Rules-Based Order ‘Best Defence’ against Law of Strongest, Leaders Stress, amid Calls for Responsible Use of Power in Day Two of Debate

Struggling to manage a world rife with conflict and emerging threats — from cyberattacks to drones to climate change — global leaders gathering for day two of the General Assembly’s general debate stressed the urgency of strengthening the Organization created eight decades ago to restore peace after two world wars.

"Multilateralism, international organizations and the United Nations are essential for the peaceful coexistence of peoples, for global economic prosperity, for the resolution of challenges including migration, climate change and the digital transition," said Switzerland’s President, Karin Keller-Sutter.

She recalled that, 80 years ago, 50 States adopted the United Nations Charter in San Francisco, determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war. Multilateralism today is undergoing unprecedented upheaval. She called on all States to uphold the principles and values enshrined in the Charter.

"It is precisely at this time of uncertainty that we must read the signs of our time clearly to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past," King Don Felipe VI of Spain stated, emphasizing that "the United Nations is not only useful, it is indispensable and irreplaceable". He described a rules-based world as "the best defence against the law of the strongest", warning that "a world without rules is unchartered territory".

Petr Pavel, President of the Czech Republic, highlighting the remarkable achievements reached by the United Nations since 1945 — from prevention of a full-scale world conflict to helping dissolve colonialism — described the UN as "the only institution where the world can collectively confront global crises", not with weapons, but with dialogue, pressure and shared responsibility.

Global System at a Crossroads

Yet, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said that international law does not work fully unless one has powerful friends who are willing to stand up for it. "And even that doesn't work without weapons," he stressed. Nations can speak about their pain from stages, but during bloodshed, there is no single international institution that can truly stop it.

"What can Sudan or Somalia or Palestine or any other people living through war really expect from the UN or the global system? For decades, just statements and statements," he said. The Russian Federation's war against his country persists and people are dying every week. "There is no ceasefire because Russia refuses," he noted.

Edgars Rinkēvičs, President of Latvia, said the Baltic country will use its first term in the Security Council next year to help achieve a just and lasting peace in Ukraine. "It is our collective duty to uphold the principles of the United Nations Charter," he said, "especially when a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council openly violates them".

Emphasizing the emerging new world order is not a better one, he added: "There is an attempt to create the world where the might makes right." International cooperation must be strengthened to tackle the crisis in Gaza and dire humanitarian situations in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As a Council member, Latvia will call for collective action and facilitate access to humanitarian aid.

"Values should underpin everything we do", added Finland’s President Alexander Stubb. "Without them, foreign policy will ultimately run into a wall."

A Drift into Irrelevance? Adapt or Decay

African leaders also evaluated the strength of multilateralism, with Sierra Leone’s President Julius Maada Bio stressing that small States rely on the United Nations. "Sierra Leone’s story is proof that multilateral solidarity works — when grounded in trust, mutual respect, and genuine investment in national ownership," he said. "Let this anniversary be a turning point — measured not in speeches, but in service. The world does not need a louder UN. It requires a braver UN."

Yet Kenyan President William S. Ruto said the United Nations faces the same danger of collapse as the League of Nations, which did not adapt, enforce its rules or maintain its legitimacy. He warned that institutions fail "not for lack of noble ideals, but when they drift into irrelevance". The Council remains frozen in 1945, unable to respond effectively to crises. He asked bluntly: "Is the United Nations relevant to the demands of our time?" The UN is at a crossroads: renewal or decay. He called for urgent reform of the global financial architecture and the United Nations itself.

A Summons to Solidarity

On the issue of regional conflicts, Ahmad Al-Sharaa, President of Syria, said Israeli strikes in Syria run counter to international efforts to establish stability — and increase the probability of new crises. His Government is committed to dialogue and the 1974 Disengagement Agreement, he said, requesting support from the international community amid the attacks.

Iran’s President Masoud Pezeshkian described the theme of the session — "Better Together: 80 Years and More of Peace, Development and Human Rights" — as a summons to solidarity and shared vision. He called the June attacks on Iran by the United States and Israel "a grave betrayal of diplomacy and a subversion of peace". Such breaches "inflicted a grievous blow upon international trust and the very prospect of peace in the region". Unless the international community responds to such violations, they will engulf the world.

African Countries Urge Financial Support to Tackle Conflicts

"How can we speak of a future when half of a generation is threatened by war?" asked Faustin Archange Touadera, Head of State of the Central African Republic, pointing out that, in 2025, over 40 per cent of global armed conflicts are happening in Africa. Lamenting that across some of its regions, one in two children lives in a conflict-affected area, he proposed the strengthening of UN mechanisms for preventive diplomacy through the creation of a Global Conflict Prevention Fund financed by the world’s major Powers.

As well, he called for two permanent seats with veto powers on the Security Council for the African continent. "We call for structural and sustainable financing of peace operations in Africa, based on mandatory contributions, rather than voluntary ones," he added.

"Peace and security have a price," concurred Bassírou Diomaye Diakhar Faye, President of Senegal, calling for an integrated approach to the challenges facing the continent, among them armed conflict, terrorism in the Sahel, cross-border crime and political instability. "Let’s give us the resources to afford them, with predictable and sustainable funding of African peace support operations with suitable equipment and robust mandates," he said. Such an approach would help tackle terrorism and build stability.

Denis Sassou-N’Guesso, President of the Republic of Congo, warned that the world today is gripped by a disturbing arms race, with global military spending at record levels, disarmament treaties called into question and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, particular nuclear weapons, a central concern. "This is a dangerous slide in every way and it is not making the world any safer — on the contrary," he said. The UN remains crucial, but only if it evolves and reforms itself, he said, joining calls for the reform of the Security Council. "Africa cannot remain marginalized" and it deserves permanent representation on the Council, not as a favour but as a legitimate partner.

Islands on the Front Lines of Climate Change Call for Financing and Support

"We need the world to better understand that our security is linked to our fragility," said Hilda Heine, President of Marshall Islands, who pointed out that her low-lying atoll nation, like others in the Pacific region, is on the front lines of climate change. On the Paris Agreement, she said that most countries are failing to meet their obligations, with only 32 States, including hers, submitting new climate targets.

Moreover, billions of dollars in climate finance are needed, but promises do not develop mangrove defences, shore up hospitals and schools against rising seas or preserve cultures deeply tied to lands that are slipping under the waves. "It is past time for the rich world to meet its obligations and get money to where it’s needed most," she said, emphasizing that the 1ドル trillion climate finance gap must be closed.

Solidarity and climate justice must translate into accessible financing, technology transfer and urgent action, chimed in Luis Rodolfo Abinader Corona, President of the Dominican Republic. In the Caribbean, the triple planetary crisis — climate change, biodiversity loss and environmental pollution — has a face: sargassum, a devastating phenomenon affecting coasts, public health and livelihoods. Noting that his country is moving towards the ratification of the BBNJ Treaty, he said: "The seas are a source of life, and caring for them means caring for our future."

Taneti Maamau, President of Kiribati, called on the Assembly to support the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction — or BBNJ Treaty. He said illegal and unregulated fishing causes losses of up to 600ドル million for the island — income that could fund universal child health care. Describing the recent International Court of Justice decision on climate change as a "milestone" that ensures the existence of Kiribati and other vulnerable nations, he said that it demonstrates what "the ‘Blue Pacific’ can successfully achieve collectively and [...] secures the full legal certainty and permanence of our maritime zones, irrespective of the impacts of climate change".

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Below are full summaries of the speakers in today’s general debate

Spain: Don Felipe VI, King

"It is precisely at this time of uncertainty that we must read the signs of our time clearly to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past," King Don Felipe VI of Spain stated, emphasizing that "the United Nations is not only useful, it is indispensable and irreplaceable". Believing in the United Nations means believing in the universality of the principles and values enshrined in its Charter and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. "The dignity of the human being is non-negotiable," he added. He described a rules-based world as "the best defence against the law of the strongest", warning that "a world without rules is unchartered territory".

Turning to conflicts that have plagued too many regions, he underscored that "peace in Europe will not be possible without justice and accountability". Pointing to the devastation, bombings, famine, starvation and the forced displacement of hundreds of thousands of people in Gaza, he asked: "To what end?" His country is pained by the actions of the Israeli Government in Gaza, he said, stressing: "We, therefore, cry out, we implore, we demand: stop this massacre now. No more deaths." While unequivocally condemning the heinous terrorism of Hamas and the brutal massacre of 7 October 2023, he demanded that "the Israeli Government fully uphold international humanitarian law throughout Gaza and the West Bank".

Addressing global challenges, he pointed to the 4ドル trillion annual shortfall in financing for sustainable development, adding that Spain has increased its contributions to international development. Human rights, gender equality and the environmental transition are central elements of Spain’s foreign policy, he said, pledging to promote these values through its membership in the Human Rights Council. On immigration, he said that when properly managed, it can become "a vector of mutual development for countries of origin transit and host countries". On climate, he called for "consensus and ambition ahead of COP30 [thirtieth Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change] in Brazil", urging a tripling of renewable energy and doubling of energy efficiency.

Underscoring that the European Union is "one of the greatest achievements of concord and a model for multilateralism", he spotlighted the June political agreement regarding the key aspects of the future accord between the European Union and the United Kingdom that respects Spain’s position on sovereignty and jurisdiction over Gibraltar, which will bring "confidence, legal certainty and stability".

Ukraine: Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President

Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President of Ukraine, said that international law doesn’t work fully unless one has powerful friends who are willing to stand up for it. "And even that doesn't work without weapons," he stressed. Nations can speak about their pain from stages, but during bloodshed, there is no single international institution that can truly stop it. "What can Sudan or Somalia or Palestine or any other people living through war really expect from the UN or the global system? For decades, just statements and statements," he said. The Russian Federation's war against his country persists and people are dying every week. "Yet, there is no ceasefire because Russia refuses," he noted.

Last year, he had warned about the risk of radiation disasters due to the Russian Federation’s occupation of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. "But, nothing's changed, and yesterday, the plant went into blackout again, and Russia hasn't stopped shelling even in areas near a nuclear facility," he emphasized. "Because international institutions are too weak, this madness continues." The Republic of Moldova is defending itself again from the Russian Federation's interference, but the global response is not enough. "We have already lost Georgia in Europe — human rights and the European nature of the State system are only shrinking there; Georgia is dependent on Russia," he said, adding that Belarus is moving towards dependence on Moscow. "Europe cannot afford to lose [the Republic of] Moldova, too," he warned.

"Now there are tens of thousands of people who know how to professionally kill using drones," he stressed. "Stopping that kind of attack is harder than stopping any gun, knife or bomb — this is what Russia has brought with its war." Now, even simple drones can fly thousands of kilometres. "Warfare doesn't care about geography anymore — it's now reshaping it," he stated, recalling that airports in Europe recently shut down because of drones. "But, what happens when all the types of drones become available even to small terrorist groups or cartels?", he asked. The world is now living through the most destructive arms race in human history.

To protect lives, Ukraine builds underground schools and hospitals, he said. "Stopping this war now — and with it the global arms race — is cheaper than building underground kindergartens or massive bunkers for critical infrastructure later," he continued. "Stopping Russia now is cheaper than wondering who will be the first to create a simple drone carrying a nuclear warhead." The aggressor must be stopped, as only then is there a real chance that this arms race will not end in catastrophe for all. "Don't stay silent while Russia keeps dragging this war on," he concluded.

Monaco: Albert II, Sovereign Prince

Prince Albert II of Monaco said the creation of the United Nations 80 years ago was a decisive turning point in international relations and gave each State an opportunity for dialogue and exchange. "The ambition of the founders was clear and bold," he said, as it gave all States, large and small, an equal footing in crafting collective solutions. In this atmosphere of dialogue and respect, Monaco found its place. The United Nations helped usher the world through the reconstruction of the Second World War and the decolonization of Africa. "It helped shape an international order that was more peaceful," he said.

The United Nations has also promoted the importance of robust international law and human rights. It has played a key role in maintaining international peace and security and shaping democratic transitions. Its tribunals have been critical to maintaining justice, he said, calling the International Court of Justice "a pillar in the peaceful resolution of disputes". The United Nations has also been a pioneer in "raising ecological awareness" and mobilizing action by Governments and civil society to protect the environment. Sport is taking a more active role in the Organization’s work to promote peace and development.

Calling for "resolute collective action" to surmount today’s challenges, he stressed that "we are in a multipolar world where international realties are significant". Dialogue and preventive diplomacy do not always generate the anticipated results. International security has been gravely imperilled as conflicts spread in all corners of the world. This makes it "all the more necessary for a reaffirmation of the Organization’s core principles", such as the sovereignty of States and peaceful resolution of disputes. Monaco firmly condemns the war of aggression targeting Ukraine. He said cherishes the hope that a just and lasting peace can be found.

Global security challenges are compounded by environmental challenges. The third United Nations Ocean Conference, held in Nice, France, stressed the need for action to protect the world’s seas and oceans. Before the conference, Monaco organized a blue economy and finance forum. Heads of State, investors, development bankers and civil society members — about 1,800 participants from nearly 100 countries — came to answer the call for more financial resources for a generative, blue economy. "The fight against climate change requires credible immediate financing," he said. The Paris Agreement provides a structure that should generate robust trust among stakeholders.

Iran: Masoud Pezeshkian, President

Iran’s President Masoud Pezeshkian described the theme of the session, "Better Together: 80 years and More of Peace, Development and Human Rights", as a summons to solidarity and a shared vision of a brighter future. He emphasized that the foundation of all faiths, philosophies and traditions lies in a common moral principle: "That which you would not approve for yourself, do not approve for others". Quoting Jesus: "Act towards others as you would have them act towards you,"; the Prophet of Islam: "None of you is a true believer unless he desires for others what he desires for himself,"; and sages such as Hillel, he urged leaders to return to these timeless values.

Turning to the present global order, he asked: "Is this the state of our world?" He listed the atrocities, pointing to "genocide in Gaza", the destruction of homes in Lebanon, the devastation of Syria’s infrastructure, the starvation of children in Yemen and the assassination of Iran’s scientists. He condemned repeated violations of sovereignty, carried out under the pretext of self-defence, which target civilians and destabilize entire regions. Such actions represent a grave departure from the golden maxim of humanity. "Would you countenance such acts for yourselves?", he asked, urging the Assembly to recognize where the true threats to peace and security originate.

The President described the "savage aggression" inflicted upon Iran in June through aerial assaults by the United States and Israel, which struck cities, homes and infrastructure. He called these attacks "a grave betrayal of diplomacy and a subversion of peace", noting they killed children, women, scientists and intellectuals. Such breaches "inflicted a grievous blow upon international trust and the very prospect of peace in the region". He stressed that unless the international community responds to such violations, they will engulf the world. Quoting the poet Saadi, he recalled: "Human beings are members of a whole; in creation of one essence and soul. If one member is afflicted with pain, other members uneasy will remain."

Reaffirming that "Iran has never sought and will never seek to build a nuclear bomb", he said weapons of mass destruction are prohibited under religious edicts issued by the Supreme Leader and Islamic authorities. Iran envisions a future where strength is derived through peace, not imposed by force. He called for a strong region built on collective security, respect for sovereignty, cultural diversity and human dignity. Citing the poet Saadi again, he said: "If you have no sympathy for human pain, the name of human you cannot pertain." He pledged Iran’s readiness to partner with peace-seeking nations and affirmed that the Iranian people will remain steadfast in defending justice, dignity and multilateralism.

Panama: José Raúl Mulino Quintero, President

José Raúl Mulino Quintero, President of Panama, said multilateralism must be strengthened, recalling that such collaboration was responsible for removing his country from the European Union-imposed, "discriminatory" Financial Action Task Force blacklist. Effective reform to the United Nations requires greater representation from Latin American and Caribbean countries in decision-making bodies. The region is the world’s leading food exporter, serves as a link between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans and is home to more than 50 per cent of the planet’s biodiversity. As a "key global actor [...] we must ensure that our representation reflects our role and global significance".

He highlighted Panama’s "Nature Pledge", a policy framework for climate, biodiversity and land obligations. While already a carbon-negative country, Panama is committed to reducing emissions by 2035 and will restore 100,000 hectares of ecosystems — "because nature [...] is our front line of defense against climate change". It has been 25 years since the Panama Canal passed into his country’s hands, he said, highlighting its pivotal role in the nation’s economic development and international shipping. Detailing plans to build a water reservoir so ship traffic would not be affected by droughts, he emphasized the importance of neutrality for the waterway’s proper functioning. "The Panama Canal is neutral [...] it is and shall remain Panamanian," he said.

During its 2025-26 term as a non-permanent member of the Security Council, Panama has focused on maritime security, including arms and drug trafficking. In that vein, he called for greater cooperation between agencies promoting that security, and efforts to mitigate the effects of migration caused by drug trafficking. In just one year, Panama reduced northward migrant flows through the Darién region to zero. "Though the migratory crisis has been resolved, the causes of mass immigration remain unaddressed," he said, pointing to unchecked migration between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Drug trafficking poses a threat to human lives and stability in the region, he added.

This year alone, Panama has seized nearly 150 tons of cocaine and other drugs — "an alarming figure". Reaffirming the importance of the UN, he said that when "the winds of unilateralism, polarization and fragmentation are blowing, Panama will raise its voice in the name of multilateralism". Reaffirming his country’s position as a defender of international law, he noted that "we are stronger together — and only together can we build a stronger and more humane future for all".

Czech Republic: Petr Pavel, President

Petr Pavel, President of the Czech Republic, highlighting remarkable achievements reached by the United Nations since 1945 — from prevention of a full-scale world conflict to assisting with the dissolution of colonialism — described the UN as "the only institution where the world can collectively confront global crises", not with weapons, but with dialogue, pressure and shared responsibility. Yet, the Russian Federation’s invasion of Ukraine has significantly transformed the global security landscape. Using hybrid warfare, disinformation and sabotage, and backed by China, Iran and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation sets a dangerous precedent — sending the message that aggression can yield territorial and political gain.

If the Russian Federation wins this unjust war, it will legitimize the triumph of brute force, he warned, adding: "Turning a blind eye to Ukraine today is a green light to any future aggressor anywhere in the world." Tolerating the principle of "might makes right" will lead to the end of multilateralism — the opposite of what most of our nations fought for in the previous century. To achieve sustainable peace, he called on Member States to "act in unity and intensify our economic pressure on Russia", adding: "This is the only way to bring the aggressor to the negotiating table."

In light of new geopolitical realities, with a permanent member of the Security Council — the Russian Federation — waging a ruthless war while obstructing any constructive solutions, he underscored the need for a strong and effective UN system capable of responding to today’s global challenges. He advocated for a comprehensive reform of the Council. "Security Council membership should not be seen as a matter of prestige or privilege, but of responsibility to defend global peace," he stated. Underscoring the global nature of today’s challenges, he said: "No single nation is powerful enough to succeed alone." He called for more dialogue, greater cooperation and collective action.

Switzerland: Karin Keller-Sutter, President

Switzerland’s President, Karin Keller-Sutter, recalled that, 80 years ago, 50 States adopted the United Nations Charter in San Francisco and were "determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind". Today, a just, lasting peace in the Middle East and Ukraine still seems out of reach, and autocratic tendencies are gaining ground, including in Europe. "We need be honest with ourselves: these developments have no simple solutions, either at the international or national levels," she said. Two errors must be avoided: pointing the finger only at others and leaving international organizations to work alone, as if they were completely detached from States.

"Multilateralism, international organizations and the United Nations are essential for the peaceful coexistence of peoples, for global economic prosperity, for the resolution of challenges including migration, climate change and the digital transition," she stressed. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a central pillar of the Pact for the Future. "We must implement these road maps without delay," she said. "As the UN's leading operational centre, Geneva has strong expertise in many areas that are crucial to our future, particularly those related to humanity and innovation; it is a unique, unparalleled ecosystem for reflection, discussion and concerted action."

Security and freedom are essential prerequisites for economic growth and prosperity, she said. They require institutions that are legally sound, reliable and capable of taking action, and they require political, social and financial stability, she continued. "We cannot simply delegate our responsibilities to an international organization," she stressed, also urging the United Nations to take a critical look at itself and consider whether it is still able to fulfil its role as the 50 States intended in San Francisco on 25 June 1945.

Multilateralism is undergoing unprecedented upheaval, she noted, calling on all States to make a firm commitment to uphold the principles and values enshrined in the Charter. "We are, however, in the midst of a critical phase, and the next chapter of history has yet to be written," she said. "This also means that we can play an active role in shaping it." She urged Member States to guard against arrogance and complacency and "go to work at home, in our countries and together at the United Nations".

Latvia: Edgars Rinkēvičs, President

Edgars Rinkēvičs, President of Latvia, said his country will begin its first term in the Security Council next year with a strong sense of duty to serve with "integrity, transparency and with a clear commitment to the principles of the United Nations". Latvia’s three priorities in the Council are: protecting the rules-based international order; advocating for the women, peace and security agenda; and finding solutions to emerging security threats, such as climate change and the safety of artificial intelligence (AI). "The world is in disarray. Before our eyes we see blatant attempts to weaken the rules-based international order rooted in the United Nations Charter," he said.

Emphasizing that the emerging new world order is not a better one, he added: "There is an attempt to create the world where the might makes right." The Council’s permanent members undertook to maintain international peace and security. Yet, "Russia wants a world where brute force prevails over international law. To get what it wants, Russia is willing to inflict destruction and misery on others," he said. "Unfortunately, Russia has partners in crime — Iran and North Korea." Meanwhile, Ukraine is bravely fighting back as it faces an existential threat to its people, its land and its freedom. "Ukraine is fighting for all of us; for the rules-based international order; for independence and sovereignty; for territorial integrity."

Latvia stands with Ukraine and advocates for its sovereignty and territorial integrity. Latvia will use its Council seat to help achieve a just and lasting peace in Ukraine. "It is our collective duty to uphold the principles of the United Nations Charter," he said, "especially, when a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council openly violates them." International cooperation must be strengthened to tackle the escalating crisis in Gaza and dire humanitarian situations in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. "We will not look on helplessly as crises unfold." As a Council member, Latvia will call on the international community to take collective action and facilitate access to humanitarian aid.

Peace, security and stability are being threatened by climate change, cyberattacks, hybrid attacks and the misuse of AI. "Our modern world is connected in ways that most of us can’t imagine," he said, citing damage to undersea cables, GPS jamming, arson and the Russian shadow fleet. While not perfect, the United Nations is the only truly global organization. It is the primary architect of international law and protector of a rules-based international order. After 80 years, it must evolve to remain relevant and Lativa supports the UN80 initiative. "Let us protect the rules-based international order and the United Nations Charter," he said. "We are better together."

Kenya: William S. Ruto, President

William S. Ruto, President of Kenya, reflected on the founding of the United Nations, noting that it had emerged from the failures of the League of Nations, which collapsed because it did not adapt, enforce its rules or maintain legitimacy. He warned that institutions fail "not for lack of noble ideals, but when they drift into irrelevance". Today, the UN faces the same danger, with the Security Council still frozen in 1945 structures and unable to respond effectively to crises. Against a backdrop of wars in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and beyond, alongside climate disasters and inequality, he asked bluntly: "Is the United Nations relevant to the demands of our time?"

The UN stands at a crossroads: renewal or decay. On peace and security, "its voice is too often drowned out by great power rivalries". Kenya has consistently contributed to peacekeeping, most recently leading the Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti. Despite being "underfunded and under-equipped", Kenyan officers restored critical State institutions, reopened schools and secured infrastructure. He asked: "If so much could be achieved with limited resources, what more could have been accomplished if the UN fraternity had truly acted together?"

Mr. Ruto underlined Kenya’s stance on human rights and humanitarian law, stressing: "We cannot condemn suffering in one place and turn a blind eye in another". He expressed grave concern over the humanitarian catastrophe in Gaza, calling for a permanent ceasefire, unconditional release of hostages and a credible political process towards a two-State solution. On Sudan, he urged all parties to respect sovereignty and reject division, affirming support for a unified Sudan. He called climate change "the single greatest threat of our age and the greatest opportunity of our time", highlighting Kenya’s renewable energy success and Africa’s leadership through the Nairobi and Addis Ababa climate summits.

He called for urgent reform of the global financial architecture and the United Nations itself. He criticized the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank for "punishing poor countries while rewarding the rich", and advocated democratizing decision-making to serve all nations fairly. He reiterated Africa’s long-standing demand for two permanent and two non-permanent seats on the Security Council, declaring Africa’s exclusion "unacceptable, unfair, and grossly unjust". Reform, he said, is not a favour to Africa but essential to the UN’s survival.

Paraguay: Santiago Peña Palacios, President

Santiago Peña Palacios, President of Paraguay, recalled the "cowardly and incomprehensible" political assassinations of Colombian presidential pre-candidate Miguel Uribe and "young dreamer" Charlie Kirk, calling on the international community to awaken from its state of complacency. Democracy is in jeopardy. Condemning political violence, he declared, "Let us say loudly and clearly: no to hatred, no to violence, no to authoritarianism." Democracy is under siege from the right and the left, he warned, noting that the ensuing crisis of trust is fertile ground for both authoritarianism and its "perverse twin", populism.

In that vein, he voiced concern over restrictions in fundamental rights in Venezuela, where "the electoral process in July 2024 trampled the will of the Venezuelan people". Seven million have fled the country in the largest migration crisis in the history of the Western Hemisphere. In Nicaragua, the persecution of political opponents is serious to the point of the expulsion of some religious orders including the Catholic Church — "something that was once unthinkable in Latin America". With its history of the longest-running military regime on the continent, Paraguay will not remain silent while its neighbours suffer the same oppression.

A crisis of democracy cannot be resolved through authoritarianism. "We must resist these alluring imposters," he stressed. The world needs more democracy. The presence of more than 120 armed conflicts throughout the world, however, shows how serious the failure of its institutions can be. Related political fragmentation threatens to collapse global supply chains, he said, cautioning against trade partnerships that place efficiency above security. Paraguay calls for deeper integration — not only on trade but on shared values of rule of law, the free market, the defence of the traditional family and the right to life from conception.

"Diplomatic prudence cannot become silent complicity," he continued. The time has come to take clear positions. Israel has the right to defend itself, and he rejected attempts to equate the responsibility of democratically elected Israeli leaders to that of Hamas terrorist leaders. Highlighting Paraguay’s "67 years of diplomatic relations with the Republic of China-Taiwan", he voiced concern over growing tensions, stressing that "Taiwan deserves a place in this forum". Given its principled positions, Paraguay is a "genuine moral authority" that commits to the objectives of the UN80 reforms, especially in the Security Council. The elimination of the veto will give greater legitimacy to the UN, he said.

Estonia: Alar Karis, President

The United Nations is not an abstract idea but a "carefully crafted agreement" based on the understanding that the horrors of war must not be repeated, said President Alar Karis of Estonia. Yet, brutality prevails, and "we simply cannot let this go on", he stressed.

Describing the Russian Federation’s war of aggression against Ukraine as "blatant assault" on the Charter, he said the UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine has documented at least 14,000 civilian deaths, including almost 1,000 children. In response to recent peace efforts, Moscow has intensified its terror campaign with a barrage of drone and missile strikes on civilian targets. Days ago, "three Russian fighter planes violated Estonian airspace", he warned, pointing to a pattern of similar incidents on the European Union’s eastern border. "This a stark reminder that Moscow’s aggression threatens not only Ukraine but the security of the entire region." He called for greater international pressure on the Russian Federation to end the war and to hold it accountable for crimes committed in Ukraine.

In Gaza, he said, the international-law-based multilateral system has failed to protect Palestinians and Israelis. Condemning Hamas’ brutal terrorist attacks on 7 October, he stated: "Hamas cannot have any role in the future governance of Gaza and Palestine." However, ordinary people and children in Gaza must not be the ones to pay the price. "What has unfolded in Gaza has crossed all red lines." He called for a comprehensive political process, with the goal of two States, to end the cycle of violence.

He voiced support for system-wide reform of the United Nations, noting that "this is not only an issue of monetary efficiency and financial discipline". Estonia supports expanding Security Council membership, limiting veto use and ensuring a transparent process to select the next UN Secretary-General. On climate change, he cited Estonia as an example, where 40 per cent of electricity comes from renewable sources, and pressed for a tripling of global renewable energy production by 2030. "In Estonia, we believe in innovation," he said. He described the Artificial Intelligence Leap — an initiative to ensure that Estonians acquire the skills to use AI wisely and responsibly. "AI must serve dignity, development and human rights — not the other way around," he concluded.

Argentina: Javier Gerardo Milei, President

Argentina’s President Javier Gerardo Milei said the successful model of the United Nations had been replaced by a supranational model of government comprising international bureaucrats that sought to impose a specific way of life on citizens around the world. Argentina had taken "the right path", albeit "the thorniest one", he said, "because prosperity and progress for our peoples cannot be delayed." Likewise, President Trump of the United States understands that "the time has come to reverse a dynamic which is leading the United States towards a disaster - and we know that a disaster in the United States is a global disaster." Mr. Trump "knows that he must do what's necessary [...] before it's too late", he said of Mr. Trump’s "successful" policy to halt illegal immigration.

Mr. Trump is also restructuring the terms of international trade in an unprecedented fashion, he continued. "That's a titanic task which gets to the very core of the global economic system because that system has been gnawing away at the industrial heart of his country - and the country now has an unparalleled debt crisis." Describing the United States as infiltrated by left-wing factions that are seeking to undermine any reform deemed necessary, he stressed: "Both I and Donald Trump know what we're doing in the face of these challenges."

The UN must lead this paradigm shift, he said, outlining the necessary principles to achieve the goal. First, the principle of a core mandate means the central mission of the United Nations is to preserve international peace and security; everything else must be viewed as complementary. Second, the principle of international subsidiarity means the UN must tackle an issue solely when it is clear that the problem exceeds the national capacity for action. Third, the principle of normative simplification and streamlining means that peace is not only the absence of conflict; it requires prosperous societies.

He reiterated claims of sovereignty over the Malvinas Islands*, South Georgia Islands and South Sandwich Islands and the surrounding maritime areas that continue to be illegally occupied, calling on the United Kingdom to resume bilateral negotiations. He demanded the immediate release of Nahuel Gallo, an Argentine citizen who was abducted and is being detained arbitrarily in Venezuela without charge. He also called for the immediate release of the hostages in Gaza.

Serbia: Aleksandar Vučić, President

Serbia’s President, Aleksandar Vučić, underscored that the United Nations remains "a compass for the future", not a relic of the past. The President stressed that the UN must not become "a stage where giants wrestle while smaller countries hold their breath", but rather, "a round table where every seat counts". He emphasized that nations of the Global South are too often treated as chess pieces, even though they can be conveners and guarantors of cooperation. Serbia’s engagement with partners is grounded in sovereignty, territorial integrity and respect for dialogue over division, affirming that cooperation must be reciprocal and rooted in equality.

Acknowledging the deep divisions within and between societies, Mr. Vučić warned of the dangers of eroded moral values, disinformation and politically motivated violence. "Today, we are witnessing the unprecedented wonder, a sick expression of joy for the crime committed against an innocent person," he said. "The example of Charlie Kirk is the best confirmation of that; he was savagely assassinated just because his killer didn't like his ideas." The President condemned media manipulation that undermines democratic legitimacy, noting these trends weaken societies more profoundly than traditional conflicts.

Turning to regional issues, he reaffirmed the inviolability of sovereignty and territorial integrity, declaring that Kosovo and Metohija remain "an inseparable part of Serbia" and a pillar of its identity and heritage. He described daily discrimination and insecurity faced by Serbs in Kosovo, including restricted freedoms, attacks and shortages of basic goods, warning that this is part of a systematic effort to force demographic change. He called for deeds and protection mechanisms, not compassion alone, while reiterating Serbia’s commitment to dialogue under European Union auspices. He stressed that only genuine dialogue, grounded in international law, can lead to sustainable solutions.

On broader global challenges, President Vučić highlighted climate change, energy insecurity and economic inequality as pressing realities. Partnerships must be based on commitment rather than hierarchy, he stressed, noting Serbia’s role as a bridge between East and West in projects spanning renewable energy, infrastructure and digital transformation. He reaffirmed that UN Charter principles must apply equally to all States, large or small, warning against double standards. The President argued that "territorial integrity is not measured by power; it is the measure that restrains power".

Syria: Ahmad al-Sharaa, President

Ahmad al-Sharaa, President of Syria, said the story of his country is that of a struggle between good and evil. Given its diverse makeup, Syria taught the world the values of coexistence, historically. However, for 60 years, it had fallen under repressive rule that disregarded those values. The previous regime used chemical weapons, guns and other methods, tearing the country apart and killing almost 1 million people and displacing even more — "all this to silence truth".

With no other choice, the people organized a military operation and ousted the regime in a move that "prioritized justice over vengeance", he said, noting that the new stability provided a path for refugees to return to the country. "Accordingly, Syria has transformed from an exporter of crisis to an opportunity for peace — for Syria and the region," he said, detailing measures taken to transform the country. Further, his Government has granted access to UN fact-finding missions in order to hold the perpetrators of injustice accountable.

In this context, Israeli strikes in Syria run counter to international efforts to establish stability — and increase the probability of new crises. His Government is committed to dialogue and the 1974 Disengagement Agreement between the two countries, he said, requesting support from the international community amid the attacks. The Government established policy based on three pillars: balanced diplomacy, security, and economic development. Having already bolstered its diplomatic relationships, he called for the total lifting of sanctions on Syria. The new State will guarantee the rights of all without exception, he said, adding: "We are determined to restore Syria’s glory, dignity and honour."

"The suffering Syria endured we wish upon no one," he declared. For this reason, "we stand firmly with the people of Gaza, its children and women and all peoples facing violations and aggression." He called for an immediate end to the war. "The Syrian story has not come to an end," he said. "It continues to write a new chapter entitled ‘peace, prosperity and development.’"

Croatia: Zoran Milanović, President

Highlighting the centrality of the UN in his country’s own history, Zoran Milanović, President of Croatia,described the Organization and its Charter as his country’s "safe harbour". He added that this experience offered "many lessons for the future – including on how to successfully end a complex war and conduct peaceful territorial reintegration".

Turning to today’s crises – including in Ukraine, Gaza and Sudan - he warned that armed conflicts are "more numerous than at any time since the Second World War", overwhelming humanitarian systems and eroding trust in the world’s capacity to solve them. Peace, he underlined, "is more than silencing the guns. It requires preventing new wars and breaking the cycles of violence from the past", rooted in democracy, legitimate governance and the right of peoples to choose their leaders freely.

Turning to southeast Europe, he urged all countries to refrain from actions that undermine stability in the region. He emphasized the importance of upholding the Dayton-Paris Agreement in Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with full respect for the constitutional order, sovereignty and equality of the three constituent peoples. He called for reform of the humanitarian system, noting that "strict respect for international humanitarian law must remain the moral core of multilateralism". Drawing from his country’s painful experience, he highlighted Croatia’s leadership in the Global Alliance for the Missing, noting that "families still search for 1,744 missing loved ones" from its Homeland War. Moreover, the country has spearheaded the Human Rights Council’s first resolution on landmines adopted by consensus on 4 April.

Addressing technology, he stressed that "artificial intelligence, cyber capabilities, space technologies and robotics - each can be a threat, or a solution. The choice is ours." He went on to emphasize the urgency of UN reform, supporting enlargement of Security Council membership and stronger representation of underrepresented regions, especially Africa. "The world is not short of strategies, reports or debates. What it lacks is political courage and determination," he stressed. "Let us find that courage together - and prove that multilateralism can meet this moment and rise to the challenges of our time," he concluded.

Cyprus: Nikos Christodoulides, President

Nikos Christodoulides, President of Cyprus, said the international order is challenged in an unprecedented manner as the world undergoes drastic, unpredictable geopolitical shifts. "We stand before the rise of use of force against sovereign States that constantly escalates and expands, threatening regional security and stability," he noted. While the UN has served a noble cause, it is crucial to recognize its shortcomings and "admit that we have lagged behind, that we have failed along the way, and these admissions need to steer us into action."

Spotlighting the need for both collective and individual State responsibility, he said: "This is the moment to renew our collective commitment and stand firmly and boldly in support of multilateralism and international law." Cyprus will assume, even more, the role of an enabler of security and stability in the Eastern Mediterranean and the greater Middle East, "determined to transform our geography in a complex region into a blessing." He recalled the development of the Amalthea maritime corridor for the delivery of humanitarian assistance to civilians in Gaza.

As Cyprus will assume the Presidency of the Council of the European Union in January 2026, he recalled: "Europe’s heart will beat for six months from the Union’s last divided Member State, under occupation since the 1974 Turkish invasion." Stating that the Russian Federation’s aggression against Ukraine in violation of the UN Charter must serve as a wake-up call, he called for collective action against aggressors no matter who they are. "Each time we turn a blind eye to violation of territorial integrity and sovereignty of States anywhere in the world, we create space and opportunity for the next aggressor," he emphasized, adding that the 2022 invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation is equal to the 1974 invasion of Cyprus by Türkiye.

"The playbook of occupiers is always the same," he said, recalling the speech by Türkiye’s President a day earlier. "Mr. Erdogan preached the world on peace and accountability — he pointed the finger to others, for crimes Türkiye itself commits every single day." He called on Türkiye’s President to end the occupation "through negotiations for a comprehensive settlement that will reunify Cyprus in a bizonal bicommunal federation with political equality."

Finland: Alexander Stubb, President

"Regardless of size, each and every Member State of the UN has agency — a say in how the new world order will look," Finland’s President, Alexander Stubb, told world leaders. It is important that "we all use this power wisely and responsibly". Interests drive the practical choices of States, and this is entirely legitimate. This kind of foreign policy is based on a realistic understanding of power, he explained. Power defines the limits of what is possible for each State. "However, values should underpin everything we do", and "without them, foreign policy will ultimately run into a wall".

The 193 members of the UN do not have to agree "on every minute detail of values, but we have to have a common understanding of the fundamentals", he went on to say. They include the sovereignty and territorial integrity of States, the prohibition of the use of force and the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. "Russia has no right to continue its aggression on Ukraine," he stressed. Israel has no right to violate international law in Palestine. States have no right to use Sudanese or Congolese territories to fight proxy wars for their economic or strategic self-interest, he emphasized.

"Our values can divide us," he said. Fundamentally, however, they should unite people around the basic principles of humanity, the rule of law and the prohibition of aggression. The current direction is wrong in many ways, the President continued. There are more wars than at any time since the Second World War. The world is becoming increasingly divided, and so are societies, and the measures to deal with climate change and sustainable development are lagging behind.

In the Middle East, civilians in Gaza are experiencing immense suffering. "The deepening humanitarian crisis has reached unbearable levels and represents a failure of the international system," he told the Assembly. At the same time, Hamas continues to hold the hostages it has taken, and many have already lost their lives. An immediate ceasefire is needed in Gaza. Safe and unhindered access to humanitarian aid must be granted. "The hostages must be released," he stressed. He also condemned the particularly brutal violence in Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Myanmar and Mali. Civilian populations should not have to live with famine and displacement, he said.

Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio, President

Julius Maada Bio, President of Sierra Leone, said that the UN80 initiative demands that the international community "reimagine multilateralism so that peace, dignity and equality are not promises on paper, but realities in the lives of people". No nation can meet today’s challenges alone. Highlighting his country’s role in both the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Security Council, he emphasized the importance of the UN Charter in its diplomacy. Sierra Leone has supported stabilization efforts in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, de-escalated tensions in the Middle East, and supported political transitions in Lebanon and Syria.

In that vein, the Security Council’s limits have been laid bare, he said, stressing that the genocide in Gaza was preventable. The two-State solution has been obstructed. "We say again: Ceasefire now in Gaza. Ceasefire now in Sudan. Ceasefire now in Ukraine." He said "a veto should never be a verdict against humanity," underscoring that selective adherence to international law has tested the UN’s legitimacy. However, Sierra Leone is an example of a successful transition from civil war to peace, with the UN’s help, he said, recalling the closure of United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone (UNIPSIL) in 2014.

"Sierra Leone’s story is proof that multilateral solidarity works — when grounded in trust, mutual respect, and genuine investment in national ownership," he emphasized. More broadly, climate change represents an existential threat to his country, though its emissions are negligible. Nonetheless, the nation has mainstreamed climate adaptation and ratified the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Treaty (BBNJ), he said, calling on Member States to follow suit. "Climate justice is not charity. It is a legal and moral responsibility. If the poorest are left to pay the highest climate price, there is no justice." He urged developed nations to honour their commitments, including on 100ドル billion in yearly climate finance.

Highlighting ECOWAS efforts in bolstering democracy and stability in Liberia and Gambia, he noted that the union is an African solution to African problems and pressed the UN to strengthen ties with it and other regional mechanisms. "Africa is not a problem to be solved. Africa is a partner to be empowered," though the lack of a permanent seat on the Security Council does hinder the organ in acting with proper context, delaying action and costing lives, he said. In that vein, he demanded two permanent Council seats for Africa. "The world does not need a louder UN. It requires a braver UN. Now is the time to make the UN work for all," he concluded.

Dominican Republic: Luis Rodolfo Abinader Corona, President

The President described five forces that "deeply shake the destiny of our peoples: political polarization, the resurgence of trade protectionism, the technological revolution, climate change and geopolitical competition". Noting that it is Latin America and the Caribbean’s turn to take up the post of the Secretary-General, he said: "Our region possesses the diversity, capacity, and experience to raise a strong voice for peace, climate justice, human rights and sustainable development. I am fully convinced that the time has come for a woman to lead the United Nations." Noting that the international financial architecture does not reflect the realities of developing countries, he called for access to concessional financing, debt relief, innovative mechanisms and greater technical cooperation.

Turning to the multidimensional crisis in Haiti, he said that country is experiencing "extreme violence, institutional collapse and territorial control by numerous criminal gangs" that have been classified by his Government and the United States as terrorist organizations. The Multinational Security Support Mission, approved by the Security Council, has not yet reached the necessary scale or adequate funding, he said, expressing support for a more robust presence for the Mission. "We stand on the brink of Haiti’s collapse," he said, calling on countries in the region to support Haiti. The Dominican Republic will continue to protect its territorial integrity, he said, adding: "No State can be blamed for defending its borders or guaranteeing the safety of its citizens."

In the Caribbean, the triple planetary crisis — climate change, biodiversity loss and environmental pollution — has a face: sargassum, a devastating phenomenon affecting coasts, public health and livelihoods. Solidarity and climate justice must translate into accessible financing, technology transfer and urgent action, he said, noting that his country is moving towards the ratification of the BBNJ Treaty. "The seas are a source of life, and caring for them means caring for our future."

"The eightieth anniversary should not be a ritual of nostalgia," but a vibrant call to renew humanity’s alliance with itself, he said, adding that the UN must not limit itself to recording crises — it must be a compass in the storm and a beacon in the night. "The world cannot continue to be a plan drawn by a handful of architects, inhabited by millions of tenants. A world designed for a few would be a punishment; one designed by and for all would represent a horizon of shared prosperity".

Sri Lanka: Anura Kumara Dissanayake, Head of State and President

Anura Kumara Dissanayake, Head of State and President of Sri Lanka, said poverty, together with the problems that stem from it, casts "an oppressive shadow on our future". The Assembly must therefore pay special attention to eradicate it in its extremities. Perplexed by the undesirable consequences of this malaise, especially when juxtaposed with a world advanced in technology, he asked: "How can there be children without access to education?" As the foundation of every great nation, education is the most vital factor deciding a person’s future, he said, stressing: "We firmly believe that investment in education is an investment in global progress."

He highlighted the drug problem as a complex issue affecting millions worldwide, noting that drug cartels are not only converting entire States into their hunting grounds but pose a major threat to global health, politics and well-being. He urged the international community to act together to implement the global agenda on drugs and crime. "I bring to your notice the need to implement the law strictly against these drug traffickers and prevent drug traffickers from taking refuge in our countries, and also to set up rehabilitation centres for rehabilitation purposes," he emphasized.

Describing corruption as an epidemic and obstruction to development and noting that the struggle to combat it is an uphill endeavour, he nevertheless advocated the taking of necessary steps, adding that "if the courageous step we take is correct, a thousand steps will follow." On the Palestinian situation, he said Sri Lanka, having lived through a three-decade war, not only knows very well the futility of war, but recognizes a nation’s "inalienable right to their own State". He therefore called on the international community "to stop being a mere spectator and move decisively to end the suffering of millions".

The last elections in Sri Lanka saw the establishment of a parliament that reflects its ethnic and religious diversity. "We believe that the duty of legislatures is to develop the country and the people, not to develop themselves," he stated. Ensuring every person enjoys the opportunities of the digital age is a global challenge, he observed, adding that succeeding in that task will open doors to technology, accelerate development and strengthen governance. "If we fail, technology will turn into one more force worsening inequality, insecurity and injustice," he warned. He called for collective efforts to remove technological inequalities associated with artificial intelligence.

César Bernardo Arévalo de León: President of Guatemala

"I bring a message of peace and harmony to the peoples of the world on behalf of the four peoples of Guatemala," said the President of Guatemala, César Bernardo Arévalo de León, speaking in the language of the Q’eqchi’ people in northern Guatemala. The name of the language spoken in the region, which means ‘true peace’, remains distant today. Four "katuns" — a period of 20 years, according to the ancestral Mayan calendar — have passed since the founding of the United Nations and the "transformative momentum of 1945" against the shadows of war. "Military abuses against vulnerable communities are a harsh reminder that we have not done enough to achieve a world where the rights and dignity of all persons are respected without question," he stressed.

Since an internal war spanning the 1960s to 1996, Governments in Guatemala have adopted peace accords to ensure human rights and the non-recurrence of such horrors. Recognizing the decisive contribution of the United Nations Verification Mission in Colombia in this process, as well as the role of the Organization of American States (OAS), he said Guatemala receives support in combating corruption and impunity. "After a long period of institutional dismantling during which corruption was how the system worked, Guatemala is returning to the path of democratic recovery," he said, citing Government efforts to promote accountability and transparency despite anti-democratic actors being entrenched in the justice system.

Guatemala has opened its doors to the monitoring mechanisms of the Universal Human Rights Protection System, receiving seven official visits, including those of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, and the Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing. "However, the results we have achieved so far are not enough." Efforts are challenged by the struggle against corrupt and authoritarian forces that criminalize indigenous leaders who defend democracy, such as Luis Pacheco; journalists who denounce corruption, such as José Rubén Zamora; and judges such as Virginia Laparra; who are exiled or imprisoned. Elections for new authorities to justice bodies must be conducted transparently in 2026.

He also highlighted national initiatives to address migration, ensuring dignified treatment to the thousands of migrants transiting through Guatemala, and tackling poverty that causes Guatemalans to migrate. On the "existential threat" of climate change, he highlighted Guatemala’s collaboration with Mexico and Belize to protect the biocultural corridor of the Great Mayan Forest. "Although Guatemala is responsible for a tiny fraction of global emissions, we are one of the countries most vulnerable to their effects," he said, highlighting efforts to strengthen the national climate council. He urged countries to fulfil their climate finance commitments and implement the Paris agreement.

Comoros: Azali Assoumani, President

Azali Assoumani, President of Comoros, said that since the adoption of the 2030 Agenda, inequality and conflicts have only increased, with the Palestinian tragedy being the most shocking example. The terrorist attacks of 7 October 2023 were barbaric, but Israel’s response in Gaza is disproportionate. How could the Government of a people who were victims of the Holocaust inflict similar trauma on others, he wondered. "As the old adage goes, we don’t choose our neighbours, but we have to live in peace and security with them." He praised the courage and humanity of those Israelis who are raising their voices against barbarity, reaffirmed Comoros’ support for the two-State solution and welcomed this week’s decision by France and others to recognize the State of Palestine.

Peace and development cannot be built without justice and inclusion, he said, emphasizing that Africa, with more than 2 billion people, must be given its rightful place on the Security Council. Recalling that in 1971, the General Assembly declared the Indian Ocean a zone of peace, free of nuclear weapons and military bases, he condemned any plan to build a naval base on Mayotte, a Comoran island under French administration. Despite clear and repeated UN resolutions, Mayotte remains under French occupation, he said, describing the situation as "one of the last open wounds of decolonization in Africa" and a dispute that has gone on for too long.

Like many small island developing States, Comoros is on the front line of climate change, he said, calling for equitable and simplified access to climate financing to confront the impact of rising sea levels, coastal erosion and more frequent cyclones. In recent years, his country has launched a plan to transform its economy, strengthen infrastructure, and improve education and health care. "Our country has vast potential," including geothermal energy, he said, inviting multilateral institutions and the private sector to join its development efforts.

He went on to condemn all forms of terrorism and transnational crime, advocating for a strong and just multilateralism and solidarity, based on the UN Charter and respect for the sovereign equality of States. He emphasized the need for a fairer world order in which small States can participate fully in global governance. He called for an end to protectionism and the reform of the international financial architecture, urging the international community and development partners to support Comoros’ efforts for a world of peace, development and human rights.

Namibia: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, President

Namibia’s journey to independence is one of the UN’s biggest success stories, said Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, President of Namibia, noting that it was through this Organization that Namibians petitioned for the end of apartheid and colonial rule. Her personal UN journey began in 1974 when she represented Namibia and Africa in various capacities within the UN halls. "As a woman, I encourage every girl and woman by affirming that your voice matters," she said. Currently, Namibia’s cabinet is 57 per cent women. Noting the upcoming twenty-fifth anniversary of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on women, peace and security, adopted during Namibia's Presidency of that organ, she said her country will continue to advocate for its universal implementation.

"Climate change is scorching our lands and drying up our rivers," she said, announcing Namibia’s bid to host the African Regional Hub of the Green Climate Fund. Stressing the need for ethical boundaries when it comes to technological advances, she said that "artificial intelligence must not be a substitute for human judgment or responsibility". Highlighting the Common African Position on the reform of the Security Council, she noted the recognition of Africa as a priority and special case in the reform process. "We can no longer delay the urgent call to redress the historical injustice to Africa and address our call for equitable and balanced representation on the Security Council," she stressed.

Turning to the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, she said the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) is committed to promoting peace and stability in the eastern part of that country. The Security Council and the Good Offices of the Secretary-General must work towards the resolution of all conflicts, including those in different parts of Africa. The impasse in the Council over the Question of Western Sahara is an injustice, more than 34 years after the adoption of resolution 690 (1991). "The time for the holding of the UN referendum on the right to self-determination for the people of Western Sahara is now," she added.

She also called for an end to the illegal economic, financial and commercial embargo imposed on Cuba and the illegal sanctions on Zimbabwe, while expressing concern about the emerging threats against Venezuela. Further, the failure to address the crisis in Gaza could become the moral failure that defines this era. "Namibia's history is one of untold suffering, marked by apartheid, colonialism and genocide. It is our painful history that compels us to speak out, not out of bitterness" but out of a conviction in the power of international solidarity, she said.

Guyana: Mohamed Irfaan Ali, President

Mohamed Irfaan Ali, President of Guyana, noting that the 80th anniversary of the United Nations Charter arrives at a crossroads, said "this Organization, our Organization, has delivered." Having worked together for the greater good over the years, it is difficult to imagine the world without the UN, he said. Nevertheless, amid raging conflicts, worsening food insecurity and the threat of climate change, the moment calls for candid and honest reflection. To remain faithful to the Charter, the United Nations "must ensure that the survival and progress of humanity are not mortgaged to the ambitions of the powerful".

While condemning the 7 October 2023 attacks by Hamas on Israel and calling for an immediate, unconditional release of all hostages, he said Israel’s actions have long demolished any pretence of legitimate self-defence, as what is being witnessed "is not warfare, but mass extermination — a systematic slaughter and displacement of Palestinian men, women and children". It is a war crime, he added, calling on the international community to not remain paralysed while an entire people is annihilated. Likewise, the situation in Ukraine must end. Guyana reaffirms its commitment to Ukraine’s sovereignty and territory.

On Haiti, he called for urgent humanitarian funding and a country-led and owned political process for its stability. Haiti’s historical indebtedness, which not only hinders its development and upliftment of its peoples but also is a root cause of its "continuing troubles", must be addressed. Turning to Guyana’s territorial controversy with Venezuela, he said that despite provisional measures by the International Court of Justice ordering Venezuela to refrain from altering the established jurisdictional status quo, it persists with unilateral laws and annexation threats. "If the rights of a small State can be trampled upon and legally binding orders ignored, what protection remains for any nation under international law?" he asked.

Noting that "the time has come for a frank conversation on Cuba, one that would lead to the prosperity of its people," and optimize its full potential for the world, he called for a lifting of the embargo and the removal of Cuba from the list of State sponsors of terrorism. He detailed his Government’s efforts to achieve gender parity, adding that a people-centred approach is key to accelerating Guyana’s action on the Sustainable Development Goals. Further, he urged the international community to deliver predictable and accessible climate finance, support adaptation and resilience, and to embrace nature-based solutions.

Kiribati: Taneti Maamau, President

Taneti Maamau, President of Kiribati, said the UN80 initiative responds well to the needs of small island developing States and least developed countries, whose specific needs require assistance from the UN. Kiribati calls for reforms that increase efficiency and ensure that mandates most vital to vulnerable nations, such as climate action, are protected. In that vein, he said Kiribati is employing traditional and modern strategies to adapt to sea level rise to protect livelihoods and preserve culture. He also urged global action to limit warming to 1.5 degrees and support the most vulnerable countries through the Loss and Damage Fund.

Describing the recent International Court of Justice decision on climate change as a "milestone" that ensures the existence of Kiribati and other vulnerable nations,, he said it demonstrates what "the ‘Blue Pacific’ can successfully achieve collectively and [...] secures the full legal certainty and permanence of our maritime zones, irrespective of the impacts of climate change". The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index is particularly important for Kiribati to determine its needs in that context, he added.

Highlighting the importance of the ocean to Kiribati’s identity, economy and food security, he called on the Assembly to support the BBNJ Treaty. Illegal and unregulated fishing causes losses of up to 600ドル million for the island — income that could fund universal child health care. The issue can be addressed through strong multilateral ocean governance in line with UN principles, he said, adding that his country will also raise the price of its tuna to increase profits and preserve the resource.

"Equitable and predictable development financing is vital for Kiribati’s future," he declared, adding that improving access to concessional finance and bridging the digital divide are key for States to meet development goals. The Doha Programme of Action for Least Developed Countries is important in that regard. Reaffirming the need for multilateralism to address global challenges, he said "by embracing cooperation, solidarity, and multilateral engagement, we can shape a future in which all nations, particularly the most vulnerable, can thrive and prosper".

Senegal: Bassírou Diomaye Diakhar Faye, President

"Eighty years following the creation of the United Nations, the world is teetering again, as if we are caught in the same currents that dragged humanity into two major disasters in the space of one generation," declared Bassírou Diomaye Diakhar Faye, President of Senegal. The world is full of challenges, including terrorism, climate change and conflicts, against the backdrop of falling international solidarity and a high risk of the collapse of multilateralism. Most concerning is the "appalling dehumanization" of a world that "feels selectively", according to geopolitical interests and stakes, he said. "There can be no justice based on law when the international order is governed by double standards, the right of the mighty and a spirit of ‘us versus them.’"

In this worrying context, the African continent is confronted with armed conflict, terrorism in the Sahel and cross-border crime, as well as political stability. He emphasized the need for an integrated approach to such challenges, combining prevention, resilience and a targeted response. "Peace and security have a price," he stressed. "Let’s give us the resources to afford them, with predictable and sustainable funding of African peace support operations with suitable equipment and robust mandates." Such an approach would help tackle terrorism and build stability, he said.

He went on to address the "now indescribable" tragedy that the Palestinian people are living through under a "daily shower of bombs, with all lines crossed", adding: "We cannot remain silent nor look away because Gaza is no longer alive." Nothing can justify the agony faced by Palestinian men, women and children deprived of food, water and healthcare, he said, underscoring the need for the creation of an independent, viable Palestinian State, as the Chair of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People stated.

Turning to climate change, "an existential question", he said Africa contributes only 4 per cent of global emissions, but droughts, flooding, coastal erosion and food insecurity are "part and parcel of the lives of our people". This "double burden" is untenable. He called for the implementation of the Paris Agreement, a just and fair climate transition, adequate funding for adaptation, guarantees for technology transfer and replenishment of the Loss and Damage Fund. The real obstacle to addressing challenges in the world is not financial, technical or material, but political will, to make multilateralism a tool for solidarity."

Slovakia: Peter Pellegrini, President

Recalling that his country was among the 51 founding States that signed the UN Charter 80 years ago, he asked: "How many would have the courage to sign the same Charter today?" As a small country, Slovakia believes that small countries must be smart, and not only in times of confrontation. Both in the Global North and the South, it is in the majority’s interest to uphold the sovereign equality of nations. The world is becoming a more dangerous place, and the Council "to which we have entrusted the greatest power and special responsibility for maintaining peace, cannot pretend that it is succeeding. It is failing," he underscored.

As Ukraine’s neighbour, Slovakia witnesses the immense cost of the war in that country, he said. Despite the groundwork for diplomatic talks and the clear agreement that negotiations would soon continue, Ukraine must defend itself against the Russian Federation. "The door open to negotiations should never be mistaken for weakness or an invitation to further violence," he said. Reaffirming Israel’s right to defend itself, he said it is crucial not to blur the thin line between legitimate defense and unacceptable human suffering. "In Bratislava, we already have the Embassy of Palestine," he said, reaffirming the importance of a two-State solution achieved through diplomatic means.

The triple planetary crisis and artificial intelligence are moving far faster than the international community is able to react. "I don't want to sound doom and gloom. In fact, we must get ready for the new era," he said. Highlighting the importance of a responsible approach that involves international institutions, the private sector and Governments, he expressed his country's commitment to finding solutions and steering the debate collaboratively. Slovakia is organizing a summit on education and artificial intelligence in Bratislava next month.

While the UN's credibility has been eroding, over the past eight decades it has provided a space for countries to speak on an equal footing. "Enemies can meet here eye to eye," he pointed out. "The G7, G20, BRICS [Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China] and regional organizations with their own goals will never be able to fully substitute" for the United Nations. Stressing that the reform of the UN, especially the Council, is overdue, he said: "We can no longer sweep issues under the rug or pass the buck." Noting that his country is a candidate for a non-permanent seat in the Council, he said Slovakia, "a peaceful nation in central Europe with multilateralism deeply in its DNA" will always support a world based on rules.

Marshall Islands: Hilda Heine, President

Hilda Heine, President of Marshall Islands, said her low-lying atoll nation, like others in the Pacific region, is on the front lines of climate change. The scale of the impact depends on global powers working together, but only urgent action can reduce vulnerability and strengthen the region’s free and democratic nations. "We need the world to better understand that our security is linked to our fragility." Recalling the legacy of 67 atmospheric nuclear tests between 1946 and 1958, when the Marshall Islands was under UN trusteeship and administered by the United States, she said that rising global tensions have heightened nuclear risk. However, significant disagreement remains, including ultimate responsibility for what remains today. "Our communities seek justice, a clean environment and safe return to their homes," she said. With the Trusteeship Council meeting in December, the United Nations should acknowledge and apologize for what took place in its name and under its flag, she added.

Welcoming the positive momentum seen at the Ocean Conference in Nice, France, she said that her country — "a small-island and large-ocean nation" — is acutely aware of the threat of overfishing, unsustainable marine resource exploitation and the growing impacts of climate change. The Marshall Islands supports a moratorium on high-seas seabed mining until there are adequate safeguards and a close understanding of the impacts on biodiversity. "More political will is needed to break through a mentality of ‘drill first, ask later,’" she said, emphasizing that seabed mining cannot go ahead at the expense of Pacific waters and vast fisheries.

Turning to the Paris Agreement, she said that most countries are failing to meet their obligations, with only 32 States, including hers, submitting new climate targets. Billions of dollars in climate finance are needed, but promises do not develop mangrove defences, shore up hospitals and schools against rising seas or preserve cultures deeply tied to lands that are slipping under the waves. "It is past time for the rich world to meet its obligations and get money to where it’s needed most," she said, emphasizing that the 1ドル trillion climate finance gap must be closed.

Turning to other issues, she underscored the need for island-driven partnerships to tackle non-communicable diseases, including diabetes and heart disease, which significantly impact Pacific island States. She called for strong leadership and accountability to resolve the Ukraine crisis, explaining that while Pacific islands are halfway across the world, they have a direct interest in the way they are treated in the footsteps of larger powers. She went on to support the addition of Japan and India, among others, as permanent members of the Security Council, and stated that General Assembly resolution 2758 does not confer or justify coercion or the seizure of sovereign control of Taiwan.

Central African Republic: Faustin Archange Touadera, Head of State

Faustin Archange Touadera, Head of State of the Central African Republic, said the crises on the African continent — in Sudan, the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, the Sahel and the Horn of Africa — "recall the fragility of the equilibrium that we have struck and the urgency for enhanced support for the prevention and the peaceful settlement of disputes". His country therefore proposes the strengthening of UN mechanisms for preventive diplomacy through the creation of a Global Conflict Prevention Fund financed by the world’s major powers and administered transparently. Also, the creation of regional mediation coalitions to complement the United Nations’ prevention of conflict escalation should be systemized.

Observing that, in 2025, over 40 per cent of global armed conflicts are happening in Africa, he lamented that across some of its regions, one in two children lives in a conflict-affected area. "How can we speak of a future when half of a generation is threatened by war?" he asked. He called for an integrated African mechanism for food and climate security to break the link between resource scarcity and conflict, thereby mitigating the harmful effects of climate change. "We call for structural and sustainable financing of peace operations in Africa based on mandatory contributions rather than voluntary ones," he said, affirming that peace must be inclusive and guarantee the participation of women and young people.

He urged Member States to choose "concession over division, unity over deadlock" for the United Nations to be consequential to conflicts on the continent and to prevent it from becoming a mosaic of fragmented States. It is to this end, he said, that his country supports the Quad declaration initiated by Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and the United States concerning the restoration of peace and security in Sudan. He said that his country, once considered a theatre of violence, now exemplifies the possibilities associated with reaching across the divide and making peace, owing to which the preparations for the December elections are now serenely under way.

He therefore urged that the Central African Republic experience be studied and strengthened as a good African practice within the framework of the United Nations and the African Union. Pointing out that Africa’s 1.4 billion people today will become 2.5 billion in 30 years, he called for two permanent seats with veto powers on the Security Council. "How can we speak of international justice and security when the continent of tomorrow is treated as though it were the continent of the past?" he asked.

Albania: Bajram Begaj, President

In a world of complex and deeply interconnected challenges, humanity needs more multilateral cooperation, said Bajram Begaj, President of Albania, underscoring his country’s contributions to the strengthening of international peace and security, as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the UN, to which it contributes to peacekeeping missions and humanitarian efforts. "For nearly four years, our organization’s credibility has been tested by Russia’s aggression against Ukraine," he stressed, condemning Moscow’s violations of the Charter and international law, and voicing support for diplomatic efforts aimed at peace, helmed by United States President [Donald J.] Trump.

Turning to the Western Balkans, he voiced readiness to cooperate with its neighbours to turn the region into "a zone of peace, development and opportunity". Spotlighting the newest State in the region, the Republic of Kosovo, which has demonstrated through its actions that it is a responsible member of the international community, 17 years after declaring independence, he said: "And yet, Kosova’s seat in this Assembly remains unjustly empty." He called for its independence to be recognized, and voiced support for its membership in the United Nations. As well, he called for the rights of Albanians in the Presheva Valley to be respected.

"My country’s journey — from isolation to Euro-Atlantic integration, from dictatorship to freedom and human rights — proves that dialogue, partnership and shared values can transform societies," he continued. Pointing out that Albania` is "closer than ever" to realizing its long-held dream of joining the European Union, he said it aims to complete negotiations by 2027 and become a full member of the EU by 2030. "Our path toward the EU is not merely a political ambition — it is deeply rooted in the values we uphold: democracy, human rights and the rule of law," he added.

On artificial intelligence, he said, "No matter how advanced, the problems of this world cannot be solved by artificial intelligence alone, but by human intelligence and compassion," adding: "The digital age must be guided by international cooperation, ethical standards and respect for human rights." In this context, he highlighted his country’s digital transformation and its co-leadership with Kenya, the review process of the World Summit on the Information Society.

Republic of Congo: Denis Sassou-N’Guesso, President

Denis Sassou-N’Guesso, President of the Republic of Congo, said that it is regrettable that, 80 years after its founding, the United Nations faces a resurgence of armed conflict worldwide, with the language of weapons winning out over good sense and diplomacy. This is a failure of a collective promise to forge a world free of scourge of war; it is also a sign of a weakened and sometimes powerless international system. The primacy of law in international affairs must be reaffirmed, he said, with the UN becoming a more effective tool for conflict prevention and mediation.

He reiterated his country’s staunch support for the two-State solution in the Middle East as well as its support for the Cuban people exhausted by decades of an incomprehensible embargo. Tensions among great powers are fragmenting the world, fuelling distrust between nations, weakening international solidarity and undermining the capacity to tackle great global challenges. "Economic competition must not transform into systemic confrontation," he said, pointing to instability in commodity markets and disturbances in supply chains, adding that multilateralism is threatened by "national egotism" and unilateral policies.

UN organs must be reformed, starting with the Security Council, to make them more representative, transparent and closer to world realities, he continued. "Africa cannot remain marginalized" and it deserves permanent representation on the Council, not as a favour but as a legitimate partner. He drew attention to unsustainable debt and unfair trade rules, stating that there can be no lasting peace without development and vice versa. Climate change is a big challenge that transcends borders and compels entire families to tread the path of exile, he said, declaring that commitments under the Paris Agreement must be respected alongside massive support for the most vulnerable countries. Moreover, climate must not become a new factor that divides North and South, he stated.

While millions still live in extreme poverty, the world today is gripped by a disturbing arms race, with global military spending at record levels, disarmament treaties called into question and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, particular nuclear weapons, a central concern. "This is a dangerous slide in every way and it is not making the world any safer — on the contrary," he said, warning of the risk of a conflagration spinning out of control and calling for global disarmament. He went on to say that the UN remains crucial, but only if it evolves, reforms itself, moves closer to the people and responds to the myriad challenges of the moment.

Madagascar: Andry Nirina Rajoelina, President

"Madagascar, like many African countries, has rich, abundant natural resources; yet our development has been slow for too long," he said. Over the past five years, his Government has taken decisive steps to transform the country, building infrastructure and semi-industrial parks, fighting poverty and supporting the mechanization of agriculture. It is also accelerating the energy transition to reach 70 per cent green energy production by 2028. "To do this, we will tap our massive solar, wind and hydroelectric capacity," he said. Also drawing attention to the construction of the country’s first highway, the modernizing of transport and the building of thousands of housing units, he said: "From the East to West, North to South, Madagascar is transforming."

Noting that he is also the President of the SADC, which brings together 16 countries of southern Africa, he said that 14 of them benefit from the African Growth and Opportunity Act, a United States initiative that offers African countries preferential access to that country’s market, promoting duty-free exports and boosting trade. Just for the SADC region, this represents 358,000 direct jobs — 60 per cent in the textile sector and the rest across various industries. "The non-renewal of [that programme] will have serious social consequences," he warned, adding that it threatens the employment of thousands of young people. SADC countries export over 11ドル billion annually to the United States. Requesting the extension of the Act, he appealed to American partners: "Let us together choose stability, hope and dignity."

He also announced that his country will provide several thousand square metres of office space to host a hub for an expanded UN presence on his territory. Noting the various threats facing Madagascar, he said that current demographic growth is not proportional to economic growth. In some regions, girls under 18 are already mothers, and most women have an average of five to eight children to care for. Therefore, his Government has also bolstered the family planning programme.

Madagascar is a "sanctuary of nature", he said, adding that it is facing deforestation and climate hazards. Cyclones are increasingly frequent and devastating while floods destroy fields and threaten farmers’ harvests and incomes. Stressing the importance of climate justice, he said polluting countries must take responsibility; the promised financing for adaptation must be delivered. Highlighting the country’s massive reforestation programme and the planting of millions of trees each year, he said that Madagascar has joined the "G-Zero" coalition of carbon-neutral Countries. "Our ambition is to restore our forests and develop the green and blue economy," he said.

Nigeria: Kashim Shettima, Vice-President

"The chaos that shadows our world is a reminder that we cannot afford the luxury of inaction," Vice-President of Nigeria Kashim Shettima declared, stressing that the United Nations was "born from the ashes of despair" as a vehicle for order and human solidarity. He emphasized that Nigeria’s commitment was not "a posture of moral superiority but an undying faith in the redemption of humanity". Reflecting on the Organization’s 80th anniversary, he cautioned that it must not be "a sentimental retreat into nostalgia" but instead "a moment of truth" to measure shortcomings and turn values into action.

He warned that the "pace of change across borders is a force without pause", manifesting through technology, finance, corrosive ideologies, climate pressures and irregular migration. These challenges are "stains on our collective humanity". While some have grown disillusioned with multilateralism, he reaffirmed that "existing structures are not set in stone", urging "real change, change that works and change that is seen to work". Central to that vision is Nigeria’s demand for a permanent seat at the Security Council — a matter of fairness and representation for a country that has grown from a colonial outpost to a stabilizing force of over 236 million people.

He outlined four priorities: debt relief and access to trade and finance, fair benefit from minerals, closing the digital divide, and reforming global governance. "AI must stand for ‘Africa Included,’" he stressed, while calling for an international mechanism to manage sovereign debt, likened to "a Court of Justice for money". Nigeria’s case, he insisted, was not charity but necessity: "None of us can achieve a peaceful world in isolation." He concluded that "a renewed commitment to multilateralism, not as a slogan but as an article of faith, remains our surest path forward".

Kuwait: Sabah Al-Khaled Al-Sabah, Crown Prince

Sabah Al-Khaled Al-Sabah, Crown Prince of the State of Kuwait, said the theme for the 80th session "embodies the necessary spirit of solidarity in order to overcome the multiple and interconnected challenges of today." Member States must work together to preserve the Organization as the refuge for States and peoples to address their disputes, overcome challenges and determine the means to achieve economic, social and human development around the world. He noted that while a third world war has not been experienced since the Organization’s founding, the world has recently witnessed an incapacity to address political, security, human, health and climate related challenges as necessary.

To prevent a nonrecurrence of mistakes and grant future generations a safer world, he urged Member States to "heed the lessons of our shared failures in the context of this Organization". Turning to the UN80 initiative, he called for the prioritization of Security Council reform in a manner that ensures justice, transparency, credibility and non-selectivity so that its composition "more accurately reflects the world we live in today". He said his country continues to promote joint efforts in the Gulf Cooperation Council as well as strategic relationships with regional and international organizations to deepen relations with the United Nations.

"We people of the Gulf do not know the impossible, and we will navigate towards the future with strong hearts and determination, believing in our destiny," he said. Spotlighting the recent "dangerous military escalations and expansion of conflicts," he condemned the "brutal Israeli aggression against Qatar" and reiterated that any threat against a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council is one against all its members. He said his country remains persistent in its decades-long efforts to help Iraq achieve the legitimate aspirations of the Iraqi people and to promote regional stability and security through bilateral agreements "to build a better future for both our countries and to turn the page on the painful past".

Therefore, for the third consecutive year, Kuwait reiterates its commitment to the provisions of the agreement to regulate maritime navigation in the Horn of Abdallah with that country, just as it expects a reciprocation of same. He condemned the situation in Gaza and called for an end to the Israeli occupation there. Further, he welcomed the 22 September recognition of the State of Palestine and urged States which have not done so to act likewise. He also urged Iran to "initiate a serious path for confidence-building measures" regarding its nuclear programme and other issues.

Australia: Anthony Albanese, Prime Minister

Anthony Albanese, Prime Minister of Australia, said that the UN has endured because it belongs to all its Member States. "It is up to all of us to bring new strength to the UN’s enduring mission, to renew our commitment to the principle that peace is both our common cause and our collective responsibility." The international rules-based order owes much to the leadership of the United States, but everyone has a role to play to ensure that the system — which has enabled the rise of new powers — safeguards the rights and aspirations of every nation, big and small. "The more we can do to reinforce the architecture of peace and prosperity, the more we remind nations of everything they stand to lose," he said.

Drawing attention to Australia’s candidacy for a Security Council seat in 2029-2030, he said the UN is a platform for middle powers and small nations to express and achieve their aspirations, and not just an arena for great powers to veto each other. Long gone are the days when conflict and turmoil in another part of the world cannot be felt in Australia, he added, recalling that his country’s security services had linked Iran to the firebombing of a synagogue in Melbourne and a Jewish restaurant in Sydney.

Australia champions the benefits of free and fair trade and it works to strengthen it, he said, including by supporting the implementation of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, including in the South China Sea. He underscored his country’s efforts to honour its Paris Agreement commitments, reduce emissions and embrace clean energy, which can enable fast-growing economies in the Indo-Pacific region to grow their industries and reduce carbon emissions at the same time. "Clean energy can carry the world beyond the false choice between economic growth and environmental responsibility," he said.

Nations are stronger when they draw on the talents of all their citizens, including women, he said, recalling that an Australian, Jessie Street, one of only eight women delegates at the founding of the UN in San Francisco in 1945, insisted that the Charter specifically mention sexual discrimination. Australia stands with the people of Ukraine in their struggle against the Russian Federation’s illegal and immoral invasion, he continued, adding that in the Middle East, his country — which this week recognized the State of Palestine — is calling for a ceasefire in Gaza, the immediate release of hostages, humanitarian aid for those in desperate need and no future role of the terrorists of Hamas. Where can the Charter’s pledge "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war" apply if they cannot apply to the Middle East, he wondered.

Italy: Giorgia Meloni, President of the Council of Ministers

"We live in a world profoundly different from the one in which the United Nations was founded" in 1945, with the purpose of preventing war, said Giorgia Meloni, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy. "The question we must ask ourselves 80 years later is: ‘Have we succeeded?’ The answer lies in the headlines and is merciless." In this context, she spotlighted the consequences of the large-scale war of aggression launched in 2022 by the Russian Federation, a Security Council member, which "deliberately trampled" on Article II of the UN Charter to annex territory of another State, and is unwilling to sit at the peace table. This war, she said, unleashed destabilizing effects beyond its borders, while the UN became more divided.

"It is no coincidence that Hamas took advantage of the weakening of this architecture to launch on 7 October 2023 its attack against Israel," she said, noting that the "ferocity" of the attack on unarmed civilians prompted Israel to a reaction that was, at first legitimate, but now exceeds the limit of proportionality, with a largescale war disproportionately affecting Palestinian civilians. Her country will therefore vote in favour of sanctions proposed by the European Commission against Israel. To end the war, concrete solutions are needed, she said, noting that her country has signed the New York Declaration on the two-State Solution, emphasizing as "indispensable preconditions" the release of all Israeli hostages and Hamas’ renunciation of any role in the government of Palestine.

She went on to call for a "pragmatic, realistic reform" of the United Nations, bringing about transparency of mission and cost, adding: "What we call the glass palace must be truly a house of glass." It is not just institutions that require reform, in a "change of era", she said, calling for the revision of tools such as international conventions regulating migration and asylum, which were framed before mass irregular immigration or human trafficking existed. They are no longer current, and when interpreted ideologically by politicized judiciaries, they end up trampling on the law instead of upholding it. "The UN cannot look the other way and protect criminals in the name of civil rights," she stressed.

After 30 years of "blind-faith globalization", "things have not gone well, and things could get worse," she warned, calling for the halting of the unsustainable green plans in Europe and the West, which are leading to deindustrialization far sooner than decarbonization. She deplored the conversion of production sectors based on theories that ignored the needs and economic capacities of people, causing suffering among vulnerable social classes. Unsustainable environmentalism has destroyed the automobile sector in Europe, created problems in the United States and job losses, depleted knowledge and has not improved the health of the planet. To say so is not to deny climate change, she added, but to affirm reason, which means "gradual reform instead of ideological extremism", and keeping humanity at the centre.

Hungary: Péter Szijjártó, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade

Péter Szijjártó, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary, said that the world is living in an age of danger. War, terrorism, ethnic-based conflict, the spreading of extreme ideology and open references to the use of nuclear weapons means the world is facing the outbreak of a third world war. All these conflicts point towards a world divided once again into blocs, he said, adding: "This would be a very dangerous phenomenon." Hungary’s national interest is connectivity, which requires a return to mutual respect as the basis of international cooperation, he said, describing his country as a meeting point between East and West.

He discussed the impact of the war in Ukraine on his country, including 1.3 million refugees and skyrocketing food and energy prices. Hungary favours a ceasefire and peace talks, yet it has been stigmatized by those who, had they argued for such a position from the outset, could have saved hundreds of thousands of lives. The European Union’s failed strategy of sanctions has inflicted more harm on the European economy than on the Russian Federation, he said, adding: "If we look at history, all wars end up around the negotiating table." President Donald J. Trump is the only hope for peace in Ukraine and so long as high-level talks between the Russian Federation and the United States continue, a third world war can hopefully be avoided, he said.

Hungary would rather pay a daily penalty of 1ドル million to the European Commission than to change its policy towards illegal migration, he continued. Regardless of pressure from Brussels, Hungary will protect its people and decide for itself who can enter the country. Violating borders is a crime and those who commit that crime must be punished. He went on to say that in Hungary, the family is the basis of society, yet the institution of the family has come under attack from "aggressive gender propaganda". A family consists of a mother, who is a woman, and a father, who is a man; marriages are between a man and woman, and children are a blessing, he said, detailing his country’s tax incentives to encourage bigger families.

Costa Rica: Arnoldo Ricardo André Tinoco, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Worship

Nuclear weapons, the triple planetary crisis and the governance of artificial intelligence present three of the most pressing challenges facing the international community. In the same year that the Organization was founded, "humanity crossed a threshold when Hiroshima and Nagasaki were reduced to ruins in an instant by atomic bombings," he said, adding that the risk of nuclear conflict is now the highest it has been in decades. The 2026 Review Conference of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons presents nuclear-weapon States an opportunity to reaffirm their adherence. Military spending has reached its highest level since the cold war precisely "when we are facing the greatest humanitarian crisis of our time," he pointed out.

Humanitarian and refugee crises are fueling the power of drug trafficking and organized crime, he said, adding that his country, as both a host and transit State, experiences first-hand "how criminal networks transform migration routes into illicit corridors". "Preventive diplomacy costs millions; but repairing its failures costs billions," he said, adding that "in Venezuela, Nicaragua and Haiti, we see the consequences of arriving too late." Turning to the triple planetary crisis, he noted that his country suffers from devastating hurricanes, droughts and economic losses in the billions. Costa Rica is doubling its forest cover and generating nearly all its electricity from renewable sources. The international community must accelerate the energy transition, finance climate action and "respond with justice" to the loss and damage suffered by countries such as his, he stressed.

Artificial intelligence can strengthen national economies but it can also divide the international community, he pointed out. It is vital to establish frameworks — one application that deserves special attention is autonomous weapons systems. "No algorithm should ever make life or death decisions," he underscored. Also noting that it is Latin America and the Caribbean’s turn to next hold the post of the Secretary-General, he said the person who will hold that office in January 2027 must have the leadership and vision required to face these great global challenges. "We are confident we will find that person," he said.

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* A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).