Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach

Errata (Typographical and other errors in the book)

This is a list of typos and other errors in the book. Most of the 203 known problems are minor typos, but 10 of them are more serious errors, and could cause misunderstanding. They are marked with bold red page numbers followed by (BUG). Please send notification of additional typos or errors to russell@cs.berkeley.edu or peter@norvig.com.

In the entries below, we list the page number of each error along with the line number (negative numbers mean counting from the bottom of the page) and the chapter.

The list you need to see depends on the book you have. In all cases we're talking about the second edition of the book (the green one), not the first edition (the maroon one). An edition is a major revision done by the authors. Publishers also have printings; when they run out of books they print more. If any minor typos/errors have been spotted, they can be corrected in the next printing. To see what printing you have, look in the front of your book, at the page just before the dedication. There should be a line that says ISBN 0-13-790395-2 in a large font. Above that is a line of integers. The last digit in the line is the printing number. If it says

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

then you have a first-printing book; if it says

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

then you have a second-printing book, and so on. You also need to know if you have the International Edition (a paperback book that says "International Edition" on the cover) or the Hardcover Edition (because these are printed at different times, and thus pick up the corrections at different times). Then refer to this chart to see which of the errata you should read:

HardcoverInternational
Printing 1whole pagewhole page
Printing 2skip ahead to here whole page
Printing 3 or 4skip ahead to here skip ahead to here

Errata for Printing 1 (International: 1 and 2)

Chapter 1

Page: 26 Line: -3 Was: form Should be: from

Chapter 2

Page: 37 Line: -14 Was: a entomologist Should be: an entomologist
Page: 43 Line: Figure 2.6, Poker line Was: Strategic Should be: Stochastic Comment: On p.41, strategic environments are defined as deterministic except for other agents' actions.
Page: 45 Line: 1 Was: perept Should be: percept
Page: 58 Line: -4 Was: if it dirty Should be: if it is dirty

Chapter 3

Page: 75 Line: 15 Was: the goal test only to the a Should be: the goal test only to the
Page: 75 Line: 19 and 21 Was: ceiling of C*/ε Should be: 1 + floor of C*/ε
Page: 81 Line: Figure 3.17 (twice) Was: ceiling of C*/ε Should be: 1 + floor of C*/ε
Page: 85 Line: Figure 3.21 Was: corresonds Should be: corresponds
Page: 86 Line: 14 Was: contingency problems Should be: contingency problem

Chapter 4

Page: 95 Line: -3 Was: is depends Should be: it depends
Page: 102 Line: Figure 4.5, line 4 Was: state Should be: STATE[node]
Page: 103 Line: 1 Was: avalable Should be: available
Page: 121 Line: 12 Was: [discretization] Should be:
Page: 130 Line: 3 Was: combines of pairs Should be: combines pairs
Page: 134 (BUG) Line: Exercise 4.2 Was: optimal? Should be: optimal? You may assume that h is admissible.
Page: 135 Line: Exercise 4.11 b. Was: k = infinity Should be: one initial state and no limit on the number of states retained
Page: 135 Line: Exercise 4.11 c. Was: at all times Should be: at all times (and omitting the termination test)

Chapter 5

Page: 156 Line: 10 Was: de Morgan Should be: De Morgan

Chapter 6

Page: 165 Line: -14 Was: to obtain extend Should be: to extend
Page: 166 Line: Figure 6.3 Was: v ← MIN(v, MIN-VALUE(s)) Should be: v ← MIN(v, MIN-VALUE(s)) Comment: That is, make the second v be italic. This occurs twice.
Page: 166 Line: -2 Was: multiplayer Should be: Multiplayer
Page: 169 Line: -7 Was: bd/2 Should be: bm/2
Page: 169 Line: -7 Was: bd Should be: bm
Page: 169 Line: -3 Was: b3d/4 Should be: b3m/4
Page: 169 Line: -1 Was: bd/2 Should be: bm/2
Page: 170 Line: Figure 6.7, lines 12, 14, 23, 25 Was: v Should be: v
Page: 182 Line: 3 Was: that felt Should be: felt that
Page: 183 Line: -7 Was: approach been Should be: approach had been
Page: 191 Line: 15 Was: nodes the right Should be: nodes to the right
Page: 191 Line: Ex. 6.6 Was: Should be: Comment: Move the book symbol down to avoid overlap with the keyboard.
Page: 192 Line: Ex. 6.12 Was: WINNER(trick) is available that reports which card wins a given trick Should be: WINNER(s) is available that reports which player won the trick just completed, if any

Chapter 7

Page: 194 Line: -9 Was: uses in the form Should be: uses is in the form
Page: 194 Line: -7 Was: If its inside Should be: If it's inside
Page: 195 Line: 14 Was: advantage of being simple example Should be: advantage of being a simple example
Page: 196 Line: 12 Was: two Should be: three Comment: We failed to mention MAKE-ACTION-SENTENCE.
Page: 210 Line: Figure 7.11 (twice) Was: de Morgan Should be: De Morgan
Page: 212 Line: 16 Was: de Morgan Should be: De Morgan
Page: 215 Line: 8 Was: ln,k Should be: ln,k
Page: 215 Line: -16, -15 Was: de Morgan Should be: De Morgan
Page: 216 Line: 1 Was: α does not entail β Should be: KB does not entail α
Page: 216 Line: 2 Was: α entails β Should be: KB entails α
Page: 216 Line: Figure 7.13, 2nd row Was: Should be: Comment: Exchange second and fourth boxes.
Page: 226 Line: Figure 7.19, line 12 Was: then Should be: then
Page: 227 Line: 11 Was: L1,2 Should be: L2,1
Page: 227 Line: 17 Was: FacingRight Should be: FacingRight1
Page: 235 Line: 23 Was: (Bayardo and Schrag, 1997) Should be: Bayardo and Schrag (1997)
Page: 239 Line: Ex. 7.15 Was: keeps keeps Should be: keeps

Chapter 8

Page: 247 Line: -1 Was: there roughly Should be: there are roughly
Page: 252 Line: -8 Was: de Morgan Should be: De Morgan
Page: 256 Line: 17 Was: +(m,0) Should be: +(0,m)
Page: 267 Line: 11 Was: de Morgan Should be: De Morgan
Page: 271 (BUG) Line: 5 Was: ⇔ Should be: ⇐

Chapter 9

Page: 276 Line: -7 Was: One potentially confusing point is that one sense Should be: One potentially confusing point is that in one sense
Page: 284 Line: 2 of Figure 9.5 Was: Diff(nt, q) Diff(nt, sa) Should be: Diff(nt, q) ∧ Diff(nt, sa)
Page: 284 Line: 5 Was: if whether is a missile Should be: whether it is a missile
Page: 291 Line: Figure 9.8, line 6 Was: [a - x] . . . [a - z] Should be: [a|x] . . . [a|z]
Page: 297 Line: 8 Was: Distribute ∧ over ∨ Should be: Distribute ∨ over ∧
Page: 301 Line: -4 Was: resolution!closure Should be: resolution closure
Page: 307 Line: 1 Was: adds to the usable list Should be: adds to the set of support
Page: 307 Line: Fig. 9.14, line -3 Was: [clause — sos] Should be: [clause | sos]

Chapter 10

Page: 320 Line: 6 Was: Section 10.3 discusses representations for actions, which are central to the construction of knowledge-based agents. Section 10.2 covers the basic categories of objects and substances, and Section 10.3 explains the more general notion of events, or space-time chunks. Should be: Section 10.2 covers the basic categories of objects and substances. Section 10.3 discusses representations for actions, which are central to the construction of knowledge-based agents, and also explains the more general notion of events, or space-time chunks.
Page: 329 Line: -3 Was: Age(Wumpus,S0 Should be: Age(Wumpus,S0)
Page: 331 (BUG) Line: -1 Was: We will address each problem in turn. Should be: We will address each problem in turn. Even then, another problem remains---that of ensuring that all necessary conditions for an action's success have been specified. For example, Go fails if the agent dies en route. This is the qualification problem, for which there is no complete solution. Comment: The qualification problem is referred to in later chapters, but never defined.
Page: 334 Line: -2 Was: he occurrence Should be: the occurrence
Page: 335 Line: 11 Was: Many extensions . . . Section 10.3 Should be: Many extensions to event calculus have been made to address problems of indirect effects, events with duration, concurrent events, continuously changing events, nondeterministic effects, causal constraints, and other complications. We will revisit some of these issues in the next subsection. It is fair to say that, at present, completely satisfactory solutions are not yet available for most of them, but no insuperable obstacles have been encountered.
Page: 335 Line: -13 Was: space-time Should be: space--time Comment: Use en-dash instead of hyphen.
Page: 335 Line: Footnote 4 Was: space-time Should be: space--time Comment: Use en-dash instead of hyphen.
Page: 338 Line: Figure 10.4 caption Was: Should be: Comment: Add periods after items (b) and (c).
Page: 339 Line: Figure 10.5 Was: (Timelines i and j for Meet(i,j) overlap slightly) Should be: (Timeline i should end exactly when timeline j begins)
Page: 364 Line: 15 Was: [modal operator] Should be:
Page: 368 Line: -8 Was: supermarket Should be: shopping
Page: 370 Line: Ex. 10.4 Was: (Entire exercise) Should be: Investigate ways to extend the event calculus to handle {\em simultaneous} events. Is it possible to avoid a combinatorial explosion of axioms? Comment: This exercise referred to a subsection that was dropped from the text.
Page: 370 Line: Ex. 10.6 Was: Should be: Comment: Wrong italic font used for ExhaustiveDecomposition, Partition, and Disjoint.
Page: 370 Line: Ex. 10.10(a) Was: SubEvent Should be: During

Chapter 11

Page: 379 Line: -3 Was: syntax called the the Should be: syntax called the
Page: 379 Line: -2 Was: becnchmark Should be: benchmark
Page: 380 (BUG) Line: -4 Was: [Load(C1, P1, SFO), Fly(P1, SFO, JFK), Load(C2, P2, JFK), Fly(P2, JFK, SFO)] Should be: [Load(C1, P1, SFO), Fly(P1, SFO, JFK), Unload(C1, P1, JFK) ,Load(C2, P2, JFK), Fly(P2, JFK, SFO), Unload(C2, P2, SFO)]
Page: 392 (BUG) Line: -3 Was: remove the Remove(Spare, Trunk) action Should be: remove the LeaveOvernight action
Page: 393 Line: 3 Was: At(Spare, Tire) Should be: At(Spare, Trunk)
Page: 399 Line: Figure 11.14, column S2 Was: ¬ At(Flat, Axle); At(Flat, Axle) Should be: At(Flat, Axle); ¬ At(Flat, Axle) Comment: The negation (¬) sign is in the wrong place in column S2
Page: 406 Line: 16 Was: Leftrightarrow Should be: ⇔

Chapter 12

Page: 418 Line: Figure 12.1, line 5 Was: Engine(e,c,m) Should be: Engine(e,c)
Page: 418 Line: Figure 12.1, line 8 Was: PRECOND: Should be: PRECOND: EngineIn(c) ∧
Page: 421 Line: Figure 12.3, line 6 Was: Engine(e,c,m) Should be: Engine(e,c)
Page: 421 Line: Figure 12.3, line 11 Was: PRECOND: Should be: PRECOND: EngineIn(c) ∧
Page: 425 Line: 17 Was: preconditions are effects Should be: preconditions and effects
Page: 433 Line: 18 Was: EFFECT: AtL Should be: EFFECT: AtL ∧ ¬AtR
Page: 436 Line: 6 Was: state it is in Should be: what state it is in
Page: 437 Line: 5 Was: state!set Should be: state set
Page: 439 (BUG) Line: -13 Was: Fortunately, the schemes are closed under STRIPS updating: as long as we stick to STRIPS axioms, then if we start with a representable belief state, all subsequent belief states will be representable too. Should be: In particular, if an action occurs, one of whose preconditions is unknown, then the resulting belief state will not be exactly representable and the action outcome becomes unknown.
Page: 440 Line: -10 Was: problems intractable Should be: problems are intractable
Page: 445 Line: -12 Was: POP-CON Should be: CONTINUOUS-POP-AGENT
Page: 451 Line: 1 Was: satisfie Should be: satisfies
Page: 455 Line: 10 Was: multiagent Should be: Multiagent
Page: 461 Line: Ex. 12.20 Was: Should be: Comment: Wrong italic font used for Drink, Medicate.
Page: 461 Line: Ex. 12.21 Was: Should be: Comment: Wrong italic font used for Test, CultureGrowth, Disease, Medicate.

Chapter 13

Page: 462 Line: -11 Was: not be conclude Should be: not be able to conclude
Page: 464 Line: -20 Was: Assigning probability of 0 Should be: Assigning a probability of 0
Page: 467 Line: -10 Was: snow an an Should be: snow as an
Page: 467 Line: -2 Was: Elementary, propositions Should be: Elementary propositions,
Page: 471 Line: 7 Was: which may could Should be: which might have
Page: 472 Line: -20 Was: betting systems described earlier Should be: betting systems described on page 474
Page: 474 Line: 16 Was: bets Agent 2 Should be: bets by Agent 2
Page: 481 Line: 13 Was: We can try using use Should be: We can try using
Page: 488 Line: 14 Was: straightforward reference-class method.. Should be: straightforward reference-class method.

Chapter 14

Page: 500 Line: -2 Was: the the entire CPT Should be: the entire CPT
Page: 515 Line: Eq. 14.8 Was: P(yi | parents(Yi)) Should be: P(zi | parents(Zi))
Page: 515 Line: Eq. 14.8 Was: P(y,e) Should be: P(z,e)
Page: 516 Line: 6 Was: increases. Because Should be: increases. This is because
Page: 517 Line: Figure 14.15 Was: (increments N outside the innermost loop) Should be: (increments N inside the innermost loop) Comment: For this particular version of MCMC, the results are identical, but for other versions (e.g., random selection of variable to sample), the new version is correct.
Page: 523 Line: -19 Was: not surprising.) Should be: not surprising.
Page: 535 Line: Ex. 14.5(a) Was: let X Should be: let X1

Chapter 15

Page: 540 Line: 6 Was: combined with the the Should be: combined with the
Page: 546 Line: -3 Was: It is now understood show that the Should be: It is now understood that the
Page: 548 Line: Figure 15.5 caption Was: indicates its best predecessor. Should be: indicates its best predecessor as measured by the product of the preceding sequence probability and the transition probability. Comment: This clarification avoids a possible misunderstanding: the best predecessor is not necessarily the one with the highest sequence probability.
Page: 568 Line: -3 Was: phones that are used English Should be: phones that are used in English

Chapter 17

Page: 616 (BUG) Line: Figure 17.2(b) Was: 1.6284, 0.4278, 0.0850, 0.0221 Should be: -1.6284, -0.4278, -0.0850, -0.0221 Comment: The numbers that are the bounds for R(s) should all be negative (except for zero), e.g. R(s) < -1.6284
Page: 616 Line: 4 Was: and (4, 2) Should be: and (3, 3)
Page: 618 Line: -7 Was: An optimal policy π* Should be: An optimal policy π* satisfies
Page: 619 Line: -9 Was: fromChapter 16 Should be: from Chapter 16
Page: 619 Line: -3 Was: ,a ssuming Should be: , assuming
Page: 624 Line: Figure 17.7 Was: return P Should be: return π
Page: 625 (BUG) Line: Equations after 17.10 Was: = Should be: = -0.04 +
Page: 632 Line: -2 Was: strategy mixed) Should be: strategy
Page: 636 Line: 19 Was: minimizer, will alway choose Should be: minimizer, will always choose
Page: 638 Line: -22 Was: an so only Should be: and so only
Page: 638 Line: -13 Was: repeated game Should be: repeated game Comment: Also remove repeated margin entry.
Page: 639 Line: 4 Was: Should be: Comment: Add margin entry for perpetual punishment.

Chapter 18

Page: 653 Line: 15 Was: tradeoff is not a simple Should be: tradeoff is not as simple
Page: 657 Line: 9 Was: Figure 18.4(c) Should be: Figure 18.4(b)
Page: 658 Line: Figure 18.5 Was: m ← MAJORITY-VALUE(examplesi) Should be: m ← MAJORITY-VALUE(examples) Comment: That is, drop the i subscript. Also, MAJORITY-VALUE is the right name only if the class is binary; otherwise it should be MOST-COMMON-VALUE or MODE
Page: 660 Line: -5 Was: 5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 Should be: 5. Repeat steps 2 to 4
Page: 667 Line: Figure 18.10 caption Was: combines hypotheses Should be: generates hypotheses by successively reweighting the training examples.
Page: 673 Line: 4 Was: has lead Should be: has led
Page: 673 Line: 12 Was: for neural networks(see Chapter 20), and for sets of first-order logical sentences (see Chapter 19). Should be: for sets of first-order logical sentences (see Chapter 19) and for neural networks (see Chapter 20). Comment: Just changing the order of the sentence to make the chapter numbers sequential.

Chapter 19

Page: 697 Line: 1 Was: teh Should be: the
Page: 706 Line: 2 Was: heuristis Should be: heuristics

Chapter 20

Page: 730 Line: Figure 20.11 Was: Should be: (moved to top of p.731, section on learning hidden Markov models)
Page: 731 Line: 0 Was: Should be: Comment: Figure 20.11 moved to the top of this page.
Page: 733 Line: -3 Was: 40 Should be: 10
Page: 738 (BUG) Line: Figure 20.17, the NOT figure Was: W0 = 0.5, W1 = 1 Should be: W0 = -0.5, W1 = -1
Page: 740 Line: Figure 20.19(b) Was: Should be: (reformat z-axis tic mark labels)
Page: 741 Line: Figure 20.20 Was: I1 and I2 Should be: x1 and x2. Comment: To be more consistent with other usage in the chapter.
Page: 741 Line: -6 Was: and T is the true output value. Should be:
Page: 741 (BUG) Line: -3 Was: g(y - ... Should be: y - g(...
Page: 743 Line: Figure 20.22(b) Was: (no data points explicitly plotted in (b)) Should be: (add data points using + and × marks as in (a))
Page: 744 Line: Figure 20.23(a) and (b) Was: Should be: (reformat z-axis tic mark labels)
Page: 746 Line: Figure 20.25, line 3 Was: L Should be: M
Page: 756 Line: 16 Was: modelling Should be: modeling
Page: 758 Line: 12 Was: Scholkopf Should be: (umlaut on first o
Page: 759 Line: 15 Was: Scholkopf Should be: (umlaut on first o
Page: 761 Line: Ex. 20.16 Was: Wj, Should be: Wj

Chapter 21

Page: 775 Line: -2 Was: Should be: (Move margin note down to avoid overwriting hand.)
Page: 776 Line: Figure 21.8 Was: N sa Should be: Nsa Comment: I.e., remove space after N (occurs twice).
Page: 777 Line: -15 Was: A reinforcement learning can learn Should be: A reinforcement learning algorithm can learn
Page: 787 Line: 6 Was: van Roy Should be: Van Roy
Page: 787 Line: -6 Was: Parr and Russell (1998), Dietterich (2000), Sutton et al. (2000), Andre and Russell (2002) Should be: (Parr and Russell, 1998; Dietterich, 2000; Sutton et al., 2000; Andre and Russell, 2002)
Page: 788 Line: Exercise 21.2 Was: (even Should be: even

Chapter 22

Page: 792 Line: -2 Was: Generation Should be: Generation. Comment: I.e., insert period.
Page: 813 Line: 2 Was: During(Now, e) → loves Should be: During(Now, e)) → loves
Page: 832 Line: Ex 22.10-11 Was: Should be: add computer keyboard icon to exercises 22.10 and 22.11

Chapter 23

Page: 836 Line: -1 Was: probabilistic context-free grammar , or PCFG.1, Should be: probabilistic context-free grammar, or PCFG,1
Page: 848 Line: 24 Was: herewe Should be: here we

Chapter 24

Page: 873 Line: 3 Was: texture. 2 Should be: texture.2 Comment: That is, remove space before footnote index.
Page: 886 Line: 4 Was: top down Should be: top-down
Page: 886 Line: 14 Was: in the image in the image Should be: in the image
Page: 886 Line: 15 Was: figure.3. Should be: figure.3
Page: 886 Line: -15 Was: example Should be: examples
Page: 899 Line: Ex. 24.8 Was: 24.8 Should be: 24.8 (Courtesy of Pietro Perona.)
Page: 900 Line: Ex. 24.10 Was: closer to Should be: closer than

Chapter 25

Page: 906 Line: Figure 25.4 Was: The Sony AIBO robot. Should be: Sony AIBO robots playing soccer (copyright 2001, The RoboCup Federation).
Page: 907 Line: 5 Was: such that can be Should be: so that they can be
Page: 920 Line: Figure 25.14 Was: ( (a) is workspace, (b) is configuration space.) Should be: ( (a) is configuration space, (b) is workspace.) Comment: I.e., switch the two figures.
Page: 923 Line: 19 Was: unmodelled Should be: unmodeled
Page: 923 Line: 22 Was: modelled Should be: modeled

Chapter 26

Page: 963 Line: 15 Was: ''intelligence explosion Should be: ``intelligence explosion Comment: Wrong open-quote marks used.
Page: 963 Line: -12 Was: ''mind children Should be: ``mind children Comment: Wrong open-quote marks used.
Page: 964 Line: -13 Was: eight potential threats Should be: six potential threats
Page: 964 Line: -13 Was: We concluded that . . . from robotics Should be: We concluded that some of the threats are either unlikely or differ little from threats posed by other, ``unintelligent'' technologies. One in particular is worthy of further consideration: that ultraintelligent machines might lead to a future that is very different from today---we may not like it, and at that point we may not have a choice. Such considerations lead inevitably to the conclusion that we must consider carefully, and soon, the possible consequences of AI research for the future of the human race. Comment: An earlier draft included coverage of the problem of accidental or intentional weapons of mass destruction stemming from AI research gone amok. We decided to drop the coverage because the problems are really more associated with bio- and nano-technology.

Chapter 27

Page: 969 Line: -4 Was: an an Should be: in an

Appendix A

Page: 980 Line: -7 Was: -3x - y + 2z = 11 Should be: -3x - y + 2z = -11
Page: 983 Line: -2 Was: Good texts on linear algebra include Chung (1979) and Ross(1988). For probability, Bertsekas and Tsitsiklis (2002) and Feller (1971) are valuable. Should be: Good texts on probability include Chung (1979), Ross(1988), Bertsekas and Tsitsiklis (2002), and Feller (1971).

Bibliography

Page: 1013 Line: Kaelbling et al. (1998) entry Was: actiong Should be: action
Page: 1033 Line: Scholkopf and Smola (2002) entry Was: Scholkopf Should be: (umlaut on first o)
Page: 1036 Line: Smith and Weld (1998) entry Was: ??? Should be: 889--896

Errata for Printing 2 and up (International: 3 and up)

Chapter 3

Page: 63 Line: Figure 3.2 Was: Dobreta Should be: Drobeta

Chapter 5

Page: 126 Line: footnote Was: two dimensional Should be: two-dimensional

5?

Page: 138 Line: 17 Was: goal test can written Should be: goal test can be written

Chapter 11

Page: 388 Line: 19 Was: symplifies Should be: simplifies

14?

Page: 493 Line: 7 Was: P(Xi|Parents(Xi Should be: P(Xi|Parents(Xi
Page: 514 Line: footnote Was: Ideally, we would like use Should be: Ideally, we would like to use

Chapter 14

Page: 535 Line: Exercise 14.7(b) Was: performed , Should be: performed;

?

Page: 669 Line: -5 Was: at least 1 - ε Should be: at most 1 - ε

Chapter 20

Page: 755 Line: -9 Was: Chapter 13. is Should be: Chapter 13. Its success is
Page: 729 Line: 2 Was: the bag is is Should be: the bag is
Page: 759 Line: -1 Was: wise to sell Should be: wise

Chapter 22

Page: 812 Line: Figure 22.16, line -1 Was: Verb(λ x λ y Loves(x, y)) Should be: Verb(λ y λ x Loves(x, y))
Page: 813 Line: 2-3 Was: λ x λ y Should be: λ y λ x

Chapter 24

Page: 868 Line: 16 Was: merrily ignores Should be: merrily ignoring
Page: 869 Line: 10 Was: nose in the image Should be: noise in the image
Page: 885 Line: -7 Was: Al of the techniques Should be: All of the techniques
Page: 887 Line: 6 Was: and brightness-based recognition, which involves Should be: and feature-based recognition, which involves

Many thanks to Philip Adenekan, Daniel Bernstein, Wolfgang Bibel, Solly Brown, Peter Clark, Noel Codella, Ernesto Costa, Joao Balsa da Silva, Adnan Darwiche, Francisco De Comite, Joshua Estelle, Nafeh Fananapazir, Will Fitzgerald, Andrea Frome, Dan Frost, Charlie Garrett, Cyrus Harmon, Irvin Hwang, Robert Kerbs, Mykel Kochenderfer, Leilah Lyons, Norman Ma, Bob Marinier, Neville Mehta, Sjoerd Meijer, Wouter Meuleman, Ben Miller, Ken Modesitt, Kevin Kyung Nam, Mark Pearson, Radu Razvan Slavescu, Hisham Sueyllam, Larry Weber, Claus-Peter Wirth, David Yeung, and the others who contributed corrections.

AI: A Modern Approach by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig Modified: May 10, 2006

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