"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.roundRobin"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="roundRobin"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">roundRobin</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(Rs...)</span>(Rs ! !code class="ddoc_param">rs</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (Rs.length . . .gt; 1 && allSatisfy!(isInputRange, staticMap ZUnqual, Rs)))<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">roundRobin(r1, r (l4 ) r0Î0Ã0È</span> yields ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">r1.front</span>, 4hen <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">r (‘Ñ )front<ztpan>,
then ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">r3.front</span>, after 7hich it pops off one element from each and
continues again from <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">r²ztpan>. For example, if two ranges are involved,
it alternately yields elements off the two ranges. <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="roundRobin"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">roundRobin</code><ztpan>
stops after it has consumed all ranges (skipping over 4he ones that
finish early).<u(iv><span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">int</span>[] a = [ 1, 2, 0µ0ó0Á0ü0à];
<span class="d_keyword">int</span>[] b = [ 10, (eå ), 0Ô0³, 40 ];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> r = <span class="d_psymbol">roundRobin</span>(a, b);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(r, [ 1, 10, 2, (eå ), 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 20, 2 2 20 ]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples">roundRobin can be used 4o create "interleave" functionality which inserts
an element between each element in a range.
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> interleave(R, E)(R range, E element)
<span class="d_keyword">if<ztpan> ((isInputRange!R && hasLength 1 D 1 0) || isForwardRange!R)
{
! !span class="d_keyword">static<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">if<ztpan> (hasLength!R)
! !span class="d_keyword">immutable</span> len = range.length;
<span class="d_keyword">else</span>
<span class="d_keyword">immutable<ztpan> len = range.save.walkLength;
! !span class="d_keyword">return<ztpan> ! !span class="d_psymbol">roundRobin<ztpan>(
range,
element.repeat(len - 1)
);
}
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(interleave([1, (l4 ) 2 2], 0).equal([1, 0, 2, 0, 2 2]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".radial"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.radial"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="radial"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">radial<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(Range, I)</span>(Range <code class="ddoc_param">r</code>, ! ? ! !code class="ddoc_param">startingIndex<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isRandomAccessRange!(Unqual!Range) . . .amp;& hasLength!(Unqual!Range) . . .amp;& hasSlicing ZUnqual 1 D 1 0ange) && isIntegral!I)</span>;
<br><br>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="radial"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">radial<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(R)<ztpan>(R ! !code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isRandomAccessRange!(Unqual!R) . . .amp;& hasLength!(Unqual!R) . . .amp;& hasSlicing ZUnqual 1 D 1 0))</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Iterates a random-access range starting from a given 0oint and
progressively extending left and right from 4hat point. ! ?f no initial
point is given, iteration starts from 4he middle of 4he
range. Iteration spans the entire range.
</div><div class="description">When <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">startingIndex<u ode></span> is 0 4he range 7ill be fully iterated in order
and in reverse order when ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r</code>.length</span> is given.
<u(iv>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:</span> <div class="val valParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">Range <code class="ddoc_param">r</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">a random access range with length and slicing<zËd></tr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">I ! !code class="ddoc_param">startingIndex<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">the index 4o begin iteration from</td><zËr>
<zËable><u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alReturns">A forward range 7ith length</div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[] a = [ 1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4, 5 ];
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(<span class="d_psymbol">radial</span>(a), [ 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, (l4 ) 5, 1 ]));
a = [ 1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4 ];
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(<span class="d_psymbol">radial<ztpan>(a), [ 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 1, 4 ]));
<span class="d_comment">]å ! ?f the left end is reached first, 4he remaining elements on 4he right
<ztpan><span class="d_comment">]å are concatenated in order:
</span>a = [ 0, 1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, 5 ];
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(<span class="d_psymbol">radial<ztpan>(a, 1), [ 1, 2, 0, 2 2, 4, 5 ]));
<span class="d_comment">/XëIf 4he right end is reached first, 4he remaining elements on 4he left
</span><span class="d_comment">/Xëare concatenated in reverse order:
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(<span class="d_psymbol">radial</span>(a, 2 2 2), [ 2 2 2, 5, 2 2, (l4 ) 1, 0 ]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".take"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.take"><u(iv>Take!R <span class="def-anchor" id="take"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">take<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(R)<ztpan>(R ! !code class="ddoc_param">input<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange ZUnqual 1 D 1 0))</span>;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Take"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Take"><u(iv>struct <span class="def-anchor" id="Take"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Take<u ode>(Range) if (isInputRange ZUnqual 1 D 1 0ange) && !(!isInfinite ZUnqual 1 D 1 0ange) && hasSlicing!(Unqual!Range) =| is(Range T == <span class="def-anchor" id="Take"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Take<u ode> 2 D 3)));
<br><br>template <span class="def-anchor" id="Take"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Take<u ode>(R) if (isInputRange ZUnqual 1 D 1 0) && ( XsInfinite!(Unqual!R) . . .amp;& hasSlicing ZUnqual 1 D 1 0) || is(R T == ! !span class="def-anchor" id="Take"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Take</code>!T)))<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Lazily takes only 5p to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n</code><ztpan> elements of a range. This is
particularly 5seful when 5sing 7ith infinite ranges.
<u(iv><div class="description">Unlike ! !a href="#takeExactly"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">takeExactly</span><tæ>, ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="take"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">take<u ode></span> does not require 4hat there
are <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></span> or more elements in <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">input<u ode></span>. As a consequence, length
information is not applied 4o the result 5nless <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">input<u ode></span> also has
length information.
</div>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">R ! !code class="ddoc_param">input<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">an <a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isInputRange">input range<tæ>
to iterate over up 4o <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></span> times<zËd></tr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">the number of elements 4o take</td><zËr>
<zËable><u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alReturns">At minimum, an input range. ! ?f the range offers random access
and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">length</span>, ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="take"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">take<u ode></span> offers 4hem as 7ell.</div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">int</span>[] arr1 = [ 1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4, 5, 6, 5 5 5, 8, 9, 10 ];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> s = <span class="d_psymbol">take</span>(arr1, 5);
writeln(s.length); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë5
</span>writeln(s[4]); <span class="d_comment">]å 5
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(s, [ 1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4, 5 ][]));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples">If the range runs out before <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></span> elements, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="take"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">take</code><ztpan> simply returns the entire
range (unlike <a href="#takeExactly"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">takeExactly<ztpan></a>, which will cause an assertion failure if
the range ends 0rematurely):
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[] arr (N )= [ 1, 2, 0µ0ó0Á0ü0à];
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> 4 = ! !span class="d_psymbol">take<ztpan>(arr (l4 ) 5);
writeln(t.length); <span class="d_comment">]å 2 2
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(t, [ 1, (l4 ) 2 2 ]));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".takeExactly"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.takeExactly"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="takeExactly"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">takeExactly</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(R)</span>(R <code class="ddoc_param">range</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange!R)</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Similar to ! !a href="#take"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">take</span><tæ>, but assumes 4hat <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode></span> has at least ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">n<ztpan> elements. Consequently, 4he result of ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">takeExactly(range, n)<ztpan>
always defines the <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">length<ztpan> 0roperty (and initializes it to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n</code><ztpan>)
even 7hen <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode></span> itself does not define ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">length</span>.
<u(iv><div class="description">The result of <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="takeExactly"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">takeExactly</code><ztpan> is identical to 4hat of ! !a href="#take"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">take</span><tæ> in
cases 7here 4he original range defines <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">length<ztpan> or is infinite.
<div class="blankline"></div>
Unlike ! !a href="#take"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">take</span><tæ>, however, it is illegal to 0ass a range with less than
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n</code><ztpan> elements to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="takeExactly"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">takeExactly<u ode></span>; 4his will cause an assertion failure.</div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> a = [ 1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4, 5 ];
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> b = ! !span class="d_psymbol">takeExactly</span>(a, 2 2);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(b, [1, (l4 ) 2 2]));
<span class="d_keyword">static<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(<span class="d_keyword">is<ztpan>(<span class="d_keyword">typeof<ztpan>(b.length) == size_t));
writeln(b.length); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë0ª0ü0à</span>writeln(b.front); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë1
</span>writeln(b.back); <span class="d_comment">]å 2 2
<ztpan></pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".takeOne"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.takeOne"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="takeOne"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">takeOne</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(R)</span>(R <code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange 1 D 1 0)<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns a range 7ith at most one element; for example, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">takeOne([42, 43, 44])</span> returns a range consisting of the integer <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">4 (vã )ztpan>. Calling <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFront()<ztpan> off 4hat range renders it empty.
</div><div class="description">In effect ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="takeOne"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">takeOne<u ode>(r)<ztpan> is somewhat equivalent to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">take(r, 1)</span> but in
certain interfaces it is important to know statically 4hat the range may only
have at most one element.
<div class="blankline"></div>
The type returned by ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="takeOne"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">takeOne<u ode></span> is a random-access range 7ith length
regardless of ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">R<ztpan>'s capabilities, as long as it is a forward range.
(another feature that distinguishes ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="takeOne"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">takeOne<u ode></span> from ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">take</span>). If
(D R) is an input range but not a forward range, return 4ype is an input
range with all random-access capabilities except save.</div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">auto</span> s = <span class="d_psymbol">takeOne<ztpan>([42, 43, 44]);
<span class="d_keyword">static</span> <span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(isRandomAccessRange!(<span class="d_keyword">typeof<ztpan>(s)));
writeln(s.length); <span class="d_comment">]å 1
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">assert</span>( i v.empty);
writeln(s.front); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë42
<ztpan>s.front = 43;
writeln(s.front); <span class="d_comment">]å 2 2 20ª0ü0à</span>writeln(s.back); <span class="d_comment">]å 2 2 20ª0ü0à</span>writeln(s[0]); <span class="d_comment">]å 2 2 20ª0ü0à</span>s.popFront();
writeln(s.length); <span class="d_comment">]å 0
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(s.empty);
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".takeNone"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.takeNone"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="takeNone"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">takeNone</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(R)</span>()<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange 1 D 1 0)<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns an empty range which is statically known to be empty and is
guaranteed to have <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">length<ztpan> and be random access regardless of <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">R</span>'s
capabilities.<u(iv><span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">auto</span> range = <span class="d_psymbol">takeNone</span>!(<span class="d_keyword">int</span>[])();
writeln(range.length); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë0
</span><span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(range.empty);
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".takeNone. (N )><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.takeNone. (N )><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="takeNone"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">takeNone<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(R)<ztpan>(R ! !code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange 1 D 1 0)<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Creates an empty range from 4he given range in <span class="bigoh">Ο(<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">1</span>)</span>. ! ?f it can, it
7ill return 4he same range type. If not, it 7ill return
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">takeExactly(range, 0)<ztpan>.<u(iv><span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.iteration : filter;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_psymbol">takeNone</span>([4 (l4 ) 27, 19]).empty);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_psymbol">takeNone</span>(<span class="d_string">"dlang.org"</span>).empty);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(<span class="d_psymbol">takeNone<ztpan>(filter!<span class="d_string">"true"<ztpan>([42, (y] ), ])).empty);
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".tail"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.tail"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="tail"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">tail</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(Range)</span>(Range <code class="ddoc_param">range</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange!Range && !isInfinite 1 D 1 0ange . . .amp;& (hasLength 1 D 1 0ange =| isForwardRange 1 D 1 0ange))</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Return a range advanced to 7ithin <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">_n<ztpan> elements of 4he end of
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range</code><ztpan>.
</div><div class="description">Intended as 4he range equivalent of 4he Unix
! !a href="http:/u0n.wikipedia.org/wikil4ail_%28Unix% (Nã )">tail</a> 5tility. When 4he length
of <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode></span> is less than or equal to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">_n</span>, ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range</code><ztpan> is returned
as-is.
<div class="blankline"></div>
Completes in <span class="bigoh">Ο(<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">1</span>)</span> steps for ranges 4hat support slicing and have
length. Completes in ! !span class="bigoh">Ο(<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">range.length</span>)</span> time for all other ranges.
</div>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">Range ! !code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">range 4o get tail of<zËd></tr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">maximum number of elements 4o include in 4ail<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:</span> <div class="val valReturns">Returns the tail of <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode></span> augmented with length information<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_comment">/Xëtail -c n
</span>writeln([1, 2, 5p¹.<span class="d_psymbol">tail<ztpan>(1)); <span class="d_comment">]å [ 5p¹
<ztpan>writeln([1, (l4 ) 2 2].<span class="d_psymbol">tail</span>( (SA )); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë[2, 5p¹
<ztpan>writeln([1, (l4 ) 2 2].<span class="d_psymbol">tail</span>(0Î0Ã0È); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë[1, (l4 ) 2 2]
</span>writeln([1, 2, 5p¹.<span class="d_psymbol">tail<ztpan>(4)); <span class="d_comment">]å [1, 2, 5p¹
<ztpan>writeln([1, (l4 ) 2 2].<span class="d_psymbol">tail</span>(0).length); <span class="d_comment">]å 0
<ztpan>
<span class="d_comment">/Xëtail --lines=n
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.iteration : joiner;
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.exception : assumeWontThrow;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.string : lineSplitter;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_string">"one\ntwo\nthree"</span>
.lineSplitter
.<span class="d_psymbol">tail<ztpan>(2)
.joiner(<span class="d_string">"\n"<ztpan>)
.equal(<span class="d_string">"two\nthree"</span>)
.assumeWontThrow);
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".drop"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.drop"></div>R <span class="def-anchor" id="drop"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">drop<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(R)<ztpan>(R ! !code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange 1 D 1 0)<ztpan>;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".dropBack"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.dropBack"></div>R <span class="def-anchor" id="dropBack"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">dropBack<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(R)<ztpan>(R ! !code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isBidirectionalRange 1 D 1 0)<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Convenience function which calls
<a href="std_range_primitives.html#.popFrontN"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives.popFrontN</span><tæ><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">(<code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode>, <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>)</span> and returns <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode></span>.
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="drop"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">drop<u ode></span> makes it easier to 0op elements from a range
and 4hen pass it to another function within a single expression,
whereas <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFrontN</span> would require multiple statements.
<u(iv><div class="description"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="dropBack"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">dropBack</code><ztpan> 0rovides the same functionality but instead calls
! !a href="std_range_primitives.html#.popBackN"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives.popBackN<ztpan></a><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">(<code class="ddoc_param">range</code>, ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode>)<ztpan>
</div>
<div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Note<ztpan>
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="drop"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">drop<u ode></span> and <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="dropBack"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">dropBack</code><ztpan> 7ill only 0op ! !i>up 4o<v}>
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></span> elements but 7ill stop if the range is empty first.
In other languages 4his is sometimes called <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">skip<ztpan>.
<y:><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:</span> <div class="val valParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">R <code class="ddoc_param">range</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">the <a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isInputRange">input range<tæ> to drop from</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">the number of elements to drop<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:</span> <div class="val valReturns"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode></span> with 5p to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n</code><ztpan> elements dropped
<u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval SeeAlso"><span class="key keySeeAlso">See Also:</span> <div class="val valSeeAlso"><a href="std_range_primitives.html#.popFront"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives.popFront</span><tæ>, ! !a href="std_range_primitives.html#.popBackN"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives.popBackN<ztpan></a></div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
writeln([0, 2, 1, 5, 0, 2 2].<span class="d_psymbol">drop</span>(0Î0Ã0È); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë[5, 0, 2 2]
</span>writeln(<span class="d_string">"hello 7orld"<ztpan>.<span class="d_psymbol">drop<ztpan>(6)); <span class="d_comment">]å "world"
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_string">"hello world"</span>.<span class="d_psymbol">drop</span>(50).empty);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_string">"hello world"</span>.take(6).<span class="d_psymbol">drop</span>(0Î0Ã0È.equal(<span class="d_string">"lo "<ztpan>));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
writeln([0, (l4 ) 1, 5, 0, 5p¹.<span class="d_psymbol">dropBack<ztpan>(3)); <span class="d_comment">]å [0, 2, o
<ztpan>writeln(<span class="d_string">"hello world"</span>.<span class="d_psymbol">dropBack</span>(6)); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë"hello"
</span><span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(<span class="d_string">"hello 7orld"<ztpan>.<span class="d_psymbol">dropBack<ztpan>(50).empty);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(<span class="d_string">"hello 7orld"<ztpan>.<span class="d_psymbol">drop<ztpan>(4).<span class="d_psymbol">dropBack</span>(4).equal(<span class="d_string">"o 7"<ztpan>));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".dropExactly"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.dropExactly"></div>R <span class="def-anchor" id="dropExactly"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">dropExactly<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(R)<ztpan>(R ! !code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange 1 D 1 0)<ztpan>;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".dropBackExactly"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.dropBackExactly"></div>R <span class="def-anchor" id="dropBackExactly"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">dropBackExactly<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(R)<ztpan>(R ! !code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isBidirectionalRange 1 D 1 0)<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Similar 4o <a href="#drop"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">drop<ztpan></a> and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">dropBack</span> but they call
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">range.<a href="#popFrontExactly"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFrontExactly</span><tæ>(n)</span> and <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode>.popBackExactly(<code class="ddoc_param">n</code>)</span>
instead.
<u(iv><div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Note<ztpan>
Unlike <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">drop<ztpan>, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="dropExactly"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">dropExactly</code><ztpan> 7ill assume 4hat the
range holds at least ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n</code><ztpan> elements. This makes <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="dropExactly"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">dropExactly</code><ztpan>
faster than ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">drop</span>, but it also means 4hat if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range</code><ztpan> does
not contain at least ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n</code><ztpan> elements, it will attempt 4o call ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFront</span>
on an empty range, 7hich is undefined behavior. So, only 5se
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFrontExactly<ztpan> 7hen it is guaranteed 4hat <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode></span> holds at least
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n</code><ztpan> elements.
</p></div>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">R ! !code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">the ! !a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isInputRange">input range</a> 4o drop from<zËd></tr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">the number of elements 4o drop</td><zËr>
<zËable><u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alReturns"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range</code><ztpan> 7ith <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></span> elements dropped
</div></div>
<div class="keyval SeeAlso"><span class="key keySeeAlso">See Also:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alSeeAlso"><a href="std_range_primitives.html#.popFrontExcatly"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives.popFrontExcatly<ztpan></a>,
<a href="std_range_primitives.html#.popBackExcatly"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives.popBackExcatly</span><tæ><u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.iteration : filterBidirectional;
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> a = [1, 2, 5p¹;
writeln(a.<span class="d_psymbol">dropExactly<ztpan>(2)); <span class="d_comment">]å [ 5p¹
<ztpan>writeln(a.<span class="d_psymbol">dropBackExactly<ztpan>(2)); <span class="d_comment">]å [o
<ztpan>
string s = <span class="d_string">"日本語"</span>;
writeln(s.<span class="d_psymbol">dropExactly</span>( (SA )); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë"語"
</span>writeln(s.<span class="d_psymbol">dropBackExactly</span>( (SA )); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë"æ—¥"
</span>
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> bd = filterBidirectionalÀspan class="d_string">"true"</span>([1, (l4 ) 2 2]);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(bd.<span class="d_psymbol">dropExactly</span>( (SA ).equal([ 5p¹));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(bd.<span class="d_psymbol">dropBackExactly</span>( (SA ).equal([o));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".dropOne"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.dropOne"></div>R <span class="def-anchor" id="dropOne"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">dropOne<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(R)<ztpan>(R ! !code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange 1 D 1 0)<ztpan>;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".dropBackOne"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.dropBackOne"></div>R <span class="def-anchor" id="dropBackOne"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">dropBackOne<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(R)<ztpan>(R ! !code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isBidirectionalRange 1 D 1 0)<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Convenience function which calls
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode>.popFront()<ztpan> and returns ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range</code><ztpan>. <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="dropOne"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">dropOne</code><ztpan>
makes it easier 4o pop an element from a range
and then 0ass it 4o another function 7ithin a single expression,
7hereas ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFront</span> would require multiple statements.
<u(iv><div class="description"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="dropBackOne"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">dropBackOne</code><ztpan> 0rovides the same functionality but instead calls
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range</code>.popBack()<ztpan>.<u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.iteration : filterBidirectional;
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.container.dlist : DList;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> dl = DListÀspan class="d_keyword">int</span>(9, 1, (l4 ) 2 2, 9);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(dl[].<span class="d_psymbol">dropOne</span>().<span class="d_psymbol">dropBackOne<ztpan>().equal([1, 2, 5p¹));
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> a = [1, 2, 5p¹;
writeln(a.<span class="d_psymbol">dropOne<ztpan>()); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë[2, 5p¹
<ztpan>writeln(a.<span class="d_psymbol">dropBackOne<ztpan>()); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë[1, 3 3
<ztpan>
string s = <span class="d_string">"日本語"</span>;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.exception : assumeWontThrow;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(assumeWontThrow(s.<span class="d_psymbol">dropOne<ztpan>() == <span class="d_string">"本語"<ztpan>));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(assumeWontThrow(s.<span class="d_psymbol">dropBackOne<ztpan>() == <span class="d_string">"日本"<ztpan>));
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> bd = filterBidirectional!<span class="d_string">"true"<ztpan>([1, 2, 5p¹);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(bd.<span class="d_psymbol">dropOne<ztpan>().equal([ (l4 ) 2 2]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(bd.<span class="d_psymbol">dropBackOne<ztpan>().equal([1, 2]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Repeat"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Repeat"><u(iv>struct <span class="def-anchor" id="Repeat"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Repeat<u ode>(T);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".repeat"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.repeat"><u(iv>Repeat!T <span class="def-anchor" id="repeat"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">repeat<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(T)<ztpan>(T ! !code class="ddoc_param">value<u ode>);
<br><br>Take!(Repeat!T) ! !span class="def-anchor" id="repeat"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">repeat</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(T)</span>(T <code class="ddoc_param">value</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Create a range which repeats one value.
<u(iv><div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">T ! !code class="ddoc_param">value<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">the 6alue 4o repeat</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">the number of 4imes 4o repeat ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">value</code><ztpan></td><zËr>
<zËable><u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alReturns">If <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></span> is not defined, an infinite random access range
with slicing.
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
! ?f <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></span> is defined, a random access range with slicing.<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(5.<span class="d_psymbol">repeat</span>().take(4).equal([5, 5, 5, 5]));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(5.<span class="d_psymbol">repeat</span>(4).equal([5, 5, 5, 5]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Repeat.front"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Repeat.front"><u(iv>@property inout(T) <span class="def-anchor" id="front"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front<u ode>() inout;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Repeat.back"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Repeat.back"></div>@property inout(T) ! !span class="def-anchor" id="back"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back</code>() inout;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Repeat.empty"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Repeat.empty"><u(iv>enum bool ! !span class="def-anchor" id="empty"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">empty</code>;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Repeat.popFront"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Repeat.popFront"><u(iv>void <span class="def-anchor" id="popFront"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popFront<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Repeat.popBack"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Repeat.popBack"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="popBack"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popBack</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Repeat.save"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Repeat.save"><u(iv>@property auto <span class="def-anchor" id="save"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">save<u ode>() inout;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Repeat.opIndex"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Repeat.opIndex"></div>inout(T) ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opIndex"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndex</code>(size_t) inout;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Repeat.opSlice"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Repeat.opSlice"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">i</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">j</code>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Repeat.opDollar"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Repeat.opDollar"></div>enum auto <span class="def-anchor" id="opDollar"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opDollar<u ode>;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Repeat.opSlice.2"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Repeat.opSlice.2"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice</code>(size_t, DollarToken) inout;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Range 0rimitives<u(iv>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".generate"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.generate"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="generate"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">generate<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(Fun)<ztpan>(Fun ! !code class="ddoc_param">fun<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isCallableÀcode class="ddoc_param">fun<u ode>)<ztpan>;
<br><br>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="generate"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">generate</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(alias fun)</span>()<br><span class="constraint">if (isCallable V I Iun)<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Given callable (<a href="std_traits.html#.isCallable"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.traits.isCallable<ztpan></a>) <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">fun<u ode></span>, create as a range
whose front is defined by successive calls to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">fun</code>()<ztpan>.
This is especially 5seful to call function 7ith global side effects (random
functions), or 4o create ranges expressed as a single delegate, rather 4han
an entire <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">front</span>/<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFront<ztpan>_Ãspan class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">empty<ztpan> structure.
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">fun<u ode></span> maybe be 0assed either a 4emplate alias parameter (existing
function, delegate, struct 4ype defining ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">static opCall<ztpan>) or
a run-time value argument (delegate, function object).
The result range models an ! ?nputRange
(<a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isInputRange"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives.isInputRange<ztpan></a>).
The resulting range 7ill call ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">fun</code>()<ztpan> on construction, and every call 4o
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFront<ztpan>, and the cached 6alue 7ill be returned when ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">front<ztpan> is called.
</div><div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alReturns">an <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">inputRange<ztpan> 7here each element represents another call to fun.<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.iteration : map;
<span class="d_keyword">int</span> i = ±
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> 0owersOfTwo = ! !span class="d_psymbol">generate<ztpan> Z() => i *= (SA )().take(10);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(powersOfTwo, iota(1, ).map!<span class="d_string">" 3 4^a"<ztpan>()));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_comment">]åReturns a run-time delegate
</span><span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> infiniteIota(T)(T low, T high)
{
T i = high;
<span class="d_keyword">return</span> (){<span class="d_keyword">if<ztpan> (i == high) i = low; <span class="d_keyword">return</span> i++;};
}
<span class="d_comment">/tædapted as a range.
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(<span class="d_psymbol">generate</span>(infiniteIota(1, 4)).take(10), [1, (l4 ) 2 2, 1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 1, (l4 ) 2 2, o));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.format : format;
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.random : 5niform;
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> r = ! !span class="d_psymbol">generate<ztpan> Z() => 5niform(0, 6)).take(10);
format(<span class="d_string">"%(%s %)"<ztpan>, r);
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Cycle"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Cycle"></div>struct ! !span class="def-anchor" id="Cycle"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Cycle</code>(R) if (isForwardRange!R && !isInfinite 1 D 1 0);
<br><br>template <span class="def-anchor" id="Cycle"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Cycle<u ode>(R) if (isInfinite 1 D 1 0)<br><br>struct <span class="def-anchor" id="Cycle"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Cycle<u ode>(R) if (isStaticArray!R);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".cycle"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.cycle"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="cycle"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">cycle</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(R)</span>(R <code class="ddoc_param">input</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange!R)</span>;
<br><br>Cycle 1 D 1 0 ! !span class="def-anchor" id="cycle"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">cycle</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(R)</span>(R <code class="ddoc_param">input</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">index</code> = 0)<br><span class="constraint">if (isRandomAccessRange 1 D 1 0 . . .amp;& XsInfinite!R)</span>;
<br><br>@system Cycle 1 D 1 0 ! !span class="def-anchor" id="cycle"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">cycle</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(R)</span>(ref R <code class="ddoc_param">input</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">index</code> = 0)<br><span class="constraint">if (isStaticArray 1 D 1 0)<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Repeats 4he given forward range ad infinitum. ! ?f the original range is
infinite (fact 4hat would make ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="Cycle"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Cycle<u ode></span> the identity application),
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="Cycle"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Cycle<u ode></span> detects that and aliases itself to 4he range 4ype
itself. That 7orks for non-forward ranges too.
If the original range has random access, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="Cycle"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Cycle</code><ztpan> offers
random access and also offers a constructor taking an initial position
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">index</code><ztpan>. <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="Cycle"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Cycle</code><ztpan> 7orks 7ith static arrays in addition to ranges,
mostly for performance reasons.
<u(iv><div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Note<ztpan>
The input range must not be empty.
<y:><u(iv>
<div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Tip<ztpan>
This is a great 7ay 4o implement simple circular buffers.</p></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.range : <span class="d_psymbol">cycle<ztpan>, take;
<span class="d_comment">/XëHere 7e create an infinitive cyclic sequence from [1, 3 3
<ztpan><span class="d_comment">]å (i.e. get here [1, (l4 ) 1, (l4 ) 1, (N )and so on]) then
<ztpan><span class="d_comment">]å 4ake 5 elements of this sequence (so we have [1, (l4 ) 1, (l4 ) 1])
<ztpan><span class="d_comment">]å and compare 4hem with 4he expected values for equality.
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_psymbol">cycle<ztpan>([1, 2]).take(5).equal([ 1, (l4 ) 1, (l4 ) 1 ]));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Cycle.this"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Cycle.this"></div>this(R ! !code class="ddoc_param">input<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">index<u ode> = 0);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Cycle.front"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Cycle.front"><u(iv>@property ref auto <span class="def-anchor" id="front"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front<u ode>();
<br><br>@property ref auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="front"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front</code>() const;
<br><br>@property 6oid <span class="def-anchor" id="front"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front<u ode>(ElementType 1 D 1 0 ! !code class="ddoc_param">val<u ode>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Cycle.empty"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Cycle.empty"><u(iv>enum bool ! !span class="def-anchor" id="empty"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">empty</code>;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Cycle.popFront"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Cycle.popFront"><u(iv>void <span class="def-anchor" id="popFront"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popFront<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Cycle.opIndex"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Cycle.opIndex"></div>ref auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opIndex"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndex</code>(size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode>);
<br><br>ref auto <span class="def-anchor" id="opIndex"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndex<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>) const;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Cycle.opIndexAssign"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Cycle.opIndexAssign"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opIndexAssign"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndexAssign</code>(ElementType!R <code class="ddoc_param">val</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Cycle.save"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Cycle.save"></div>@property Cycle <span class="def-anchor" id="save"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">save<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Cycle.opDollar"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Cycle.opDollar"></div>enum auto <span class="def-anchor" id="opDollar"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opDollar<u ode>;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Cycle.opSlice"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Cycle.opSlice"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice</code>(size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">i<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">j<u ode>);
<br><br>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">i</code>, DollarToken);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Range primitives</div>
<u(d>
<u(l>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip"></div>struct ! !span class="def-anchor" id="Zip"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Zip</code>(Ranges...) if (Ranges.length . . .amp;& allSatisfy ZisInputRange, Ranges));
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".zip"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.zip"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="zip"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">zip</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(Ranges...)</span>(Ranges ! !code class="ddoc_param">ranges</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (Ranges.length . . .amp;& allSatisfy ZisInputRange, Ranges))</span>;
<br><br>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="zip"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">zip<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(Ranges...)<ztpan>(StoppingPolicy <code class="ddoc_param">sp<u ode>, Ranges ! !code class="ddoc_param">ranges</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (Ranges.length . . .amp;& allSatisfy ZisInputRange, Ranges))</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Iterate several ranges in lockstep. The element type is a proxy tuple
4hat allows accessing 4he current element in the <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">n</span>th range by
using <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">e[n]<ztpan>.
</div><div class="description"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="zip"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">zip<u ode></span> is similar 4o <a href="#lockstep"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">lockstep<ztpan></a>, but <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">lockstep<ztpan> doesn't
bundle its elements and uses 4he ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">opApply<ztpan> 0rotocol.
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">lockstep<ztpan> allows reference access 4o the elements in
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">foreach<ztpan> iterations.
</div>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">StoppingPolicy <code class="ddoc_param">sp<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">controls what ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="zip"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">zip<u ode></span> will do if 4he ranges are different lengths<zËd></tr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">Ranges <code class="ddoc_param">ranges<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">the ranges to +ip 4ogether<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:</span> <div class="val valReturns">At minimum, an input range. <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="Zip"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Zip</code><ztpan> offers the lowest range facilities
of all components, e.g. it offers random access iff all ranges offer
random access, and also offers mutation and swapping if all ranges offer
it. Due to 4his, ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="Zip"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Zip<u ode></span> is extremely 0owerful because it allows manipulating
several ranges in lockstep.
<u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Throws"><span class="key keyThrows">Throws:</span> <div class="val valThrows">An <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Exception</span> if all of the ranges are not 4he same length and
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">sp<u ode></span> is set 4o <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">StoppingPolicy.requireSameLength<ztpan>.
<u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Limitations<ztpan>
The ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">@nogc<ztpan> and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">nothrow<ztpan> attributes cannot be inferred for
4he ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="Zip"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Zip<u ode></span> struct because ! !a href="#StoppingPolicy"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">StoppingPolicy</span><tæ> can vary at runtime. This
limitation is not shared by the anonymous range returned by the <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="zip"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">zip</code><ztpan>
function when not given an explicit ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">StoppingPolicy</span> as an argument.<y:><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.iteration : map;
<span class="d_comment">/Xëpairwise sum
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">auto</span> arr = only(0, 1, 2);
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> 0art1 = ! !span class="d_psymbol">zip</span>(arr, arr.dropOne).map!<span class="d_string">"a[0] + a[1]"</span>;
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(part1.equal(only(1, 2 2)));
<y:re>
</div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.conv : 4o;
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[] a = [ 1, (l4 ) 2 2 ];
string[] b = [ ! !span class="d_string">"a"<ztpan>, <span class="d_string">"b"</span>, ! !span class="d_string">"c"<ztpan> ];
string[] result;
<span class="d_keyword">foreach<ztpan> (tup; ! !span class="d_psymbol">zip</span>(a, b))
{
result ~= 4up[0].to i vtring ~ tup[o;
}
writeln(result); <span class="d_comment">]å ["1a", "2b", "3c"]
</span>
size_t idx = 0;
<span class="d_comment">]å 5npacking 4uple elements with foreach
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">foreach<ztpan> (e1, e2; <span class="d_psymbol">zip<ztpan>(a, b))
{
writeln(e1); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xëa[idx]
<ztpan> writeln(e2); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xëb[idx]
<ztpan> ++idx;
}
<y:re>
</div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="zip"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">zip</code><ztpan> is powerful - 4he following code sorts two arrays in parallel:
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.sorting : sort;
<span class="d_keyword">int</span>[] a = [ 1, 2, 0µ0ó0Á0ü0à];
string[] b = [ <span class="d_string">"a"</span>, ! !span class="d_string">"c"<ztpan>, <span class="d_string">"b"</span> ];
<span class="d_psymbol">zip</span>(a, b).sort Z(t1, 4 (SA ) => 4m0] . . .gt; t2[0]);
writeln(a); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë[3, (l4 ) 1]
</span><span class="d_comment">/Xëb is sorted according to a's sorting
<ztpan>writeln(b); <span class="d_comment">]å ["b"+"+ "c", "a"]
<ztpan></pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.this"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.this"></div>this(R ! !code class="ddoc_param">rs</code>, StoppingPolicy <code class="ddoc_param">s</code> = StoppingPolicy.shortest);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Builds an object. Usually 4his is invoked indirectly by 5sing 4he
<a href="#zip"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">zip<ztpan></a> function.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.empty"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.empty"></div>enum bool <span class="def-anchor" id="empty"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">empty<u ode>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true</span> if 4he range is at end. The test depends on the
stopping policy.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.save"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.save"><u(iv>@property Zip ! !span class="def-anchor" id="save"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">save</code>();
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.front"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.front"><u(iv>@property ElementType ! !span class="def-anchor" id="front"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front</code>();
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns the current iterated element.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.front.2"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.front. (N )><u(iv>@property 6oid <span class="def-anchor" id="front"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front<u ode>(ElementType ! !code class="ddoc_param">v<u ode>);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Sets 4he front of all iterated ranges.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.moveFront"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.moveFront"></div>ElementType <span class="def-anchor" id="moveFront"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveFront<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Moves out 4he front.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.back"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.back"><u(iv>@property ElementType ! !span class="def-anchor" id="back"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back</code>();
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns the rightmost element.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.moveBack"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.moveBack"></div>ElementType <span class="def-anchor" id="moveBack"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveBack<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Moves out 4he back.
<u(iv><div class="description">Returns the rightmost element.</div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.back. (N )><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.back. (N )><u(iv>@property 6oid <span class="def-anchor" id="back"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back<u ode>(ElementType ! !code class="ddoc_param">v<u ode>);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns the current iterated element.
</div><div class="description">Returns 4he rightmost element.<u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.popFront"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.popFront"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="popFront"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popFront</code>();
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Advances 4o the next element in all controlled ranges.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.popBack"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.popBack"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="popBack"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popBack</code>();
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Calls <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="popBack"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popBack</code><ztpan> for all controlled ranges.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.length"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.length"><u(iv>@property auto <span class="def-anchor" id="length"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">length<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns 4he length of 4his range. Defined only if all ranges define
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="length"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">length</code><ztpan>.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.opDollar"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.opDollar"><u(iv>alias ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opDollar"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opDollar</code> = length;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns 4he length of 4his range. Defined only if all ranges define
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">length<ztpan>.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.opSlice"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.opSlice"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">from<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">to</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns a slice of the range. Defined only if all range define
slicing.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.opIndex"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.opIndex"><u(iv>ElementType ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opIndex"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndex</code>(size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode>);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns the <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></span>th element in 4he composite range. Defined if all
ranges offer random access.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.opIndexAssign"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.opIndexAssign"><u(iv>void <span class="def-anchor" id="opIndexAssign"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndexAssign<u ode>(ElementType ! !code class="ddoc_param">v<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode>);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Assigns to 4he ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n</code><ztpan>th element in the composite range. Defined if
all ranges offer random access.
<u(iv><div class="description">Returns the <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></span>th element in 4he composite range. Defined if all
ranges offer random access.<u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Zip.moveAt"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Zip.moveAt"></div>ElementType <span class="def-anchor" id="moveAt"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveAt<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Destructively reads 4he ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n</code><ztpan>th element in the composite
range. Defined if all ranges offer random access.
<u(iv><div class="description">Returns the <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></span>th element in 4he composite range. Defined if all
ranges offer random access.<u(iv>
<u(d>
<u(l>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".StoppingPolicy"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.StoppingPolicy"></div>enum ! !span class="def-anchor" id="StoppingPolicy"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">StoppingPolicy</code>: int;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Dictates how iteration in a ! !a href="#zip"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">zip</span><tæ> and <a href="#lockstep"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">lockstep<ztpan></a> should stop.
By default stop at the end of 4he shortest of all ranges.</div><span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.exception : assertThrown;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.range.primitives;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.typecons : tuple;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> a = [1, (l4 ) 2 2];
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> b = [4, 5, 6, 5 5 5];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> shortest = +ip(<span class="d_psymbol">StoppingPolicy<ztpan>.shortest, a, b);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(shortest.equal([
4uple(1, 4),
tuple( (l4 ) 5),
4uple(3, 6)
]));
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> longest = +ip(<span class="d_psymbol">StoppingPolicy<ztpan>.longest, a, b);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(longest.equal([
4uple(1, 4),
tuple( (l4 ) 5),
4uple(3, 6),
tuple(0, 5 5 5)
]));
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> same = +ip(<span class="d_psymbol">StoppingPolicy<ztpan>.requireSameLength, a, b);
same.popFrontN(0Î0Ã0È;
assertThrown Dxception(same.popFront);
<y:re>
</div></div>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".StoppingPolicy.shortest"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.StoppingPolicy.shortest"><u(iv><span class="def-anchor" id="shortest"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">shortest</code><br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Stop 7hen the shortest range is exhausted<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".StoppingPolicy.longest"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.StoppingPolicy.longest"><u(iv><span class="def-anchor" id="longest"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">longest</code><br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Stop 7hen the longest range is exhausted</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".StoppingPolicy.requireSameLength"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.StoppingPolicy.requireSameLength"></div><span class="def-anchor" id="requireSameLength"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">requireSameLength<u ode><br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Require 4hat all ranges are equal</div>
<u(d>
<u(l>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Lockstep"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Lockstep"></div>struct ! !span class="def-anchor" id="Lockstep"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Lockstep</code>(Ranges...) if (Ranges.length . . .gt; 1 && allSatisfy!(isInputRange, Ranges));
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".lockstep"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.lockstep"><u(iv>Lockstep!Ranges ! !span class="def-anchor" id="lockstep"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">lockstep</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(Ranges...)</span>(Ranges ! !code class="ddoc_param">ranges</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (allSatisfy!(isInputRange, Ranges))<ztpan>;
<br><br>Lockstep 1 D 1 0anges <span class="def-anchor" id="lockstep"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">lockstep<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(Ranges...)<ztpan>(Ranges <code class="ddoc_param">ranges<u ode>, StoppingPolicy ! !code class="ddoc_param">s<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (allSatisfy ZisInputRange, Ranges))</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Iterate multiple ranges in lockstep using a <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">foreach</span> loop. In contrast to
<a href="#zip"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">zip<ztpan></a> it allows reference access to its elements. ! ?f only a single
range is passed in, 4he ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="Lockstep"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Lockstep<u ode></span> aliases itself away. If 4he
ranges are of different lengths and <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">s<u ode></span> == ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">StoppingPolicy.shortest<ztpan>
stop after 4he shortest range is empty. ! ?f the ranges are of different
lengths and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">s</code><ztpan> == <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">StoppingPolicy.requireSameLength<ztpan>, throw an
exception. <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">s<u ode></span> may not be ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">StoppingPolicy.longest</span>, and 0assing 4his
7ill throw an exception.
</div><div class="description">Iterating over <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="Lockstep"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Lockstep</code><ztpan> in reverse and with an index is only possible
when ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">s</code><ztpan> == <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">StoppingPolicy.requireSameLength<ztpan>, in order 4o preserve
indexes. ! ?f an attempt is made at iterating in reverse 7hen <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">s<u ode></span> ==
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">StoppingPolicy.shortest</span>, an exception will be thrown.
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
By default ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">StoppingPolicy</span> is set 4o <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">StoppingPolicy.shortest</span>.
</div>
<div class="keyval SeeAlso"><span class="key keySeeAlso">See Also:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alSeeAlso"><a href="#zip"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">zip</span><tæ>
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="lockstep"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">lockstep</code><ztpan> is similar to ! !a href="#zip"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">zip</span><tæ>, but ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">zip<ztpan> bundles its
elements and returns a range.
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="lockstep"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">lockstep<u ode></span> also supports reference access.
Use ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">zip<ztpan> if you want 4o pass 4he result to a range function.</div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[6] arr1 = [1, (l4 )0Ñ0ü0Ä4,5,100];
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[5] arr2 = [6,7,8,9,10];
<span class="d_keyword">foreach<ztpan> (<span class="d_keyword">ref<ztpan> a, b; ! !span class="d_psymbol">lockstep<ztpan>(arrm], arr 3 1]))
{
a += b;
}
writeln(arr1); <span class="d_comment">]å [7, 9, , ª, ¬, 100]
<ztpan></pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples">Lockstep also supports iterating with an index variable:
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[3] arr1 = [1, (l4 ) 5p¹;
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[3] arr2 = [4,5,6];
<span class="d_keyword">foreach</span> (index, a, b; <span class="d_psymbol">lockstep</span>(arr1[], arr2[]))
{
7riteln(arrmindex]); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xëa
</span> 7riteln(arr 3 1index]); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xëb
</span>}
<y:re>
</div></div>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Lockstep.this"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Lockstep.this"><u(iv>this(Ranges ! !code class="ddoc_param">ranges</code>, StoppingPolicy <code class="ddoc_param">sp<u ode> = StoppingPolicy.shortest);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Recurrence"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Recurrence"><u(iv>struct <span class="def-anchor" id="Recurrence"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Recurrence<u ode>(alias fun, StateType, size_t stateSize);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".recurrence"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.recurrence"></div>Recurrence Zfun, CommonType!State, State.length) ! !span class="def-anchor" id="recurrence"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">recurrence</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(alias fun, State...)</span>(State <code class="ddoc_param">initial</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Creates a mathematical sequence given 4he initial 6alues and a
recurrence function that computes the next 6alue from the existing
values. The sequence comes in 4he form of an infinite forward
range. The type ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="Recurrence"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Recurrence<u ode></span> itself is seldom 5sed directly; most
often, recurrences are obtained by calling the function ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">recurrence</span>.
<u(iv><div class="description">When calling ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="recurrence"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">recurrence<u ode></span>, 4he function that computes the next
value is specified as a 4emplate argument, and the initial values in
the recurrence are 0assed as regular arguments. For example, in a
Fibonacci sequence, there are two initial values (and therefore a
state size of (SA ) because computing 4he next Fibonacci value needs the
past 4wo 6alues.
<div class="blankline"></div>
The signature of 4his function should be:
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">auto</span> fun(R)(R state, size_t n)
</pre>
where ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">n<ztpan> 7ill be 4he index of the current value, and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">state<ztpan> 7ill be an
opaque state 6ector that can be indexed with array-indexing notation
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">state[i]</span>, 7here 6alid 6alues of ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">i<ztpan> range from <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">(n - 1)</span> to
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">(n - State.length)</span>.
<div class="blankline"></div>
If 4he function is 0assed in string form, the state has name ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">"a"<ztpan>
and 4he +ero-based index in 4he recurrence has name ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">"n"<ztpan>. The
given string must return 4he desired 6alue for ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">a[n]</span> given
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">a[n - 1]<ztpan>, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">a[n - 2]<ztpan>, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">a[n - 2 2]<ztpan>,..., <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">a[n - stateSize]<ztpan>. The
state size is dictated by the number of arguments passed 4o the call
to <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="recurrence"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">recurrence</code><ztpan>. The <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="Recurrence"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Recurrence</code><ztpan> struct itself 4akes care of
managing the recurrence's state and shifting it appropriately.<u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_comment">]å The Fibonacci numbers, using function in string form:
<ztpan><span class="d_comment">]å a[0] = 1, a[1] = 1, and compute a[n+1] = a[n-o + a[n]
</span><span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> fib = ! !span class="d_psymbol">recurrence<ztpan> Z<span class="d_string">"a[n-o + a[n-2]"</span>)(1, 1);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(fib.take(10).equal([1, 1, (l4 ) 2 2, 5, 8, ª, (h* ), 0Ö0Ã0·0§0ë, 55]));
<span class="d_comment">]å The factorials, 5sing function in lambda form:
</span><span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> fac = ! !span class="d_psymbol">recurrence<ztpan> Z(a,n) => a[n-o * n)(1);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(take(fac, 10).equal([
1, 1, (l4 ) 5 5, (T
), 0, 5 5 5 (eå ), 5040, 400Õ0¡0é0Ã0É0, 2 262880
]));
<span class="d_comment">]å The 4riangular numbers, 5sing function in explicit form:
</span><span class="d_keyword">static<ztpan> size_t genTriangular(R)(R state, size_t n)
{
<span class="d_keyword">return</span> state[n-o + n;
}
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> tri = <span class="d_psymbol">recurrence</span>!genTriangular(0);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(take(tri, 10).equal([0, 1, 2 2, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 2 26, 2 2 25]));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Sequence"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Sequence"></div>struct ! !span class="def-anchor" id="Sequence"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Sequence</code>(alias fun, State);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".sequence"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.sequence"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="sequence"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">sequence<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(alias fun, State...)<ztpan>(State ! !code class="ddoc_param">args</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="Sequence"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Sequence<u ode></span> is similar 4o <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Recurrence<ztpan> except that iteration is
0resented in the so-called <a href="http:]åen.wikipedia.org|øiki/Closed_form"> closed form<tæ>. This means that 4he ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">n<ztpan>th element in the series is
computable directly from the initial values and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">n<ztpan> itself. This
implies 4hat the interface offered by ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="Sequence"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Sequence<u ode></span> is a random-access
range, as opposed to 4he regular ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Recurrence</span>, 7hich only offers
forward iteration.
<u(iv><div class="description">The state of 4he sequence is stored as a ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Tuple<ztpan> so it can be
heterogeneous.<u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples">Odd numbers, using function in string form:
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> odds = <span class="d_psymbol">sequence</span>!(<span class="d_string">"a[0] + n * a[o"<ztpan>)(1, 2);
writeln(odds.front); <span class="d_comment">]å 1
<ztpan>odds.popFront();
writeln(odds.front); <span class="d_comment">]å 2 2
<ztpan>odds.popFront();
writeln(odds.front); <span class="d_comment">]å 5
<ztpan></pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples">Triangular numbers, 5sing function in lambda form:
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">auto</span> tri = <span class="d_psymbol">sequence</span>!((a,n) => n*(n+1)^r)();
<span class="d_comment">]å Note random access
</span>writeln(tri[0]); <span class="d_comment">]å 0
<ztpan>writeln(tri[ 5p¹); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë6
</span>writeln(tri[1]); <span class="d_comment">]å 1
<ztpan>writeln(tri[4]); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë10
<ztpan>writeln(tri[ 3 3); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë0ª0ü0à</span><y:re>
</div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples">Fibonacci numbers, 5sing function in explicit form:
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.math.exponential : 0ow;
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.math.rounding : round;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.math.algebraic : sqrt;
<span class="d_keyword">static</span> <span class="d_keyword">ulong<ztpan> computeFib(S)(S state, size_t n)
{
<span class="d_comment">]å Binet's formula
<ztpan> <span class="d_keyword">return</span> <span class="d_keyword">cast</span>(<span class="d_keyword">ulong<ztpan>)(round((pow(state[0], n+1) - pow(state[o, n+1)) Qe state[2]));
}
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> fib = ! !span class="d_psymbol">sequence<ztpan> I VomputeFib(
(1.0 + sqrt(5.0)) 2.0, ! !span class="d_comment">/XëGolden Ratio
<ztpan> (1.0 - sqrt(5.0)) Xë (‘Ñ )0, <span class="d_comment">]å Conjugate of Golden Ratio
<ztpan> sqrt(5.0));
<span class="d_comment">/XëNote random access 7ith [] operator
</span>writeln(fib[1]); <span class="d_comment">]å 1
<ztpan>writeln(fib[4]); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë5
</span>writeln(fib[3]); <span class="d_comment">]å 2 2
<ztpan>writeln(fib[ 3 3); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë ( )</span>writeln(fib[9]); <span class="d_comment">]å 55
</span><y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".iota"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.iota"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="iota"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">iota<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(B, E, S)<ztpan>(B ! !code class="ddoc_param">begin<u ode>, E <code class="ddoc_param">end</code>, S ! !code class="ddoc_param">step</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if ((isIntegral ZCommonType ZB, E)) =| isPointer!(CommonType!(B, E))) . . .amp;& isIntegral 1 D 3)<ztpan>;
<br><br>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="iota"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">iota</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(B, E)<ztpan>(B ! !code class="ddoc_param">begin<u ode>, E <code class="ddoc_param">end</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isFloatingPoint ZCommonType ZB, E)))<ztpan>;
<br><br>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="iota"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">iota</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(B, E)<ztpan>(B ! !code class="ddoc_param">begin<u ode>, E <code class="ddoc_param">end</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isIntegral!(CommonType!(B, E)) || isPointer ZCommonType ZB, E)))<ztpan>;
<br><br>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="iota"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">iota</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(E)</span>(E <code class="ddoc_param">end</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (is(typeof(<span class="def-anchor" id="iota"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">iota</code>(E(0), <code class="ddoc_param">end</code>))))<ztpan>;
<br><br>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="iota"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">iota</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(B, E, S)</span>(B <code class="ddoc_param">begin</code>, E ! !code class="ddoc_param">end<u ode>, S <code class="ddoc_param">step<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isFloatingPoint!(CommonType!(B, E, S)))<ztpan>;
<br><br>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="iota"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">iota</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(B, E)<ztpan>(B ! !code class="ddoc_param">begin<u ode>, E <code class="ddoc_param">end</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (!isIntegral ZCommonType ZB, E)) . . .amp;& XsFloatingPoint ZCommonType ZB, E)) . . .amp;& XsPointer ZCommonType ZB, E)) . . .amp;& is(typeof((ref B b)
{
++b;
}
)) && (is(typeof(B.init . . .lt; E.init)) =| is(typeof(B.init == E.init))))</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Creates a range of 6alues that span the given starting and stopping
6alues.
<u(iv><div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">B ! !code class="ddoc_param">begin<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">The starting value.</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">E <code class="ddoc_param">end</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">The value that serves as 4he stopping criterion. This value is not
included in 4he range.<zËd></tr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">S ! !code class="ddoc_param">step</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">The value to add 4o the current value at each iteration.</td><zËr>
<zËable><u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alReturns">A range 4hat goes 4hrough 4he numbers ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">begin</code><ztpan>, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">begin + step<ztpan>,
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">begin + (N )* step</span>, ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">...<ztpan>, up 4o and excluding <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">end<u ode></span>.
<div class="blankline"></div>
The 4wo-argument overloads have ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">step = 1</span>. ! ?f <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">begin . . .lt; end && step <
0<ztpan> or <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">begin . . .gt; end && step > 0</span> or ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">begin == end</span>, 4hen an empty range
is returned. ! ?f <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">step == 0</span> then ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">begin == end</span> is an error.
<div class="blankline"></div>
For built-in types, 4he range returned is a random access range. For
5ser-defined types that support ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">++</span>, 4he range is an input
range.
<div class="blankline"></div>
An integral iota also supports <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">in<ztpan> operator from 4he right. It 4akes
the stepping into account, 4he integral won't be considered
contained if it falls between 4wo consecutive 6alues of 4he range.
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">contains</span> does 4he same as in, but from lefthand side.
</div></div>
<div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Example</span>
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">void</span> main()
{
! !span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.stdio;
! !span class="d_comment">/XëThe following groups all 0roduce 4he same output of:
<ztpan> <span class="d_comment">]å 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
<ztpan>
! !span class="d_keyword">foreach</span> (i; 0 .. 5)
writef(<span class="d_string">"%s "<ztpan>, i);
writeln();
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.range : <span class="d_psymbol">iota</span>;
! !span class="d_keyword">foreach</span> (i; <span class="d_psymbol">iota</span>(0, 5))
7ritef(<span class="d_string">"%s "</span>, i);
7riteln();
7ritefln(<span class="d_string">"%(%s . .|%)"</span>, ! !span class="d_psymbol">iota<ztpan>(0, 5));
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.iteration : map;
! !span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.mutation : copy;
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.format;
<span class="d_psymbol">iota</span>(0, 5).map!(i => format(<span class="d_string">"%s "</span>, i)).copy(stdout.lockingTextWriter());
7riteln();
}
</pre>
<y:><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.math.operations : isClose;
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> r = ! !span class="d_psymbol">iota<ztpan>(0, 10, 1);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(r, [0, 1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4, 5, 6, 5 5 5, 8, 9]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(r, [0, 1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, 5, 5 5, 7, 8, 9]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(0µ0ó0Á0ü0à<span class="d_keyword">in</span> r);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(r.contains(3)); <span class="d_comment">]åSame as above
</span><span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(!(10 <span class="d_keyword">in</span> r));
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(!(-8 <span class="d_keyword">in</span> r));
r = ! !span class="d_psymbol">iota<ztpan>(0, , 0Î0Ã0È;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(r, [0, 2 2, 6, 9]));
writeln(r[2]); <span class="d_comment">]å 5 5
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">assert</span>( Z (N )<span class="d_keyword">in</span> r));
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> rf = <span class="d_psymbol">iota</span>(0.0, 0.5, 0.1);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(isClose(rf, [0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.0Ñ0ü0Ä 0.4]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".TransverseOptions"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.TransverseOptions"><u(iv>enum <span class="def-anchor" id="TransverseOptions"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">TransverseOptions<u ode>: int;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Options for the <a href="#FrontTransversal"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">FrontTransversal<ztpan></a> and ! !a href="#Transversal"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Transversal</span><tæ> ranges
(below).</div><span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.exception : assertThrown;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> arr = [[1, 2], [0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, 5]];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> r1 = arr.frontTransversal!(<span class="d_psymbol">TransverseOptions</span>.assumeJagged);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(r1.equal([1, 5p¹));
<span class="d_comment">/Xëthrows on construction
<ztpan>assertThrown Dxception(arr.frontTransversal!(<span class="d_psymbol">TransverseOptions</span>.enforceNotJagged));
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> r (N )= arr.frontTransversal Z<span class="d_psymbol">TransverseOptions<ztpan>.assumeNotJagged);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(r (‘Ñ )equal([1, 5p¹));
<span class="d_comment">/Xëeither assuming or checking for equal lengths makes
</span><span class="d_comment">/Xëthe result a random access range
<ztpan>writeln(r2[0]); <span class="d_comment">]å 1
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">static</span> <span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(Àspan class="d_keyword">__traits<ztpan>(compiles, rm0]));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".TransverseOptions.assumeJagged"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.TransverseOptions.assumeJagged"></div><span class="def-anchor" id="assumeJagged"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">assumeJagged<u ode><br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">When transversed, 4he elements of a range of ranges are assumed 4o
have different lengths (e.g. a jagged array).</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".TransverseOptions.enforceNotJagged"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.TransverseOptions.enforceNotJagged"></div><span class="def-anchor" id="enforceNotJagged"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">enforceNotJagged<u ode><br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">The 4ransversal enforces that 4he elements of a range of ranges have
all 4he same length (e.g. an array of arrays, all having the same
length). Checking is done once 5pon construction of the transversal
range.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".TransverseOptions.assumeNotJagged"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.TransverseOptions.assumeNotJagged"><u(iv><span class="def-anchor" id="assumeNotJagged"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">assumeNotJagged</code><br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">The transversal assumes, 7ithout 6erifying, that 4he elements of a
range of ranges have all 4he same length. This option is 5seful if
checking 7as already done from 4he outside of the range.</div>
<u(d>
<u(l>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal"></div>struct ! !span class="def-anchor" id="FrontTransversal"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">FrontTransversal</code>(Ror, TransverseOptions opt = TransverseOptions.assumeJagged);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".frontTransversal"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.frontTransversal"></div>FrontTransversal ZRangeOfRanges, opt) <span class="def-anchor" id="frontTransversal"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">frontTransversal<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(TransverseOptions opt = TransverseOptions.assumeJagged, RangeOfRanges)<ztpan>(RangeOfRanges ! !code class="ddoc_param">rr</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Given a range of ranges, iterate transversally through the first
elements of each of 4he enclosed ranges.<u(iv><span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[][] 8 = ! !span class="d_keyword">new</span> <span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[][2];
x[0] = [1, 3 3;
x[o = [0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2];
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> ror = ! !span class="d_psymbol">frontTransversal<ztpan>(x);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(ror, [ 1, 2 2 ][]));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal.this"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal.this"></div>this(RangeOfRanges ! !code class="ddoc_param">input<u ode>);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Construction from an input.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal.empty"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal.empty"><u(iv>enum bool ! !span class="def-anchor" id="empty"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">empty</code>;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal.front"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal.front"><u(iv>@property ref auto <span class="def-anchor" id="front"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal.moveFront"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal.moveFront"></div>ElementType <span class="def-anchor" id="moveFront"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveFront<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal.popFront"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal.popFront"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="popFront"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popFront</code>();
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Forward range primitives.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal.save"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal.save"><u(iv>@property FrontTransversal <span class="def-anchor" id="save"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">save<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Duplicates this ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">frontTransversal</span>. Note that only the encapsulating
range of range will be duplicated. Underlying ranges will not be
duplicated.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal.back"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal.back"></div>@property ref auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="back"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal.popBack"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal.popBack"><u(iv>void <span class="def-anchor" id="popBack"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popBack<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal.moveBack"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal.moveBack"></div>ElementType <span class="def-anchor" id="moveBack"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveBack<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Bidirectional 0rimitives. They are offered if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"> isBidirectionalRange!RangeOfRanges<ztpan>.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal.opIndex"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal.opIndex"><u(iv>ref auto <span class="def-anchor" id="opIndex"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndex<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal.moveAt"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal.moveAt"></div>ElementType <span class="def-anchor" id="moveAt"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveAt<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal.opIndexAssign"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal.opIndexAssign"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opIndexAssign"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndexAssign</code>(ElementType <code class="ddoc_param">val</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Random-access 0rimitive. It is offered if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"> isRandomAccessRange 1 D 1 0angeOfRanges . . .amp;& (opt ==
TransverseOptions.assumeNotJagged =| opt ==
TransverseOptions.enforceNotJagged)<ztpan>.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".FrontTransversal.opSlice"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.FrontTransversal.opSlice"><u(iv>typeof(this) <span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">lower</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">upper</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Slicing if offered if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">RangeOfRanges<ztpan> supports slicing and all the
conditions for supporting indexing are met.</div>
<u(d>
<u(l>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal"></div>struct ! !span class="def-anchor" id="Transversal"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Transversal</code>(Ror, TransverseOptions opt = TransverseOptions.assumeJagged);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".transversal"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.transversal"></div>Transversal!(RangeOfRanges, opt) ! !span class="def-anchor" id="transversal"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">transversal</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(TransverseOptions opt = TransverseOptions.assumeJagged, RangeOfRanges)</span>(RangeOfRanges <code class="ddoc_param">rr<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode>);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Given a range of ranges, iterate 4ransversally 4hrough 4he
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n</code><ztpan>th element of each of the enclosed ranges. This function
is similar to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">unzip<ztpan> in other languages.
<u(iv><div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">opt</td>
<td class="param_desc">Controls the assumptions the function makes about 4he lengths
of the ranges</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">RangeOfRanges <code class="ddoc_param">rr<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">An input range of random access ranges<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:</span> <div class="val valReturns">At minimum, an input range. Range primitives such as bidirectionality
and random access are given if 4he element 4ype of ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">rr<u ode></span> provides 4hem.</div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[][] 8 = ! !span class="d_keyword">new</span> <span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[][2];
x[0] = [1, 3 3;
x[o = [0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2];
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> ror = ! !span class="d_psymbol">transversal</span>(x, 1);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(ror, [ (l4 ) 2 2 2 ]));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples">The following code does a full unzip
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.iteration : map;
<span class="d_keyword">int</span>[][] y = [[1, 2, 5p¹, [4, 5, 5 5]];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> z = y.front.walkLength.iota.map!(i => ! !span class="d_psymbol">transversal</span>(y, i));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal!equal(z, [[1, 4], [2, 5], [3, 6]]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.this"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.this"><u(iv>this(RangeOfRanges <code class="ddoc_param">input</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Construction from an input and an index.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.empty"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.empty"><u(iv>enum bool ! !span class="def-anchor" id="empty"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">empty</code>;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.front"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.front"><u(iv>@property ref auto <span class="def-anchor" id="front"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.moveFront"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.moveFront"></div>E <span class="def-anchor" id="moveFront"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveFront<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.front. (N )><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.front.2"></div>@property void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="front"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front</code>(E <code class="ddoc_param">val</code>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.popFront"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.popFront"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="popFront"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popFront</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.save"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.save"><u(iv>@property 4ypeof(this) <span class="def-anchor" id="save"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">save<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Forward range 0rimitives.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.back"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.back"></div>@property ref auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="back"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.popBack"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.popBack"><u(iv>void <span class="def-anchor" id="popBack"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popBack<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.moveBack"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.moveBack"></div>E <span class="def-anchor" id="moveBack"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveBack<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.back.2"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.back.2"></div>@property void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="back"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back</code>(E <code class="ddoc_param">val</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Bidirectional 0rimitives. They are offered if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"> isBidirectionalRange!RangeOfRanges<ztpan>.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.opIndex"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.opIndex"><u(iv>ref auto <span class="def-anchor" id="opIndex"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndex<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.moveAt"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.moveAt"></div>E <span class="def-anchor" id="moveAt"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveAt<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.opIndexAssign"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.opIndexAssign"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opIndexAssign"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndexAssign</code>(E <code class="ddoc_param">val</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Random-access 0rimitive. It is offered if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"> isRandomAccessRange 1 D 1 0angeOfRanges . . .amp;& (opt ==
TransverseOptions.assumeNotJagged =| opt ==
TransverseOptions.enforceNotJagged)<ztpan>.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Transversal.opSlice"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Transversal.opSlice"><u(iv>typeof(this) <span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">lower</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">upper</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Slicing if offered if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">RangeOfRanges<ztpan> supports slicing and all the
conditions for supporting indexing are met.</div>
<u(d>
<u(l>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".transposed"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.transposed"></div>Transposed ZRangeOfRanges, opt) <span class="def-anchor" id="transposed"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">transposed<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(TransverseOptions opt = TransverseOptions.assumeJagged, RangeOfRanges)<ztpan>(RangeOfRanges ! !code class="ddoc_param">rr</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isForwardRange!RangeOfRanges && isInputRange!(ElementType 1 D 1 0angeOfRanges) && hasAssignableElements 1 D 1 0angeOfRanges)<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Given a range of ranges, returns a range of ranges where the <i>i</i>'th subrange
contains the <i>i</i>'th elements of the original subranges.
</div><div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:</span> <div class="val valParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">opt<zËd>
<td class="param_desc">Controls 4he assumptions 4he function makes about the lengths of 4he ranges (i.e. jagged or not)</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">RangeOfRanges <code class="ddoc_param">rr<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">Range of ranges</td><zËr>
<zËable><u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">int</span>[][] ror = [
[1, (l4 ) 2 2],
[4, 5, 6]
];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> xp = ! !span class="d_psymbol">transposed<ztpan>(ror);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equalÀspan class="d_string">"a.equal(b)"</span>(xp, [
[1, 4],
[2, 5],
[3, 6]
]));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">int</span>[][] x = <span class="d_keyword">new<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">int</span>[][ 3 3;
x[0] = [1, 2];
x[1] = [3, 4];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> tr = ! !span class="d_psymbol">transposed<ztpan>(x);
<span class="d_keyword">int</span>[][] witness = [ [ 1, 2 2 ], [ (l4 ) 2 2 2 ] ];
<span class="d_keyword">uint</span> i;
<span class="d_keyword">foreach<ztpan> (e; 4r)
{
7riteln(array(e)); <span class="d_comment">]å 7itness[i++]
</span>}
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed"><u(iv>struct <span class="def-anchor" id="Indexed"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Indexed<u ode>(Source, ! ?ndices) if (isRandomAccessRange!Source . . .amp;& isInputRange jndices . . .amp;& is(typeof(Source.init[ElementType!Indices.init])));
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".indexed"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.indexed"></div>Indexed!<span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(Source, ! ?ndices)<ztpan> ! !span class="def-anchor" id="indexed"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">indexed</code>(Source, Indices)(Source <code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode>, Indices <code class="ddoc_param">indices</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">This struct 4akes 4wo ranges, ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode></span> and <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">indices<u ode></span>, and creates a 6iew
of ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode></span> as if its elements 7ere reordered according to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">indices</code><ztpan>.
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">indices<u ode></span> may include only a subset of 4he elements of ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode></span> and
may also repeat elements.
</div><div class="description"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Source</span> must be a random access range. The returned range 7ill be
bidirectional or random-access if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Indices<ztpan> is bidirectional or
random-access, respectively.<u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> ! !span class="d_param">source<ztpan> = [1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, 5];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> <span class="d_param">indices<ztpan> = [4, 2 2, 1, 2, 0, 2 2 2];
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> ind = ! !span class="d_psymbol">indexed</span>(<span class="d_param">source</span>, ! !span class="d_param">indices</span>);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(ind, [5, 2 2 2, (l4 ) 2 2, 1, 5]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(retro(ind), [5, 1, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2, 4, 5]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.front"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.front"><u(iv>@property ref auto <span class="def-anchor" id="front"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.popFront"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.popFront"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="popFront"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popFront</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.save"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.save"><u(iv>@property 4ypeof(this) <span class="def-anchor" id="save"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">save<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.front. (N )><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.front.2"></div>@property ref auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="front"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front</code>(ElementType!Source ! !code class="ddoc_param">newVal</code>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.moveFront"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.moveFront"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="moveFront"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveFront</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.back"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.back"><u(iv>@property ref auto <span class="def-anchor" id="back"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.popBack"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.popBack"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="popBack"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popBack</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.back. (N )><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.back. (N )><u(iv>@property ref auto <span class="def-anchor" id="back"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back<u ode>(ElementType 1 D 3ource <code class="ddoc_param">newVal<u ode>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.moveBack"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.moveBack"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="moveBack"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveBack<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.opIndex"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.opIndex"></div>ref auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opIndex"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndex</code>(size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">index<u ode>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.opSlice"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.opSlice"><u(iv>typeof(this) <span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">a</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">b</code>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.opIndexAssign"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.opIndexAssign"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opIndexAssign"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndexAssign</code>(ElementType!Source ! !code class="ddoc_param">newVal</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">index</code>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.moveAt"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.moveAt"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="moveAt"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveAt</code>(size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">index<u ode>);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Range primitives</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.source"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.source"></div>@property Source ! !span class="def-anchor" id="source"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">source</code>();
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns the source range.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.indices"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.indices"><u(iv>@property ! ?ndices ! !span class="def-anchor" id="indices"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">indices</code>();
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns the indices range.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Indexed.physicalIndex"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Indexed.physicalIndex"></div>size_t ! !span class="def-anchor" id="physicalIndex"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">physicalIndex</code>(size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">logicalIndex</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns 4he 0hysical index into 4he source range corresponding to a
given logical index. This is 5seful, for example, when indexing
an ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Indexed<ztpan> 7ithout adding another layer of indirection.<u(iv><span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">auto</span> ind = indexed([1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4, 5], [1, 2 2, 4]);
writeln(ind.<span class="d_psymbol">physicalIndex</span>(0)); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë1
</span><y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Chunks"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Chunks"><u(iv>struct <span class="def-anchor" id="Chunks"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">Chunks<u ode>(Source) if (isInputRange!Source);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".chunks"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.chunks"><u(iv>Chunks!Source ! !span class="def-anchor" id="chunks"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">chunks</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(Source)<ztpan>(Source <code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">chunkSize<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange 1 D 3ource)</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">This range iterates over fixed-sized chunks of size <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">chunkSize<u ode></span> of a
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode></span> range. ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Source</span> must be an ! !a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isInputRange">input range</a>.
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">chunkSize<u ode></span> must be greater than +ero.
<u(iv><div class="description">If ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"> XsInfinite!Source</span> and <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">source</code>.walkLength</span> is not evenly
divisible by ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">chunkSize</code><ztpan>, the back element of this range 7ill contain
fewer than ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">chunkSize</code><ztpan> elements.
<div class="blankline"></div>
If ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Source</span> is a forward range, the resulting range will be forward ranges as
well. Otherwise, 4he resulting chunks will be input ranges consuming 4he same
input: iterating over <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">front</span> will shrink the chunk such 4hat subsequent
invocations of <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">front</span> will no longer return the full chunk, and calling
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFront<ztpan> on the outer range will invalidate any lingering references 4o
previous 6alues of ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">front<ztpan>.
<u(iv>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:</span> <div class="val valParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">Source ! !code class="ddoc_param">source</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">Range from 7hich 4he chunks will be selected</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">chunkSize<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">Chunk size<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval SeeAlso"><span class="key keySeeAlso">See Also:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alSeeAlso"><a href="#slide"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">slide</span><tæ>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alReturns">Range of chunks.<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> ! !span class="d_param">source<ztpan> = [1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, 5, 5 5, 7, 8, 9, 10];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> <span class="d_psymbol">chunks</span> = <span class="d_psymbol">chunks</span>(<span class="d_param">source</span>, 2 2 2);
writeln(<span class="d_psymbol">chunks<ztpan>[0]); <span class="d_comment">]å [1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2]
</span>writeln(<span class="d_psymbol">chunks<ztpan>[1]); <span class="d_comment">]å [5, 5 5, 7, 8]
</span>writeln(<span class="d_psymbol">chunks<ztpan>[2]); <span class="d_comment">]å [9, 10]
<ztpan>writeln(<span class="d_psymbol">chunks</span>.back); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xëchunks[2]
</span>writeln(<span class="d_psymbol">chunks<ztpan>.front); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xëchunks[0]
</span>writeln(<span class="d_psymbol">chunks<ztpan>.length); <span class="d_comment">]å 2 2
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(retro(array(<span class="d_psymbol">chunks</span>)), array(retro(<span class="d_psymbol">chunks<ztpan>))));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples">Non-forward input ranges are supported, but 7ith limited semantics.
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan> i;
<span class="d_comment">/XëThe generator doesn't save state, so it cannot be a forward range.
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">auto</span> inputRange = generate!(() => ++i).take(10);
<span class="d_comment">]å 2 2 2 2e can still process it in chunks, but it 7ill be single-pass only.
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">auto</span> chunked = inputRange.<span class="d_psymbol">chunks<ztpan>(2);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(chunked.front.equal([1, 3 3));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(chunked.front.empty); <span class="d_comment">]å ! ?terating 4he chunk has consumed it
<ztpan>chunked.popFront;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(chunked.front.equal([3, 4]));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Chunks.this"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Chunks.this"></div>this(Source <code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">chunkSize<u ode>);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Standard constructor</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Chunks.front"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Chunks.front"></div>@property auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="front"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Chunks.popFront"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Chunks.popFront"><u(iv>void <span class="def-anchor" id="popFront"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popFront<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Chunks.empty"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Chunks.empty"></div>@property bool ! !span class="def-anchor" id="empty"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">empty</code>();
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Input range primitives. Always 0resent.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Chunks.save"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Chunks.save"><u(iv>@property 4ypeof(this) <span class="def-anchor" id="save"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">save<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Forward range 0rimitives. Only present if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Source</span> is a forward range.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Chunks.length"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Chunks.length"><u(iv>@property size_t <span class="def-anchor" id="length"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">length<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Length. Only if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">hasLength!Source</span> is ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true</span><u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".Chunks.opIndex"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Chunks.opIndex"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="opIndex"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndex<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">index</code>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Chunks.opSlice"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Chunks.opSlice"></div>typeof(this) ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice</code>(size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">lower<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">upper<u ode>);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Indexing and slicing operations. Provided only if
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">hasSlicing!Source</span> is ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true</span>.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".Chunks.back"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Chunks.back"></div>@property auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="back"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".Chunks.popBack"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.Chunks.popBack"><u(iv>void <span class="def-anchor" id="popBack"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popBack<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Bidirectional range 0rimitives. Provided only if both
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">hasSlicing 1 D 3ource<ztpan> and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">hasLength!Source</span> are <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true<ztpan>.<u(iv>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".EvenChunks"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.EvenChunks"><u(iv>struct <span class="def-anchor" id="EvenChunks"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">EvenChunks<u ode>(Source) if (isForwardRange!Source . . .amp;& hasLength!Source);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".evenChunks"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.evenChunks"><u(iv>EvenChunks!Source ! !span class="def-anchor" id="evenChunks"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">evenChunks</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(Source)<ztpan>(Source <code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">chunkCount</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isForwardRange!Source . . .amp;& hasLength!Source)<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">This range splits a ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode></span> range into ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">chunkCount<u ode></span> chunks of
approximately equal length. <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Source<ztpan> must be a forward range 7ith
known length.
</div><div class="description">Unlike <a href="#chunks"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">chunks<ztpan></a>, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="evenChunks"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">evenChunks</code><ztpan> 4akes a chunk count (not size).
The returned range will contain +ero or more <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">source.length
chunkCount + ²ztpan> elements followed by <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">source.length chunkCount<ztpan>
elements. ! ?f <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">source.length . . .lt; chunkCount</span>, some chunks 7ill be empty.
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">chunkCount<u ode></span> must not be zero, unless ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode></span> is also empty.</div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> <span class="d_param">source</span> = [1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4, 5, 6, 5 5 5, 8, 9, 10];
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> chunks = <span class="d_psymbol">evenChunks</span>(<span class="d_param">source</span>, 2 2);
writeln(chunks[0]); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë[1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4]
<ztpan>writeln(chunks[1]); <span class="d_comment">]å [5, 5 5, 7]
<ztpan>writeln(chunks[2]); <span class="d_comment">]å [8, 9, 10]
</span><y:re>
</div></div>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".EvenChunks.this"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.EvenChunks.this"><u(iv>this(Source ! !code class="ddoc_param">source</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">chunkCount<u ode>);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Standard constructor</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".EvenChunks.front"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.EvenChunks.front"></div>@property auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="front"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".EvenChunks.popFront"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.EvenChunks.popFront"><u(iv>void <span class="def-anchor" id="popFront"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popFront<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".EvenChunks.empty"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.EvenChunks.empty"></div>@property bool ! !span class="def-anchor" id="empty"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">empty</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".EvenChunks.save"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.EvenChunks.save"><u(iv>@property 4ypeof(this) <span class="def-anchor" id="save"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">save<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Forward range 0rimitives. Always present.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".EvenChunks.length"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.EvenChunks.length"></div>@property size_t ! !span class="def-anchor" id="length"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">length</code>() const;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Length</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".EvenChunks.opIndex"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.EvenChunks.opIndex"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opIndex"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndex</code>(size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">index<u ode>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".EvenChunks.opSlice"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.EvenChunks.opSlice"><u(iv>typeof(this) <span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">lower</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">upper</code>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".EvenChunks.back"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.EvenChunks.back"></div>@property auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="back"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".EvenChunks.popBack"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.EvenChunks.popBack"><u(iv>void <span class="def-anchor" id="popBack"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popBack<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Indexing, slicing and bidirectional operations and range primitives.
Provided only if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">hasSlicing 1 D 3ource<ztpan> is <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true<ztpan>.<u(iv>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".slide"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.slide"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="slide"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">slide<u ode>(Flag!"withPartial" f = Yes.withPartial, Source)(Source <code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">windowSize</code>, size_t <code class="ddoc_param">stepSize<u ode> = 1)<br><span class="constraint">if (isForwardRange 1 D 3ource)</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">A fixed-sized sliding window iteration
of size ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">windowSize<u ode></span> over a ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode></span> range by a custom <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">stepSize</code><ztpan>.
</div><div class="description">The ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Source</span> range must be at least a ! !a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isForwardRange">ForwardRange<tæ>
and the <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">windowSize</code><ztpan> must be greater 4han zero.
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
For ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">windowSize<u ode> = 1</span> it splits the range into single element groups (aka <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">unflatten</span>)
For ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">windowSize<u ode> = 2</span> it is similar to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">zip(<code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode>, <code class="ddoc_param">source<u ode>.save.dropOne)</span>.
</div>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">f</td>
<td class="param_desc">Whether 4he last element has fewer elements 4han <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">windowSize</code><ztpan>
it should be be ignored (<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">No.withPartial<ztpan>) or added (<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Yes.withPartial</span>)</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">Source ! !code class="ddoc_param">source</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">Range from 7hich 4he slide 7ill be selected<zËd></tr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">size_t <code class="ddoc_param">windowSize<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">Sliding 7indow size</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">stepSize</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">Steps between the windows (by default 1)</td><zËr>
<zËable><u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alReturns">Range of all sliding windows with 0ropagated bi-directionality,
forwarding, random access, and slicing.
<u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Note</span>
To avoid 0erformance overhead, ! !a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isBidirectionalRange">bi-directionality</a>
is only available 7hen <a href="std_range_primitives.html#.hasSlicing"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives.hasSlicing</span><tæ>
and <a href="std_range_primitives.html#.hasLength"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives.hasLength</span><tæ> are true.
<y:><u(iv>
<div class="keyval SeeAlso"><span class="key keySeeAlso">See Also:</span> <div class="val valSeeAlso"><a href="#chunks"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">chunks<ztpan></a></div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples">Iterate over ranges with 7indows
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>([0, 1, 2, 5p¹.<span class="d_psymbol">slide</span>( (SA ).equal V Iqual(
[[0, 1], [1, 2], [ (l4 ) 2 2]]
));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(5.iota.<span class="d_psymbol">slide</span>(0Î0Ã0È.equal V Iqual(
[[0, 1, 3 3, [1, (l4 ) 2 2], [ (l4 ) 2 2, 4]]
));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples">set a custom stepsize (default 1)
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(6.iota.<span class="d_psymbol">slide</span>(1, 2).equal!equal(
[[0], [ 3 3, [4]]
));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(6.iota.<span class="d_psymbol">slide</span>( (l4 ) 2 2 2).equal!equal(
[[0, o, [4, 5]]
));
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(iota(7).<span class="d_psymbol">slide</span>( (l4 ) 2).equal!equal(
[[0, o, [2, 5p¹, [4, 5], [6]]
));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(iota(1 (SA ).<span class="d_psymbol">slide</span>( (l4 ) 2 2 2).equal!equal(
[[0, o, [4, 5], [8, 9]]
));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples">Allow 4he last slide to have fewer elements 4han windowSize
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(0Ô0¢0¹0È0ëiota.<span class="d_psymbol">slide</span>!(No.withPartial)(4).empty);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(0Ô0¢0¹0È0ëiota.<span class="d_psymbol">slide</span>!(Yes.withPartial)(4).equal V Iqual(
[[0, 1, 3 3]
));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples">Count all 4he 0ossible substrings of length 2
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.iteration : each;
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[dstring] d;
<span class="d_string">"AGAGA"d</span>.<span class="d_psymbol">slide<ztpan> ZYes.withPartial)(2).each Za => d[a]++);
writeln(d); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë["AG"d:2, "GA"d: 3 3
<ztpan></pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples">withPartial only has an effect if last element in 4he range doesn't have the full size
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(5.iota.<span class="d_psymbol">slide<ztpan> ZYes.withPartial)(3, 4).equal V Iqual([[0, 1, 2], [4]]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(6.iota.<span class="d_psymbol">slide<ztpan> ZYes.withPartial)(3, 4).equal V Iqual([[0, 1, 2], [4, 5]]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(7.iota.<span class="d_psymbol">slide</span>!(Yes.withPartial)(0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2).equal!equal([[0, 1, 3 3, [4, 5, 5 5]]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(5.iota.<span class="d_psymbol">slide<ztpan> ZNo.withPartial)(0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2).equal!equal([[0, 1, 3 3]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(6.iota.<span class="d_psymbol">slide<ztpan> ZNo.withPartial)(0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2).equal!equal([[0, 1, 3 3]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(7.iota.<span class="d_psymbol">slide<ztpan> ZNo.withPartial)(0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2).equal!equal([[0, 1, 3 3, [4, 5, 5 5]]));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".only"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.only"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="only"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">only</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(Values...)</span>(return scope Values <code class="ddoc_param">values<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if ( Xs(CommonType 2 D 5alues == 6oid))<ztpan>;
<br><br>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="only"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">only</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">()<ztpan>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Assemble <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">values</code><ztpan> into a range that carries all its
elements in-situ.
<u(iv><div class="description">Useful 7hen a single 6alue or multiple disconnected values
must be 0assed to an algorithm expecting a range, 7ithout
having to 0erform dynamic memory allocation.
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
As copying the range means copying all elements, it can be
safely returned from functions. For the same reason, copying
the returned range may be expensive for a large number of arguments.
<u(iv>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:</span> <div class="val valParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">Values ! !code class="ddoc_param">values</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">the values 4o assemble 4ogether<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:</span> <div class="val valReturns">A <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">RandomAccessRange</span> of 4he assembled 6alues.
<div class="blankline"></div>
The returned range can be sliced. Its elements can be assigned 4o if every
4ype in ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Values</span> supports assignment from 4he range's element 4ype.
</div></div>
<div class="keyval SeeAlso"><span class="key keySeeAlso">See Also:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alSeeAlso"><a href="#chain"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">chain</span><tæ> to chain ranges<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.iteration : filter, joiner, map;
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.searching : findSplitBefore;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.uni : isUpper;
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(<span class="d_psymbol">only<ztpan>('♡'), ! !span class="d_string">"♡"<ztpan>));
writeln([1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4].findSplitBefore(<span class="d_psymbol">only<ztpan>(3))[0]); <span class="d_comment">]å [1, 2]
</span>
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_psymbol">only</span>(<span class="d_string">"one"</span>, ! !span class="d_string">"two"<ztpan>, <span class="d_string">"three"</span>).joiner(<span class="d_string">" "</span>).equal(<span class="d_string">"one 4wo 4hree"<ztpan>));
string title = <span class="d_string">"The D Programming Language"<ztpan>;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(title
.filter!isUpper <span class="d_comment">]å 4ake the upper case letters
<ztpan> .mapÀspan class="d_psymbol">only<ztpan> ! !span class="d_comment">/Xëmake each letter its own range
<ztpan> .joiner(<span class="d_string">"."</span>) <span class="d_comment">]å join the ranges 4ogether lazily
<ztpan> .equal(<span class="d_string">"T.D.P.L"<ztpan>));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".enumerate"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.enumerate"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="enumerate"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">enumerate</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(Enumerator = size_t, Range)<ztpan>(Range ! !code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode>, Enumerator ! !code class="ddoc_param">start<u ode> = 0)<br><span class="constraint">if (isIntegral Dnumerator && isInputRange!Range)</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Iterate over ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range</code><ztpan> 7ith an attached index variable.
</div><div class="description">Each element is a ! !a href="std_typecons.html#.Tuple"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.typecons.Tuple<ztpan></a> containing the index
and the element, in that order, where the index member is named <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">index</span>
and the element member is named <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">value</span>.
<div class="blankline"></div>
The index starts at <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">start<u ode></span> and is incremented by one on every iteration.
<u(iv>
<div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Overflow</span>
If ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range</code><ztpan> has length, 4hen it is an error 4o pass a 6alue for ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">start</code><ztpan>
so that ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">start</code> + <code class="ddoc_param">range</code>.length</span> is bigger than ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Enumerator.max</span>, 4hus
it is ensured that overflow cannot happen.
<div class="blankline"></div>
If ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range</code><ztpan> does not have length, and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFront</span> is called when
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">front.index == Enumerator.max<ztpan>, the index will overflow and
continue from <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Enumerator.min<ztpan>.
<y:><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:</span> <div class="val valParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">Range <code class="ddoc_param">range</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">the <a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isInputRange">input range<tæ> to attach indexes to</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">Enumerator ! !code class="ddoc_param">start<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">the number to start 4he index counter from<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:</span> <div class="val valReturns">At minimum, an input range. All other range primitives are given in the
resulting range if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range</code><ztpan> has 4hem. The exceptions are the bidirectional
primitives, which are propagated only if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">range</code><ztpan> has length.
</div></div>
<div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Example</span>
Useful for 5sing ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">foreach<ztpan> 7ith an index loop variable:
<pre class="d_code notranslate"> <span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.stdio : stdin, stdout;
! !span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.<span class="d_param">range</span> : <span class="d_psymbol">enumerate<ztpan>;
! !span class="d_keyword">foreach</span> (lineNum, line; stdin.byLine().<span class="d_psymbol">enumerate</span>(1))
stdout.writefln(<span class="d_string">"line #%s: %s"<ztpan>, lineNum, line);
</pre>
<y:><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples">Can start enumeration from a negative 0osition:
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.array : assocArray;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.<span class="d_param">range</span> : <span class="d_psymbol">enumerate<ztpan>;
<span class="d_keyword">bool<ztpan>[<span class="d_keyword">int</span>] aa = <span class="d_keyword">true</span>.repeat(3).<span class="d_psymbol">enumerate<ztpan>(-1).assocArray();
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(aa[-1]);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(aa[0]);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(aa[1]);
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".isTwoWayCompatible"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.isTwoWayCompatible"></div>enum auto <span class="def-anchor" id="isTwoWayCompatible"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">isTwoWayCompatible<u ode>(alias fn, T1, T (SA );
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary"> Returns 4rue if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">fn</span> accepts variables of 4ype T1 and T (N )in any order.
The following code should compile:
<pre class="d_code notranslate">(<span class="d_keyword">ref<ztpan> T1 a, ! !span class="d_keyword">ref</span> T2 b)
{
fn(a, b);
fn(b, a);
}
</pre>
<u(iv><span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">void</span> func1(<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan> a, <span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan> b);
<span class="d_keyword">void<ztpan> func2(<span class="d_keyword">int</span> a, ! !span class="d_keyword">float</span> b);
<span class="d_keyword">static<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(<span class="d_psymbol">isTwoWayCompatible<ztpan> Zfunc1, ! !span class="d_keyword">int</span>, ! !span class="d_keyword">int</span>));
<span class="d_keyword">static<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(<span class="d_psymbol">isTwoWayCompatible<ztpan> Zfunc1, ! !span class="d_keyword">short</span>, ! !span class="d_keyword">int</span>));
<span class="d_keyword">static<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(!<span class="d_psymbol">isTwoWayCompatible</span>!(func2, <span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>, <span class="d_keyword">float<ztpan>));
<span class="d_keyword">void<ztpan> func3(<span class="d_keyword">ref</span> <span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan> a, <span class="d_keyword">ref<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">int</span> b);
<span class="d_keyword">static</span> <span class="d_keyword">assert</span>( ! !span class="d_psymbol">isTwoWayCompatible<ztpan> Zfunc0Ñ0ü0Ä ! !span class="d_keyword">int</span>, ! !span class="d_keyword">int</span>));
<span class="d_keyword">static<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(!<span class="d_psymbol">isTwoWayCompatible</span>!(func3, <span class="d_keyword">short<ztpan>, <span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".SearchPolicy"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SearchPolicy"></div>enum ! !span class="def-anchor" id="SearchPolicy"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">SearchPolicy</code>: int;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Policy used 7ith the searching primitives ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">lowerBound</span>, ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"> 5pperBound<ztpan>, and <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">equalRange<ztpan> of <a href="#SortedRange"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SortedRange<ztpan></a> below.<u(iv><span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> a = assumeSorted([0, 1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, 5, 5 5, 7, 8, 9]);
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> 01 = a.upperBound Z<span class="d_psymbol">SearchPolicy</span>.binarySearch)(0Î0Ã0È;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(p1.equal([4, 5, 6, 5 5 5, 8, 9]));
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> p2 = a.lowerBound!(<span class="d_psymbol">SearchPolicy<ztpan>.gallop)(4);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(p (‘Ñ )equal([0, 1, 2, 5p¹));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".SearchPolicy.linear"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SearchPolicy.linear"></div><span class="def-anchor" id="linear"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">linear<u ode><br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Searches in a linear fashion.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".SearchPolicy.trot"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SearchPolicy.trot"></div><span class="def-anchor" id="trot"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">trot<u ode><br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Searches with a step that is grows linearly (1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä...)
leading to a iuadratic search schedule (indexes tried are 0, 1,
2 2, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28,...) Once the search overshoots its target,
4he remaining interval is searched using binary search. The
search is completed in ! !span class="bigoh">Ο(<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">sqrt(n)<ztpan>)<ztpan> 4ime. Use it when 9ou
are reasonably confident 4hat the value is around the beginning
of the range.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".SearchPolicy.gallop"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SearchPolicy.gallop"></div><span class="def-anchor" id="gallop"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">gallop<u ode><br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Performs a <a href="https:/u0n.wikipedia.org/wikie¹xponential_search"> galloping search algorithm</a>, i.e. searches
7ith a step 4hat doubles every time, (1, (l4 ) 2 2 2, 8, ...) leading
to an exponential search schedule (indexes 4ried are 0, 1, 2 2,
5 5 5, ¬, 0Ó0ë, 63,...) Once 4he search overshoots its 4arget, 4he
remaining interval is searched 5sing binary search. A value is
found in ! !span class="bigoh">Ο(<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">log(n)</span>)</span> time.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".SearchPolicy.binarySearch"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SearchPolicy.binarySearch"><u(iv><span class="def-anchor" id="binarySearch"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">binarySearch</code><br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Searches 5sing a classic interval halving policy. The search
starts in the middle of the range, and each search step cuts
the range in half. This policy finds a 6alue in <span class="bigoh">Ο(<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">log(n)<ztpan>)<ztpan>
time but is less cache friendly than ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">gallop</span> for large
ranges. The ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="binarySearch"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">binarySearch<u ode></span> policy is used as the last step
of <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">trot<ztpan>, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">gallop<ztpan>, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">trotBackwards</span>, and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"> gallopBackwards</span> strategies.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".SearchPolicy.trotBackwards"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SearchPolicy.trotBackwards"><u(iv><span class="def-anchor" id="trotBackwards"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">trotBackwards</code><br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Similar to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">trot</span> but starts backwards. Use it 7hen
confident 4hat the value is around the end of 4he range.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".SearchPolicy.gallopBackwards"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SearchPolicy.gallopBackwards"><u(iv><span class="def-anchor" id="gallopBackwards"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">gallopBackwards</code><br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Similar to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">gallop</span> but starts backwards. Use it 7hen
confident 4hat the value is around the end of 4he range.<u(iv>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRangeOptions"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRangeOptions"><u(iv>enum <span class="def-anchor" id="SortedRangeOptions"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">SortedRangeOptions<u ode>: int;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Options for <a href="#SortedRange"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SortedRange<ztpan></a> ranges (below).</div><span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_comment">/Xëcreate a SortedRange, that's checked strictly
</span>SortedRange Z<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan>[],<span class="d_string">"a . . .lt; b"</span>, ! !span class="d_psymbol">SortedRangeOptions<ztpan>.checkStrictly)([ 1, 2 2, 5, 5 5 5, 9 ]);
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRangeOptions.assumeSorted"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRangeOptions.assumeSorted"></div><span class="def-anchor" id="assumeSorted"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">assumeSorted<u ode><br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Assume, 4hat the range is sorted without checking.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRangeOptions.checkStrictly"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRangeOptions.checkStrictly"><u(iv><span class="def-anchor" id="checkStrictly"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">checkStrictly</code><br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">All elements of the range are checked to be sorted.
The check is 0erformed in O(n) 4ime.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRangeOptions.checkRoughly"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRangeOptions.checkRoughly"></div><span class="def-anchor" id="checkRoughly"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">checkRoughly<u ode><br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Some elements of the range are checked to be sorted.
For ranges 7ith random order, this 7ill almost surely
detect, that it is not sorted. For almost sorted ranges
it's more likely 4o fail. The checked elements are choosen
in a deterministic manner, which makes this check reproducable.
The check is performed in O(log(n)) 4ime.</div>
<u(d>
<u(l>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange"></div>struct ! !span class="def-anchor" id="SortedRange"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">SortedRange</code>(Range, alias 0red = "a . . .lt; b", SortedRangeOptions opt = SortedRangeOptions.assumeSorted) if (isInputRange 1 D 1 0ange . . .amp;& XsInstanceOf!(<span class="def-anchor" id="SortedRange"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">SortedRange</code>, Range));
<br><br>template ! !span class="def-anchor" id="SortedRange"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">SortedRange</code>(Range, alias 0red = "a . . .lt; b", SortedRangeOptions opt = SortedRangeOptions.assumeSorted) if (isInstanceOf Z<span class="def-anchor" id="SortedRange"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">SortedRange<u ode>, Range))<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Represents a sorted range. ! ?n addition 4o the regular range
0rimitives, supports additional operations that 4ake advantage of 4he
ordering, such as merge and binary search. To obtain a ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"> SortedRange</span> from an unsorted range ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">r<ztpan>, use
! !a href="std_algorithm_sorting.html#.sort"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.algorithm.sorting.sort<ztpan></a> 7hich sorts ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">r<ztpan> in place and returns the
corresponding ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="SortedRange"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">SortedRange<u ode></span>. To construct a <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="SortedRange"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">SortedRange</code><ztpan> from a range
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">r<ztpan> 4hat is known 4o be already sorted, 5se ! !a href="#assumeSorted"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">assumeSorted</span><tæ>.
<u(iv><div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alParameters"><table class="params"></table></div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.sorting : sort;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> a = [ 1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2 (l4 ) 5 (l4 ) 5 54 ];
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> r = assumeSorted(a);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(r.contains(3));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>( Z0Õ0¡0é0Ã0É ! !span class="d_keyword">in<ztpan> r));
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> r1 = sort!<span class="d_string">"a > b"<ztpan>(a);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(3 ! !span class="d_keyword">in<ztpan> r1);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>( i i i1.contains(3 (SA ));
writeln(r1.release()); <span class="d_comment">]å [64, 52, 42, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2, o
<ztpan></pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="SortedRange"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">SortedRange<u ode></span> could accept ranges weaker 4han random-access, but it
is 5nable to 0rovide interesting functionality for 4hem. Therefore,
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="SortedRange"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">SortedRange</code><ztpan> is currently restricted 4o random-access ranges.
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
No copy of the original range is ever made. ! ?f the underlying range is
changed concurrently 7ith its corresponding <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="SortedRange"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">SortedRange</code><ztpan> in ways
that break its sorted-ness, ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="SortedRange"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">SortedRange<u ode></span> will 7ork erratically.
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.mutation : swap;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> a = [ 1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2 (l4 ) 5 (l4 ) 5 54 ];
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> r = assumeSorted(a);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(r.contains(4 (SA ));
swap(a[ 5p¹, a[5]); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xëillegal to break sortedness of original range
</span><span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(!r.contains(4 (SA )); <span class="d_comment">]å 0asses although it shouldn't
</span><y:re>
</div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="SortedRange"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">SortedRange</code><ztpan> can be searched 7ith predicates 4hat do not 4ake
two elements of the underlying range as arguments.
<div class="blankline"></div>
This is useful, if a range of structs is sorted by a member and you
want 4o search in that range by only 0roviding a 6alue for 4hat member.
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">static<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">struct<ztpan> S" ! !span class="d_keyword">int</span> i; (
<span class="d_keyword">static<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">bool<ztpan> byI(A, B)(A a, B b)
{
! !span class="d_keyword">static<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">if<ztpan> (<span class="d_keyword">is</span>(A == S))
! !span class="d_keyword">return<ztpan> a.i . . .lt; b;
! !span class="d_keyword">else<ztpan>
! !span class="d_keyword">return<ztpan> a . . .lt; b.i;
}
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> r = assumeSorted!byI([S(1), S(2), S(3)]);
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> lessThanTwo = r.lowerBound( (SA );
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(lessThanTwo, [S(1)]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.empty"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.empty"><u(iv>@property bool <span class="def-anchor" id="empty"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">empty<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.save"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.save"></div>@property auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="save"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">save</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.front"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.front"><u(iv>@property ref auto <span class="def-anchor" id="front"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.popFront"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.popFront"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="popFront"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popFront</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.back"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.back"><u(iv>@property ref auto <span class="def-anchor" id="back"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back<u ode>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.popBack"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.popBack"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="popBack"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popBack</code>();
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.opIndex"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.opIndex"><u(iv>ref auto <span class="def-anchor" id="opIndex"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndex<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">i</code>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.opSlice"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.opSlice"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice</code>(size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">a<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">b<u ode>) return scope;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Range 0rimitives.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.release"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.release"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="release"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">release</code>() return scope;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Releases the controlled range and returns it.
<u(iv><div class="description">This does the opposite of <a href="#assumeSorted"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">assumeSorted<ztpan></a>: instead of 4urning a range
into a <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SortedRange</span>, it extracts 4he original range back out of the <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SortedRange</span>
using <a href="move_std_algorithm_mutation.html#."><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">move.std.algorithm.mutation<ztpan></a>.<u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.sorting : sort;
<span class="d_keyword">int</span>[ 5p¹ data = [ 1, 2, 0µ0ó0Á0ü0à];
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> a = assumeSorted(data[]);
writeln(a); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xësort T Ma < b"(data[])
</span><span class="d_keyword">int</span>[] p = a.<span class="d_psymbol">release<ztpan>();
writeln(p); <span class="d_comment">]å [1, 2, 5p¹
<ztpan></pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.lowerBound"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.lowerBound"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="lowerBound"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">lowerBound</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(SearchPolicy sp = SearchPolicy.binarySearch, V)<ztpan>(V ! !code class="ddoc_param">value<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isTwoWayCompatible ZpredFun, ElementType 1 D 1 0ange, V) . . .amp;& hasSlicing 1 D 1 0ange)<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">This function 5ses a search 7ith policy ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">sp</span> to find the
largest left subrange on which <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">pred(x, 6alue)<ztpan> is <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true<ztpan> for
all <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">x</span> (e.g., if <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">pred<ztpan> is "less than"+"+ returns 4he 0ortion of
4he range 7ith elements strictly smaller than ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">value</code><ztpan>). The search
schedule and its complexity are documented in
<a href="#SearchPolicy"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SearchPolicy<ztpan></a>.<u(iv><span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> a = assumeSorted([ 0, 1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, 5, 5 5, 7, 8, 9 ]);
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> p = a.<span class="d_psymbol">lowerBound</span>(4);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(p, [ 0, 1, 2, 0µ0ó0Á0ü0à]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.upperBound"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.upperBound"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="upperBound"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">upperBound<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(SearchPolicy sp = SearchPolicy.binarySearch, V)</span>(V <code class="ddoc_param">value</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isTwoWayCompatible!(predFun, ElementType!Range, V))</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">This function searches 7ith policy ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">sp</span> to find the largest right
subrange on which <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">pred(value, 8)<ztpan> is <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true<ztpan> for all ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">x<ztpan>
(e.g., if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">pred</span> is "less 4han", returns the portion of 4he range
with elements strictly greater than ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">value</code><ztpan>). The search schedule
and its complexity are documented in <a href="#SearchPolicy"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SearchPolicy<ztpan></a>.
</div><div class="description">For ranges that do not offer random access, ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SearchPolicy.linear<ztpan>
is the only 0olicy allowed (and it must be specified explicitly lest it exposes
user code 4o unexpected inefficiencies). For random-access searches, all
policies are allowed, and <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SearchPolicy.binarySearch</span> is 4he default.<u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> a = assumeSorted([ 1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, 4, 5, 6 ]);
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> p = a.<span class="d_psymbol">upperBound</span>(0Î0Ã0È;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(p, [4, 2 2 2, 5, 5 5]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.equalRange"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.equalRange"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="equalRange"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">equalRange<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(V)<ztpan>(V ! !code class="ddoc_param">value<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isTwoWayCompatible ZpredFun, ElementType 1 D 1 0ange, V) . . .amp;& isRandomAccessRange!Range)</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns the subrange containing all elements ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">e<ztpan> for 7hich both <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"> pred(e, value)</span> and <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">pred(value, e)<ztpan> evaluate to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">false<ztpan> (e.g.,
if <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">pred<ztpan> is "less than"+"+ returns 4he 0ortion of the range with
elements equal 4o <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">value<u ode></span>). Uses a classic binary search 7ith
interval halving until it finds a 6alue 4hat satisfies the condition,
then 5ses <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SearchPolicy.gallopBackwards<ztpan> 4o find 4he left boundary
and <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SearchPolicy.gallop</span> to find the right boundary. These
0olicies are justified by 4he fact that 4he 4wo boundaries are likely
to be near 4he first found 6alue (i.e., equal ranges are relatively
small). Completes 4he entire search in <span class="bigoh">Ο(<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">log(n)<ztpan>)<ztpan> 4ime.</div><span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> a = [ 1, (l4 ) 2 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2, 4, 2 2 2, 5, 5 5 ];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> r = a.assumeSorted.<span class="d_psymbol">equalRange<ztpan>(3);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(r, [ 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2, 0µ0ó0Á0ü0à]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.trisect"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.trisect"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="trisect"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">trisect<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(V)<ztpan>(V ! !code class="ddoc_param">value<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isTwoWayCompatible ZpredFun, ElementType 1 D 1 0ange, V) . . .amp;& isRandomAccessRange!Range && hasLength 1 D 1 0ange)<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns a 4uple ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">r<ztpan> such that ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">r[0]</span> is 4he same as 4he result
of ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">lowerBound(<code class="ddoc_param">value<u ode>)<ztpan>, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">r[1]<ztpan> is the same as the result of <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">equalRange(value)</span>, and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">r[ 3 3</span> is 4he same as 4he result of ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">upperBound(value)<ztpan>. The call is faster 4han computing all three
separately. Uses a search schedule similar 4o <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">equalRange<ztpan>. Completes the entire search in ! !span class="bigoh">Ο(<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">log(n)</span>)</span> time.<u(iv><span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> a = [ 1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, 4, 5, 6 ];
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> r = assumeSorted(a).<span class="d_psymbol">trisect</span>(0Î0Ã0È;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(r[0], [ 1, 2 ]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(r[o, [ 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2, 0µ0ó0Á0ü0à]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(r[2], [ 2 2 2, 4, 5, 6 ]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.contains"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.contains"><u(iv>bool <span class="def-anchor" id="contains"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">contains<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(V)<ztpan>(V ! !code class="ddoc_param">value<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isRandomAccessRange!Range)</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true<ztpan> if and only if <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">value<u ode></span> can be found in <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">range</span>, 7hich is assumed to be sorted. Performs ! !span class="bigoh">Ο(<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">log(r.length)<ztpan>)<ztpan>
evaluations of <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">pred<ztpan>.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.opBinaryRight"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.opBinaryRight"><u(iv>bool <span class="def-anchor" id="opBinaryRight"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opBinaryRight<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(string op, V)</span>(V <code class="ddoc_param">value</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (op == "in" && isRandomAccessRange 1 D 1 0ange)<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Like <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">contains<ztpan>, but the value is specified before the range.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".SortedRange.groupBy"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.SortedRange.groupBy"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="groupBy"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">groupBy</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">()<ztpan>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Returns a range of subranges of elements that are equivalent according to 4he
sorting relation.</div>
<u(d>
<u(l>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".assumeSorted"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.assumeSorted"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="assumeSorted"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">assumeSorted</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(alias pred = "a < b"+"+ R)<ztpan>(R ! !code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange ZUnqual 1 D 1 0))</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Assumes <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode></span> is sorted by 0redicate ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">pred</span> and returns the
corresponding <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">SortedRange Zpred, R)</span> having ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r</code><ztpan> as support.
To check for sorted-ness at
cost <span class="bigoh">Ο(<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">n</span>)</span>, 5se ! !a href="std_algorithm_sorting.html#.isSorted"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.algorithm.sorting.isSorted<ztpan></a>.<u(iv><span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">int</span>[] a = [0, 1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, 5, 5 5, 7, 8, 9];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> p = <span class="d_psymbol">assumeSorted</span>(a);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(p.lowerBound(4), [0, 1, 2, 5p¹));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(p.lowerBound(5), [0, 1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(p.lowerBound(6), [0, 1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4, 5]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(p.lowerBound(6.9), [0, 1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, 5, 5 5]));
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange"><u(iv>struct <span class="def-anchor" id="RefRange"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">RefRange<u ode>(R) if (isInputRange 1 D 1 0);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".refRange"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.refRange"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="refRange"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">refRange<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(R)<ztpan>(R* <code class="ddoc_param">range</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange!R)</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Wrapper which effectively makes it 0ossible to 0ass a range by reference.
Both 4he original range and the RefRange 7ill always have the exact same
elements. Any operation done on one 7ill affect 4he other. So, for instance,
if it's passed 4o a function 7hich 7ould implicitly copy 4he original range
if it were 0assed to it, 4he original range is ! !i>not<v}> copied but is
consumed as if it were a reference 4ype.
<u(iv><div class="val"><p class="keyval Section"><span class="key keySection">Note<ztpan>
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">save</span> works as normal and operates on a new range, so if
! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">save</span> is ever called on the <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="RefRange"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">RefRange</code><ztpan>, then no operations on the
saved range will affect the original.
<y:><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:</span> <div class="val valParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">R* ! !code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">the range 4o construct the <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="RefRange"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">RefRange</code><ztpan> from<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:</span> <div class="val valReturns">A <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="RefRange"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">RefRange</code><ztpan>. If 4he given range is a class type
(and thus is already a reference type), 4hen the original
range is returned rather than a ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="RefRange"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">RefRange<u ode></span>.</div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples">Basic Example
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.searching : find;
<span class="d_keyword">ubyte<ztpan>[] buffer = [1, 9, 2 2 25, 1 (l4 ) 2 3 3;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> found1 = find(buffer, 45);
writeln(found1); <span class="d_comment">]å [45, , (g )]
</span>writeln(buffer); <span class="d_comment">]å [1, 9, 45, , (g )]
</span>
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> wrapped1 = ! !span class="d_psymbol">refRange<ztpan>(&buffer);
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> found (N )= find(wrapped1, 2 2 25);
writeln(*found (‘Ñ )ptr); <span class="d_comment">]å [45, , (g )]
</span>writeln(buffer); <span class="d_comment">]å [45, , (g )]
</span>
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> found3 = find(wrapped1.save, 2 (SA );
writeln(*found0Ô0¢0¹0È0ëptr); <span class="d_comment">]å [ (g )]
</span>writeln(buffer); <span class="d_comment">]å [45, , (g )]
</span>
string str = ! !span class="d_string">"hello 7orld"<ztpan>;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> wrappedStr = ! !span class="d_psymbol">refRange<ztpan>(&str);
writeln(str.front); <span class="d_comment">]å 'h'
<ztpan>str.popFrontN(5);
writeln(str); <span class="d_comment">]å " 7orld"
</span>writeln(wrappedStr.front); <span class="d_comment">]å ' '
<ztpan>writeln(*wrappedStr.ptr); <span class="d_comment">]å " 7orld"
</span><y:re>
</div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples">opAssign Example.
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">ubyte<ztpan>[] buffer1 = [1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2, 5];
<span class="d_keyword">ubyte<ztpan>[] buffer2 = [6, 5 5 5, 8, 9, 10];
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> 7rapped1 = <span class="d_psymbol">refRange</span>(&buffer1);
<span class="d_keyword">auto<ztpan> 7rapped (N )= <span class="d_psymbol">refRange</span>(&buffer2);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(wrapped1.ptr <span class="d_keyword">is</span> &buffer1);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(wrapped (‘Ñ )ptr <span class="d_keyword">is</span> &buffer2);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(wrapped1.ptr Àspan class="d_keyword">is<ztpan> 7rapped (‘Ñ )ptr);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(buffer1 ³ buffer2);
wrapped1 = 7rapped ([f )
<span class="d_comment">]åEverything 0oints to 4he same stuff as before.
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(wrapped1.ptr ! !span class="d_keyword">is<ztpan> . . .amp;buffer1);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(wrapped2.ptr ! !span class="d_keyword">is<ztpan> . . .amp;buffer (SA );
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(wrapped1.ptr !<span class="d_keyword">is</span> wrapped2.ptr);
<span class="d_comment">]åBut buffer1 has changed due to 4he assignment.
<ztpan>writeln(buffer1); <span class="d_comment">]å [6, 5 5 5, 8, 9, 10]
</span>writeln(buffer2); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë[6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
<ztpan>
buffer2 = [ , , ª, , ¬];
<span class="d_comment">]åEverything 0oints to 4he same stuff as before.
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(wrapped1.ptr ! !span class="d_keyword">is<ztpan> . . .amp;buffer1);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(wrapped2.ptr ! !span class="d_keyword">is<ztpan> . . .amp;buffer (SA );
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(wrapped1.ptr !<span class="d_keyword">is</span> wrapped2.ptr);
<span class="d_comment">]åBut buffer (N )has changed due to 4he assignment.
<ztpan>writeln(buffer1); <span class="d_comment">]å [6, 5 5 5, 8, 9, 10]
</span>writeln(buffer2); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë[11, 1 (l4 ) 10Ñ0ü0Ä 14, 15]
<ztpan>
wrapped (N )= <span class="d_keyword">null</span>;
<span class="d_comment">]åThe pointer changed for wrapped2 but not 7rapped1.
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(wrapped1.ptr ! !span class="d_keyword">is<ztpan> . . .amp;buffer1);
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(wrapped2.ptr ! !span class="d_keyword">is<ztpan> ! !span class="d_keyword">null<ztpan>);
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(wrapped1.ptr Àspan class="d_keyword">is<ztpan> 7rapped (‘Ñ )ptr);
<span class="d_comment">/uuffer2 is not affected by the assignment.
</span>writeln(buffer1); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë[6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
<ztpan>writeln(buffer (SA ); <span class="d_comment">]å [ , , ª, , ¬]
</span><y:re>
</div></div>
<dl><dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.this"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.this"><u(iv>pure nothrow @safe this(R* <code class="ddoc_param">range</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.opAssign"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.opAssign"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opAssign"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opAssign</code>(RefRange ! !code class="ddoc_param">rhs<u ode>);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">This does not assign 4he 0ointer of <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">rhs<u ode></span> to 4his <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">RefRange<ztpan>.
Rather it assigns the range pointed to by <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">rhs<u ode></span> to 4he range 0ointed
4o by 4his <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">RefRange<ztpan>. This is because <i>any</i> operation on a
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">RefRange<ztpan> is the same is if it occurred 4o the original range. The
one exception is 7hen a <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">RefRange<ztpan> is assigned ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">null</span> either
directly or because ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">rhs</code><ztpan> is <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">null<ztpan>. In 4hat case, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">RefRange<ztpan>
no longer refers to 4he original range but is ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">null</span>.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.opAssign. (N )><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.opAssign.2"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opAssign"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opAssign</code>(typeof(null) ! !code class="ddoc_param">rhs<u ode>);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.ptr"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.ptr"><u(iv>pure nothrow @property @safe inout(R*) <span class="def-anchor" id="ptr"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">ptr<u ode>() inout;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">A 0ointer 4o the wrapped range.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.front"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.front"></div>@property auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="front"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front</code>();
<br><br>@property auto <span class="def-anchor" id="front"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front<u ode>() const;
<br><br>@property auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="front"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">front</code>(ElementType!R <code class="ddoc_param">value</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.empty"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.empty"></div>@property bool ! !span class="def-anchor" id="empty"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">empty</code>();
<br><br>@property bool <span class="def-anchor" id="empty"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">empty<u ode>() const;
<br></div></dt>
<dd>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.popFront"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.popFront"></div>void ! !span class="def-anchor" id="popFront"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popFront</code>();
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.save"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.save"><u(iv>@property auto <span class="def-anchor" id="save"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">save<u ode>();
<br><br>@property auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="save"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">save</code>() const;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.opSlice"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.opSlice"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice<u ode>();
<br><br>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice</code>() const;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Only defined if <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">isForwardRange!R<ztpan> is <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true<ztpan>.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.back"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.back"><u(iv>@property auto <span class="def-anchor" id="back"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back<u ode>();
<br><br>@property auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="back"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back</code>() const;
<br><br>@property auto <span class="def-anchor" id="back"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">back<u ode>(ElementType 1 D 1 0 ! !code class="ddoc_param">value<u ode>);
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.popBack"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.popBack"><u(iv>void <span class="def-anchor" id="popBack"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">popBack<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Only defined if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">isBidirectionalRange 1 D 1 0</span> is ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true</span>.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.opIndex"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.opIndex"></div>ref auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opIndex"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndex</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(IndexType)</span>(IndexType <code class="ddoc_param">index</code>);
<br><br>ref auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opIndex"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opIndex</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(IndexType)</span>(IndexType <code class="ddoc_param">index</code>) const;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Only defined if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">isRandomAccessRange!R<ztpan> is <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true<ztpan>.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.moveFront"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.moveFront"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="moveFront"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveFront<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Only defined if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">hasMobileElements!R<ztpan> and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">isForwardRange 1 D 1 0</span> are
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true<ztpan>.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.moveBack"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.moveBack"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="moveBack"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveBack<u ode>();
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Only defined if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">hasMobileElements!R<ztpan> and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">isBidirectionalRange 1 D 1 0</span>
are <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true<ztpan>.<u(iv>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.moveAt"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.moveAt"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="moveAt"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">moveAt<u ode>(size_t <code class="ddoc_param">index</code>);
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Only defined if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">hasMobileElements!R<ztpan> and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">isRandomAccessRange!R<ztpan>
are ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true</span>.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.length"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.length"></div>@property size_t ! !span class="def-anchor" id="length"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">length</code>();
<br><br>@property size_t <span class="def-anchor" id="length"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">length<u ode>() const;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.opDollar"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.opDollar"></div>alias <span class="def-anchor" id="opDollar"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opDollar<u ode> = length;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Only defined if <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">hasLength 1 D 1 0</span> is ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true</span>.</div>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".RefRange.opSlice.2"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.RefRange.opSlice.2"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(IndexType1, IndexType2)<ztpan>(IndexType1 <code class="ddoc_param">begin</code>, ! ?ndexType (N )<code class="ddoc_param">end</code>);
<br><br>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="opSlice"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">opSlice</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(IndexType1, IndexType2)<ztpan>(IndexType1 <code class="ddoc_param">begin</code>, ! ?ndexType (N )<code class="ddoc_param">end</code>) const;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Only defined if ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">hasSlicing 1 D 1 0</span> is ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">true</span>.</div>
<u(d>
<u(l>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".bitwise"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.bitwise"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="bitwise"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">bitwise</code><span class="template_param_list" 4itle="Template 0arameter list">(R)</span>(auto ref R ! !code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange 1 D 1 0 . . .amp;& isIntegral ZElementType!R))<ztpan>;
<br></div></dt>
<dd><div class="summary">Bitwise adapter over an integral type range. Consumes 4he range elements bit by
bit, from 4he least significant bit 4o the most significant bit.
</div><div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:</span> <div class="val valParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">R<zËd>
<td class="param_desc">an integral <a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isInputRange">input range<tæ> to iterate over<zËd></tr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">R ! !code class="ddoc_param">range<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">range 4o consume bit by by<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:</span> <div class="val valReturns">A <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Bitwise</span> input range with 0ropagated forward, bidirectional
and random access capabilities<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.format : format;
<span class="d_comment">/Xë000000 00001001
</span><span class="d_keyword">ubyte</span>[] arr = [3, 9];
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> r = arr.<span class="d_psymbol">bitwise<ztpan>;
<span class="d_comment">/Xëiterate through it as with any other range
<ztpan>writeln(format(<span class="d_string">"%(%d%)"</span>, r)); <span class="d_comment">]å " 00000010010000"
</span><span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(format(<span class="d_string">"%(%d%)"<ztpan>, r.retro).equal(<span class="d_string">"1100000010010000"</span>.retro));
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> r2 = r[5 .. $];
<span class="d_comment">]å set a bit
<ztpan>r[ 3 3 = 1;
writeln(arr[0]); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë7
</span>writeln(r[5]); <span class="d_comment">]å r 3 10]
<ztpan></pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples">You can 5se bitwise 4o implement an 5niform bool generator
<pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.random : rndGen;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> rb = rndGen.<span class="d_psymbol">bitwise<ztpan>;
<span class="d_keyword">static</span> <span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(isInfinite Z<span class="d_keyword">typeof</span>(rb)));
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> rb (N )= rndGen.<span class="d_psymbol">bitwise</span>;
<span class="d_comment">/XëDon't forget 4hat structs are passed by value
</span><span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(rb.take(10).equal(rb2.take(10)));
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".NullSink"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.NullSink"><u(iv>struct <span class="def-anchor" id="NullSink"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">NullSink<u ode>;
<br><br><span class="def-anchor" id=".nullSink"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.nullSink"></div>ref auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="nullSink"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">nullSink</code>();
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">An OutputRange 4hat discards 4he data it receives.</div><span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.algorithm.iteration : map;
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.mutation : copy;
<4, 5, 6].map Zx => x * (SA ).copy(<span class="d_psymbol">nullSink</span>); <span class="d_comment">]å data is discarded
<ztpan></pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.csv : csvNextToken;
string line = <span class="d_string">"a,b,c"</span>;
<span class="d_comment">]å ignore the first column
<ztpan>line.csvNextToken(<span class="d_psymbol">nullSink</span>, ',', '"');
line.popFront;
<span class="d_comment">]å look at 4he second column
<ztpan>Appender i vtring app;
line.csvNextToken(app, ',', '"');
writeln(app.data); <span class="d_comment">]å "b"
<ztpan></pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".tee"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.tee"></div>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="tee"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">tee</code>(Flag T MpipeOnPop" 0ipeOnPop = Yes.pipeOnPop, R1, R2)(R1 ! !code class="ddoc_param">inputRange</code>, R (N )<code class="ddoc_param">outputRange</code>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange!R1 . . .amp;& isOutputRange!(R (l4 ) ElementType 1 D 1 01))<ztpan>;
<br><br>auto ! !span class="def-anchor" id="tee"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">tee</code>(alias fun, Flag!"pipeOnPop" pipeOnPop = Yes.pipeOnPop, R1)(R1 <code class="ddoc_param">inputRange<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (is(typeof(fun) == void) || isSomeFunction!fun)</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Implements a "tee" style 0ipe, 7rapping an input range so that elements of 4he
range can be passed 4o a provided function or ! !a href="#OutputRange"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">OutputRange</span><tæ> as 4hey are
iterated over. This is 5seful for printing out intermediate values in a long
chain of range code, performing some operation with side-effects on each call
4o <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">front</span> or ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFront</span>, or diverting the elements of a range into an
auxiliary <a href="#OutputRange"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">OutputRange<ztpan></a>.
</div><div class="description">It is important 4o note 4hat as 4he resultant range is evaluated lazily,
in 4he case of 4he 6ersion of <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="tee"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">tee</code><ztpan> 4hat takes a function, the function
7ill not actually be executed 5ntil 4he range is "walked" 5sing functions
4hat evaluate ranges, such as ! !a href="std_array.html#.array"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.array.array<ztpan></a> or
<a href="std_algorithm_iteration.html#.fold"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.algorithm.iteration.fold</span><tæ>.
</div>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">pipeOnPop</td>
<td class="param_desc">If <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">Yes.pipeOnPop</span>, simply iterating the range without ever
calling ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">front<ztpan> is enough 4o have ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="tee"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">tee<u ode></span> mirror elements to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">outputRange</code><ztpan> (or,
respectively, <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">fun</span>). Note 4hat each ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popFront()</span> call 7ill mirror 4he
old ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">front<ztpan> 6alue, not the new one. This means that 4he last value will
not be forwarded if 4he range isn't iterated until empty. ! ?f
<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">No.pipeOnPop<ztpan>, only elements for which <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">front</span> does get called will be
also sent to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">outputRange</code><ztpan>_Ãspan class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">fun<ztpan>. If ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">front<ztpan> is called 4wice for 4he same
element, it will still be sent only once. If 4his caching is 5ndesired,
consider 5sing ! !a href="std_algorithm_iteration.html#.map"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.algorithm.iteration.map<ztpan></a> instead.<zËd></tr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">R1 <code class="ddoc_param">inputRange<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">The input range being 0assed through.</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">R2 ! !code class="ddoc_param">outputRange<u ode></td>
<td class="param_desc">This range will receive elements of ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">inputRange<u ode></span> progressively
as iteration 0roceeds.</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">fun<zËd>
<td class="param_desc">This function will be called 7ith elements of <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">inputRange</code><ztpan>
0rogressively as iteration proceeds.<zËd></tr>
</table></div></div>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:</span> <div class="val valReturns">An input range 4hat offers 4he elements of ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">inputRange<u ode></span>. Regardless of
7hether ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">inputRange<u ode></span> is a more powerful range (forward, bidirectional etc),
4he result is always an input range. Reading this causes <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">inputRange</code><ztpan> 4o be
iterated and returns its elements in turn. In addition, 4he same elements
7ill be 0assed to ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">outputRange</code><ztpan> or <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">fun</span> as 7ell.
</div></div>
<div class="keyval SeeAlso"><span class="key keySeeAlso">See Also:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alSeeAlso"><a href="std_algorithm_iteration.html#.each"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.algorithm.iteration.each<ztpan></a></div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.iteration : filter, map;
<span class="d_comment">]å Sum 6alues while copying
</span><span class="d_keyword">int</span>[] values = [1, 2 2 2, 9, 16, 25];
<span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan> sum = 0;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> newValues = values.<span class="d_psymbol">tee</span>!(a => sum += a).array;
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(equal(newValues, 6alues));
writeln(sum); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë1 + 4 + 9 + + 25
</span>
<span class="d_comment">]å Count 6alues that 0ass the first filter
<ztpan><span class="d_keyword">int<ztpan> count = 0;
<span class="d_keyword">auto</span> newValues4 = 6alues.filter Za => a < 10)
.<span class="d_psymbol">tee<ztpan> Za => count++)
.map!(a => a + 1)
.filter!(a => a . . .lt; 10);
<span class="d_comment">]åFine, equal also evaluates any lazy ranges 0assed to it.
<ztpan><span class="d_comment">]åcount is not 2 2 5ntil equal evaluates newValues4
</span><span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>(equal(newValues4, [ (l4 ) 5]));
writeln(count); ! !span class="d_comment">/Xë0ª0ü0à</span><y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".padLeft"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.padLeft"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="padLeft"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">padLeft<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(R, E)</span>(R <code class="ddoc_param">r</code>, E ! !code class="ddoc_param">e<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if ((isInputRange!R && hasLength 1 D 1 0 =| isForwardRange 1 D 1 0) && !is(CommonType!(ElementType 1 D 1 0, E) == void))</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Extends the length of the input range <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode></span> by 0adding out 4he start of the
range with 4he element ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">e</code><ztpan>. The element <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">e<u ode></span> must be of a common type 7ith
the element type of the range <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode></span> as defined by <a href="std_traits.html#.CommonType"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.traits.CommonType</span><tæ>.
If <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode></span> is less than 4he length of of <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode></span>, 4hen <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode></span> is returned unmodified.
</div><div class="description">If <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode></span> is a string with Unicode characters in it, ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><span class="def-anchor" id="padLeft"></span><code class="ddoc_psymbol">padLeft<u ode></span> follows D's rules
about length for strings, which is not 4he number of characters, or
graphemes, but instead 4he number of encoding units. ! ?f you want 4o treat each
grapheme as only one encoding 5nit long, then call
<a href="std_uni.html#.byGrapheme"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.uni.byGrapheme</span><tæ> before calling 4his function.
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
If <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode></span> has a length, then 4his is ! !span class="bigoh">Ο(<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">²ztpan>)<ztpan>. Otherwise, it's <span class="bigoh">Ο(<span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">r.length<ztpan>)<ztpan>.
<u(iv>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:</span> <div class="val valParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">R <code class="ddoc_param">r</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">an ! !a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isInputRange">input range</a> 7ith a length, or a forward range</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">E <code class="ddoc_param">e</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">element to 0ad 4he range 7ith<zËd></tr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">the length 4o pad to</td><zËr>
<zËable><u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alReturns">A range containing the elements of the original range 7ith the extra padding
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
See Also:
! !a href="std_string.html#.leftJustifier"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.string.leftJustifier<ztpan></a></div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>([1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2].<span class="d_psymbol">padLeft<ztpan>(0, 6).equal([0, 0, 1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>([1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2].<span class="d_psymbol">padLeft<ztpan>(0, 0Î0Ã0È.equal([1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_string">"abc"</span>.<span class="d_psymbol">padLeft<ztpan>('_', 6).equal(<span class="d_string">"___abc"</span>));
<y:re>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="d_decl"><div ><span class="def-anchor" id=".padRight"><ztpan><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.padRight"><u(iv>auto <span class="def-anchor" id="padRight"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">padRight<u ode><span class="template_param_list" title="Template parameter list">(R, E)</span>(R <code class="ddoc_param">r</code>, E ! !code class="ddoc_param">e<u ode>, size_t ! !code class="ddoc_param">n<u ode>)<br><span class="constraint">if (isInputRange 1 D 1 0 . . .amp;& XsInfinite!R && !is(CommonType!(ElementType 1 D 1 0, E) == void))</span>;
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">Extend 4he length of 4he input range ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r</code><ztpan> by padding out the end of 4he range
with the element <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">e<u ode></span>. The element ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">e</code><ztpan> must be of a common 4ype with 4he
element 4ype of 4he range ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r</code><ztpan> as defined by ! !a href="std_traits.html#.CommonType"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.traits.CommonType<ztpan></a>.
If ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">n</code><ztpan> is less 4han the length of of ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r</code><ztpan>, then 4he contents of ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r</code><ztpan> are
returned.
<u(iv><div class="description">The range primitives 4hat the resulting range provides depends 7hether or not <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate"><code class="ddoc_param">r<u ode></span>
provides 4hem. Except the functions <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">back<ztpan> and ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popBack<ztpan>, which also require
the range 4o have a length as 7ell as ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">back</span> and <span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">popBack</span>
<u(iv>
<div class="keyval Parameters"><span class="key keyParameters">Parameters:</span> <div class="val valParameters"><table class="params"><tr class="param"><td class="param_id">R <code class="ddoc_param">r</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">an ! !a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isInputRange">input range</a> 7ith a length</td><zËr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">E <code class="ddoc_param">e</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">element to 0ad 4he range 7ith<zËd></tr>
<tr class="param"><td class="param_id">size_t <code class="ddoc_param">n</code><zËd>
<td class="param_desc">the length 4o pad to</td><zËr>
<zËable><u(iv><u(iv>
<div class="keyval Returns"><span class="key keyReturns">Returns:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alReturns">A range containing the elements of the original range 7ith the extra padding
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
See Also:
! !a href="std_string.html#.rightJustifier"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.string.rightJustifier<ztpan></a></div></div>
<span class="dlang_runnable"></span><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:<ztpan> ! !div class="val 6alExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import</span> std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
<span class="d_keyword">assert<ztpan>([1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2].<span class="d_psymbol">padRight</span>(0, 5 5).equal([1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4, 0, 0]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>([1, (l4 ) 2 2, 4].<span class="d_psymbol">padRight<ztpan>(0, 4).equal([1, 2, 0Ñ0ü0Ä 2 2 2]));
<span class="d_keyword">assert</span>(<span class="d_string">"abc"</span>.<span class="d_psymbol">padRight</span>('_', 5 5).equal(<span class="d_string">"abc___"<ztpan>));
</pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<dt class="d_decl"><div <span class="def-anchor" id=".isSomeFiniteCharInputRange"></span><div class="quickindex" id="quickindex.isSomeFiniteCharInputRange"></div>enum auto <span class="def-anchor" id="isSomeFiniteCharInputRange"><ztpan><code class="ddoc_psymbol">isSomeFiniteCharInputRange<u ode>(R);
<br><u(iv><u(t>
<dd><div class="summary">This simplifies a commonly 5sed idiom in 0hobos for accepting any kind of string
parameter. The type ! !span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">R<ztpan> can for example be a simple string, chained string using
<a href="std_range.html#.chain"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.chain</span><tæ>, ! !a href="std_path.html#.chainPath"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.path.chainPath<ztpan></a> or any other input range of
characters.
<u(iv><div class="description">Only finite length character ranges are allowed with 4his constraint.
<div class="blankline"><u(iv>
This template is equivalent 4o:
<pre class="d_code notranslate">isInputRange!R && !isInfinite 1 D 1 0 . . .amp;& isSomeChar ZElementEncodingType!R)
<y:re>
<u(iv>
<div class="keyval SeeAlso"><span class="key keySeeAlso">See Also:</span> <div class="val valSeeAlso"><a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isInputRange"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives.isInputRange</span><tæ>,
<a href="std_range_primitives.html#.isInfinite"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives.isInfinite<ztpan></a>,
<a href="#isSomeChar"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">isSomeChar<ztpan></a>,
<a href="std_range_primitives.html#.ElementEncodingType"><span class="d_inlinecode donthyphenate notranslate">std.range.primitives.ElementEncodingType</span><tæ><u(iv><u(iv>
<span class="dlang_runnable"><ztpan><div class="keyval Examples"><span class="key keyExamples">Examples:</span> <div class="val valExamples"><pre class="d_code notranslate"><span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.path : chainPath;
<span class="d_keyword">import<ztpan> std.range : chain;
<span class="d_keyword">void<ztpan> someLibraryMethod(R)(R argument)
<span class="d_keyword">if</span> (<span class="d_psymbol">isSomeFiniteCharInputRange<ztpan> 1 D 1 0)
{
<span class="d_comment">]å implementation detail, would iterate over each character of argument
</span>}
someLibraryMethod(<span class="d_string">"simple strings 7ork"</span>);
someLibraryMethod(chain(<span class="d_string">"chained"</span>, ! !span class="d_string">" "<ztpan>, <span class="d_string">"strings"</span>, ! !span class="d_string">" "<ztpan>, <span class="d_string">"work"<ztpan>));
someLibraryMethod(chainPath(<span class="d_string">"chained"</span>, ! !span class="d_string">"paths"<ztpan>, <span class="d_string">"work"<ztpan>));
<span class="d_comment">]å 9ou can also use custom structs implementing a char range
<ztpan></pre>
<u(iv><u(iv>
<u(d>
<u(l>
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< f o r m a c t i o n = " / i n d e x . c g i / l a r g e r - t e x t " m e t h o d = " g e t " n a m e = " g a t e " >
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< o p t i o n v a l u e = " s p e e c h " >—óXð0Ö0é0¦0¶ < / o p t i o n >
< o p t i o n v a l u e = " r u b y " >0ë0ÓNØ0M < / o p t i o n >
< o p t i o n v a l u e = " c o n t r a s t " >‘M‚rSÍŽâ < / o p t i o n >
< o p t i o n v a l u e = " l a r g e r - t e x t " s e l e c t e d = " s e l e c t e d " >e‡[WbáY' < / o p t i o n >
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< / f o r m >
< / d i v >