Java Unused Variables (_)

last modified May 28, 2025

This article explains how to use the underscore (_) to denote unused variables in Java, a feature introduced in Java 21 (JEP 443) to help developers explicitly ignore unused parameters.

Introduction to Unused Variables

In Java, we often encounter situations where we need to declare parameters or variables that we don't actually use:

• Lambda parameters we don't need
• Pattern matching variables we want to ignore
• Exception parameters we don't use
• Interface method parameters we must declare but don't use

Traditionally, developers would either:

1. Give these variables meaningless names (like unused or ignore)
2. Suppress "unused variable" warnings from the compiler/IDE

Java 21 introduced the underscore (_) as a special identifier to mark intentionally unused variables. Commonly known as a "discard" in other languages, it enhances code clarity by explicitly signaling that the variable is unnecessary, leading to cleaner and more readable syntax.

Basic Syntax

The underscore can be used in several contexts:

// Lambda parameters
(param1, _) -> expression
// Pattern matching
if (obj instanceof String _) { ... }
// Exception handling
try { ... } catch (Exception _) { ... }

Key characteristics:

• _ can only appear once in a scope (we can't have multiple _ in same scope)
• It cannot be read or written to
• It doesn't create an actual variable binding

Lambda Expressions

Using _ in lambda parameters allows us to ignore parameters we don't need. This is particularly useful in functional programming contexts where we may only care about one of the parameters in a lambda expression.

void main() {
 Map<String, Integer> scores = Map.of("Alice", 90, "Bob", 85);
 
 // Only using the key, ignoring the value
 scores.forEach((name, _) -> System.out.println("Student: " + name));
 
 // Only using the value, ignoring the key
 scores.forEach((_, score) -> System.out.println("Score: " + score));
}

This example shows how to ignore either the key or value in a Map.forEach operation.

Pattern Matching

Pattern matching allows us to match types and structures in a more concise way. We can use _ to ignore values in pattern matching, making our code more readable when we only care about the type or structure, not the actual value.

void process(Object obj) {
 switch (obj) {
 case String _ -> System.out.println("It's a String");
 case Integer _ -> System.out.println("It's an Integer");
 case Double _ -> System.out.println("It's a Double");
 default -> System.out.println("Unknown type");
 }
}
void main() {
 process("Hello");
 process(42);
 process(3.14);
 process(new Object());
}

Here we use _ to match types without binding the actual value to a variable.

Exception Handling

Using _ in exception handling when we don't need the exception object:

void readFile() {
 try {
 // File reading operation that might fail
 String fileName = "words.txt";
 String content = Files.readString(Path.of(fileName));
 System.out.println(content);
 } catch (IOException _) {
 System.out.println("Error occurred while reading file");
 // Don't need the exception details
 }
}
void main() {
 readFile();
}

This shows how to handle an exception when we don't need to access the exception object.

Record Patterns

In pattern matching with records, we can also use _ to ignore fields we don't care about.

record Point(int x, int y) {}
void printX(Point p) {
 if (p instanceof Point(int x, _)) {
 System.out.println("X coordinate: " + x);
 }
}
void main() {
 printX(new Point(5, 10));
}

Here we deconstruct a Point record but only care about the x coordinate.

Best Practices

When to use _:

• When the parameter is required by an interface but unused in our implementation
• When pattern matching and we only care about the type, not the value
• When handling exceptions where the exception object isn't needed

When not to use _:

• When the variable might be needed later in the code
• When documenting the parameter's purpose through its name would be valuable
• In pre-Java 21 code (it will be treated as a regular identifier)

Compatibility Considerations

Important notes about compatibility:

• The underscore _ was a valid identifier in Java 1.0-20
• In Java 21+, _ is a special token when used as a variable name
• Existing code using _ as a variable name will break in Java 21+
• To migrate, rename existing _ variables to something else

Source

JEP 443: Unnamed Patterns and Variables

In this article we've explored Java's unnamed variable pattern (_), a simple but powerful feature that makes code more readable by explicitly marking unused variables.

Author

My name is Jan Bodnar, and I am a passionate programmer with extensive programming experience. I have been writing programming articles since 2007. To date, I have authored over 1,400 articles and 8 e-books. I possess more than ten years of experience in teaching programming.

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